基于黏土颗粒含量的泥石流容重计算

泥石流的黏粒含量对泥石流容重(γC)有很大的影响. 通过对我国西南地区45条典型的沟道泥石流容重与黏粒含量关系的统计分析, 基于黏粒含量, 使用多项式对泥石流容重进行计算, 取得良好的结果, 所建立的广义多项式模式和针对黏性泥石流的对数模式可应用于无法观测的泥石流沟的泥石流容重计算. 计算结果与实际观测分析的误差较小, 这说明该模式具有很强的针对性. 通过分析确定泥石流黏粒含量与容重的关系是黏粒含量影响泥石流的形成、运动和悬浮颗粒粒径的结果, 其机理清楚可靠. 通过泥石流黏粒含量与容重的关系趋势线分析发现黏粒含量很少(3%以下)时, 形成的泥石流通常为稀性泥石流, 泥石流体的容重随黏粒含量的减少而减小, 这种泥石流随着黏粒含量的降低向水石流或者夹沙水流的状态发展. 黏粒含量在3%～18%之间时, 容易形成黏性泥石流, 黏粒含量在5%～10%时泥石流的容重随黏粒含量的增加而增加, 黏粒含量在10%～18%时泥石流的容重随黏粒含量的增加而减小. 黏粒含量超过18%时, 容易形成泥流, 这时候形成的泥流的容重与低黏粒含量时形成的稀性泥石流随黏粒含量的变化趋势相反, 性质方面也有很大差别, 黏粒含量在7%～11%之间时候形成的泥石流的容重平均值最大. 特别地, 对于黏性泥石流, 模拟出的对数容重计算公式, 适用于黏粒含量3%～18%的泥石流体, 该方程容重计算值最大可达2.32 (t/m3). 这与目前泥石流容重的最大观测值相符.     

水热法制备氧化锌纤维及纳米粉体

介绍了一种新的水热合成技术－－水热盐溶液卸压技术，并由此技术制得了晶粒粒度仅为５ｎｍ的ＺｎＯ粉体和长径比为１６：１的ＺｎＯ纤维，着重研究了在水热条件下制得的ＺｎＯ粉体的晶粒粒度变化以及ＺｎＯ纤维形成的主要原因，提出了由水热法制备粉体时成核速度是影响晶粒度的主要原因，即成核速度越快，制得的粉体的晶粒粒度越小，纤维的形成与水热反应过程在卸压条件下进行有关；与卸压前粉体的结晶程度有关。     

C^＋离子注入改善C^＋注入多层TiN／Ti膜特性

用金属蒸发真空弧离子源（ＭＥＶＶＡ）引出的Ｃ＾＋注入多弧离子镀ＴｉＮ多层膜。Ｃ＾＋注入ＴｉＮ膜的硬度随注入量和束流密度的增加而增加，Ｘ射线分析（ＸＲＤ）表明，在注入的膜中ＴｉＣ相已经形成，退火前后ＴｉＮ（１１１）和ＴｉＣ（１１１）为优先生长相，Ａｕｇｅｒ分析表明在单层ＴｉＮ膜中碳原子按Ｇａｕｓｓ型分布，在多层ＴｉＮ／Ｔｉ膜中注入碳原子为多峰的分布。由此可见用Ｃ＾＋离子入形成Ｔｉ（Ｃ，Ｎ）／ＴｉＮ／     

燕山中元古界大红峪组微生物席碎片的发现及初步研究

元古代碳酸盐岩沉积孕育了大量与微生物活动有关的沉积构造,但是对于相同时期的碎屑岩沉积环境中微生物引起的沉积构造的研究却很少。在元古代碎屑岩沉积环境中发现的最常晃的与微生物活动有关的沉积构造是皱饰构造和变余波痕,前人研究结果已经证明它们为微生物引起的沉积构造。在华北地台中元古界长城系大红峪组砂岩层面上发育一些与变余波痕和皱饰构造共生的一种特殊的沉积现象,即纺锤状砂质碎片。通过研究证实这些砂质碎片是微生物与物理营力相互作用形成的,也就是微生物席碎片。其发现有益于以后对类似沉积构造的研究;也有助于认识和了解中元古代生物群演化、古生命环境。     

界面质量守恒方程和一些生长层的自组织模型

通过了晶体生长非稳态过程的界面质量守恒方程，为严格处理晶体生长中生长层的形成等非平衡非线性问题提供了基本的数学模型；还建立了助熔剂法单晶生长中杂质生长层形成的非线性催自催化结晶反应动力学模型，对一些难以用现有理论解释的生长层起因，从自组织模式的形成方面作了讨论。     

