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High mutation rates have driven RNA viruses to shorten their genomes to the minimum possible size. Mammalian (+)-strand RNA viruses and retroviruses have responded by reducing the number of cis-acting regulatory elements, a constraint that has led to the emergence of the polyprotein. Poliovirus is a (+)-stranded picornavirus whose polyprotein, encoded by an open reading frame spanning most of the viral RNA, is processed by virus-encoded proteinases. Despite their genetic austerity, picornaviruses have retained long 5' untranslated regions, which harbour cis-acting elements that promote initiation of translation independently of the uncapped 5' end of the viral messenger RNA. These elements are termed 'internal ribosomal entry sites' and are formed from highly structured RNA segments of at least 400 nucleotides. How these elements function is not known, but special RNA-binding proteins may be involved. The ribosome or its 40S subunit probably binds at or near a YnXmAUG motif (where Y is a pyrimidine and X is a purine) at the 3' border of the internal ribosomal entry site, which either provides the initiating codon or enables the ribosome to translocate to one downstream (E.W. et al., submitted). Initiation from most eukaryotic messenger RNAs usually occurs by ribosomal recognition of the 5' and subsequent scanning to the AUG codon. Here we describe a genetic strategy for the dissection of polyproteins which proves that an internal ribosomal entry site element can initiate translation independently of the 5' end. 相似文献
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人翻译起始因子eIF4E是特异性识别并结合mRNA帽结构的蛋白质.该文通过克隆人源基因eIF4E,并利用原核细胞大肠杆菌BL21成功表达了具有帽结合功能的eIF4E蛋白,利用该蛋白亲和纯化分离得到了具有帽子结构的RNA.通过对比用oligo(dT)分离得到的非编码RNA,eIF4E法得到了更多种类的非编码RNA.本研究为非编码RNA的分离与发现提供了一个重要的工具. 相似文献
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Autoregulation of microRNA biogenesis by let-7 and Argonaute 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Mixed deoxyribo- and ribo-oligonucleotides with catalytic activity 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
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Internal sequences that distinguish yeast from metazoan U2 snRNA are unnecessary for pre-mRNA splicing 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
U2 small nuclear RNA is a highly conserved component of the eukaryotic cell nucleus involved in splicing messenger RNA precursors. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, U2 RNA interacts with the intron by RNA-RNA pairing between the conserved branchpoint sequence UACUAAC and conserved nucleotides near the 5' end of U2 (ref. 4). Metazoan U2 RNA is less than 200 nucleotides in length, but yeast U2 RNA is 1,175 nucleotides long. The 5' 110 nucleotides of yeast U2 are homologous to the 5' 100 nucleotides of metazoan U2 (ref. 6), and the very 3' end of yeast U2 bears a weak structural resemblance to features near the 3' end of metazoan U2. Internal sequences of yeast U2 share primary sequence homology with metazoan U4, U5 and U6 small nuclear RNA (ref. 6), and have regions of complementarity with yeast U1 (ref. 7). We have investigated the importance of the internal U2 sequences by their deletion. Yeast cells carrying a U2 allele lacking 958 nucleotides of internal U2 sequence produce a U2 small nuclear RNA similar in size to that found in other organisms. Cells carrying only the U2 deletion grow normally, have normal levels of spliced mRNA and do not accumulate unspliced precursor mRNA. We conclude that the internal sequences of yeast U2 carry no essential function. The extra RNA may have a non-essential function in efficient ribonucleoprotein assembly or RNA stability. Variation in amount of RNA in homologous structural RNAs has precedence in ribosomal RNA and RNaseP. 相似文献
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Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference 总被引:344,自引:0,他引:344
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Kawamura Y Saito K Kin T Ono Y Asai K Sunohara T Okada TN Siomi MC Siomi H 《Nature》2008,453(7196):793-797
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Structure and transcription of human papillomavirus sequences in cervical carcinoma cells 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
E Schwarz U K