聚丙烯/无机物纳米复合材料的研究进展

本文综述了聚丙烯/无机物纳米复合材料的制备、表面处理、动态力学性能，结晶性能，阻燃性能，导电性能，分散性等物理与力学性能的研究进展，PP纳米复合材料可用传统的方法成型加工，除用传统的偶联剂外，可用大分子相容剂或官能团化聚丙烯作为偶联剂或基体，改善PP纳米材料的分散性，界面粘结和力学性能，少量无机物纳米粒子可使PP获得增强增韧，具有快的结晶速率，高的结晶温度和阻燃性能，归结了高表面积的纳米粒子存在强的异相成核作用，阻燃性能的提高归结于热稳定性提高和在少量填料时就可形成绝缘不燃炭层。     

fcc结构晶体层错的自身能及其交互作用能的嵌入原子法计算

采用嵌入原子法计算了不同价电子Ｃｕ，Ａｇ，Ａｕ，Ｎｉ和Ａｌ５种金属的层错能，结果表明，层错能主要受金属键能和点阵常数的影响，因而单价ｆｃｃ结构的不同金属不应具有相同的层错能，这与Ａｕｒｅｅ的预测不同，间隔为一层（１１１）面的两个层错的交互作用能其计算值约为层错自身能的１／４０￣１／２５０，当层错间隔两上或以上的密排层面时，其交互作用能为零，不考虑孪晶形成后的各松弛，孪晶能正好为单个内层错能的一半     

高取向热解石墨纳米孔的制备、控制及纳米结构的模板合成

高取向热解石墨（HOPG）单层及多层纳米可作为结构模板合成金属或半导体纳米结构。本文介绍了作者最近有关用高聚焦离子束轰击和热氧化法在HOPG上制备大小、深度（单层、多层）、密度可控的纳米孔,以及控制纳米孔的形成位置制备周期性的纳米孔有序阵列等工作。并对用HOPG纳米孔作为结构模板合成金属或半导体纳米结构及其有序阵列体系也作了介绍。     

两个过渡金属一个非过渡金属的合金系三元化合物形成规律

用Miedema建议的Φ（电负性），nws^1/3(Wagner-Seitz元胞的价电子云密度）和元素的金属半径R，价电子数Z四个原子参数和原子参数－模式识别方法，总结由两个过渡金属（T，T′）和一个非过渡金属（N）组成的三元合金系（T－T′－N）中三元化合物的形成规律，求得的数学模型可用于新的三元金属间化合物预报。     

室温轧制Cu/Al多层复合薄带的变形诱导反应扩散现象

以退火态工业纯铝、纯铜薄带为原料,将8层铜带、7层铝带,共15层以相互交替方式叠在一起,利用自行研制的微成形轧机,在室温下对其进行多道次轧制.在没有任何中间退火等热处理的情况下,当累积应变达到83%时,通过OM观察发现冷轧大变形后的Cu/Al界面处有新相形成.经SEM/EDS分析,发现这些新相是金属间化合物Al_2Cu/AlCu/Al_4Cu_9的混合物,是由反应扩散获得的产物.这些金属间化合物与原有的金属母体构成了一种新的复合材料.特别有意义的是:由于实测和有限元模拟计算两种方法都证实轧制过程中温升低于28℃,因此该反应扩散不是缘于常见的"热"作用,而是由于室温大变形轧制中应力-应变的作用.本文将这种现象称为变形诱导反应扩散,并对其机理进行了分析和阐述.该研究结果是在室温下加工获得金属间化合物的一个实验证据,为获得一类新型复合材料提供了新途径.     

双块式无砟轨道温度场试验研究和数值分析

为较准确掌握无砟轨道温度场的分布规律,建立无砟轨道温度与环境温度的对应关系,为温度应力的计算和无砟轨道设计提供基础参数,本文测试了双块式无砟轨道不同部件、不同位置的温度和环境温度变化情况,建立有限元模型对无砟轨道温度场进行了数值模拟和对比.实测数据及数值模拟的结果均表明:道床板温度随外界气温呈以日为周期的周期性变化,秋季平均每天的升温时间约为8 h,降温约16 h;由于热交换条件的差异,距轨道表面越远,轨道温度受环境气温的影响越小,道床板角部的温度变化幅度大于中部,支撑层与基床表层的温度变化幅度很小;道床板内存在较大的温度梯度,随着距表面距离的增大,温度梯度逐渐减小,至支撑层时温度梯度可忽略不计;采用有限元模拟的方法获取无砟轨道温度随气温变化规律是可行的.     

Structure,scale and emergence

In this paper I consider the structures that chemists and physicists attribute at the molecular scale to substances and materials of various kinds, and how they relate to structures and processes at other scales. I argue that the structure of a substance is the set of properties and relations which are preserved across all the conditions in which it can be said to exist. In short, structure is abstraction. On the basis of this view, and using concrete examples, I argue that structures, and therefore the chemical substances and other materials to which they are essential, are emergent. Firstly, structures themselves are scale-dependent because they can only exist within certain physical conditions, and a single substance may have different structures at different scales (of length, time and energy). Secondly, the distinctness of both substances and structures is a scale-dependent relationship: above a certain point, two distinct possibilities may become one. Thirdly, the necessary conditions for composition, for both substances and molecular species, are scale-dependent. To know whether a group of nuclei and electrons form a molecule it is not enough to consider energy alone: one also has to know about their environment and the lifetime over which the group robustly hangs together.     

Accumulation of metals and mineral particles in the soft tissues of the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca. Eulamellibranchia). Relation to the environment]

There are two types of metallic accumulations. The first type is constant in localisation and composition. The second type is casually encountered, included in hemocyte nodules, changing with environment and some of its components are incorporated in inorganic particles.     

Basement membrane components are key players in specialized extracellular matrices

More than three decades ago, basement membranes (BMs) were described as membrane-like structures capable of isolating a cell from and connecting a cell to its environment. Since this time, it has been revealed that BMs are specialized extracellular matrices (sECMs) with unique components that support important functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and chemotaxis of cells during development. The composition of these sECM is as unique as the tissues to which they are localized, opening the possibility that such matrices can fulfill distinct functions. Changes in BM composition play significant roles in facilitating the development of various diseases. Furthermore, tissues have to provide sECM for their stem cells during development and for their adult life. Here, we briefly review the latest research on these unique sECM and their components with a special emphasis on embryonic and adult stem cells and their niches.     

干旱条件下植物生长适应策略研究进展

受全球气候变化和人类活动的影响,干旱环境缺水现状正越来越严重,干旱区正在扩散。如何抑制这种蔓延趋势,逐步改善干旱区环境是当前亟待解决的全球性难题。基于多年来对干旱条件下植物物候节律、形态生长特性和资源利用策略等植物生长适应机制以及植被调控的研究结论,提出在今后的理论研究或植被实践中加强干旱条件下植物物候特征及其生理机制、全球气候变化下干旱环境植物的生长适应策略响应和以生长适应机制为基础的干旱环境植被调控实践等方面的研究,以通过深入了解干旱条件下植物的生长适应策略及其机制,指导干旱地区的植被实践,遏止干旱环境不断恶化的趋势。     

Internal interactions within the human circadian system: the masking effect

In the realm of human circadian rhythms, the masking effect is defined as the change in the course of deep body temperature induced by changes in the degree of physical activity, or by the alteration between sleep and wake. This effect is particularly obvious during internal desynchronization where the rhythms of deep body temperature, and the sleep-wake sleep cycle - i.e. one of the masking factors - run with different periods. Every sleep onset is accompanied by a rapid drop, and wake onset by a rapid rise in deep body temperature, each one with an overshoot of about 50% of the steady state variations. When rhythms are calculated, with the dominant temperature period as the screening period, exclusively from data obtained during sleep episodes, on the one hand, and from those obtained exclusively during wake, on the other, two average cycles emerge: the 'sleep temperature curve' and the 'wake temperature curve'. Both run in parallel but are separated by the 'masking effect'. As derived from many experiments, the mean masking effect amounts to 0.28 +/- 0.06 degree C. The masking effect also depends to some extent on the phase of the temperature rhythm; it is larger than average around the temperature maximum and during the descending phase of the temperature cycle, where the alertness commonly is highest and the probability to sleep, in general, and the REM sleep propensity, in particular, are smaller than average. This also can be interpreted to indicate that the sleep temperature curve is phase advanced relative to the wake temperature curve; this, on the average, by 0.9 +/- 0.3 h. If the individually determined amount of masking is added to the temperature data obtained during sleep, or subtracted from the temperature data obtained during wake, a temperature curve emerges that can be thought of as being 'purified' of the masking effect. Analyses of this artificial curve allow estimation of that part of the internal interactions uninfluenced by the masking effect. On the average, about half of the amount of interaction between the rhythm of sleep-wake and that of deep body temperature is explained by the masking effect, whereas the other half is 'oscillatory interaction'. Both types of interaction are inherent and inseparable parts of the circadian clock mechanism, as can be deduced from model considerations.     

Mathematical models of regulatory mechanisms of sleep-wake rhythms

Studies of regulatory mechanisms of sleep-wake rhythms have benefited greatly from mathematical modeling. There are two major frameworks of modeling: one integrates homeostatic and circadian regulations and the other consists of multiple interacting oscillators. In this article, model constructions based on these respective frameworks and their characteristics are reviewed. The two-process model and the multioscillator model are explained in detail. An appropriate mathematical abstraction is also shown to provide a viewpoint unifying the model structures, which might seem to be distinct. Recently acquired knowledge of neural regulatory mechanisms of sleep-wake rhythm has prompted modeling at the neural network level. Such a detailed model is also reviewed, and could be used to explore a possible neural mechanism underlying a pathological state of sleep-wake rhythm.     

Cytological aspects of meiotic recombination

This article reviews current views on the mechanisms of meiotic homology searching and recombination. It discusses the relationship between molecular events at meiotic prophase and concomitant cytological processes. The role of the synaptonemal complex and other meiosis-specific structures is discussed. Whereas the relationship of crossovers, late recombination nodules, and chiasmata is well established, there is still some controversy about the temporal and causal relationships between double strand breaks, homologue recognition, heteroduplexes, early nodules and presynaptic alignment.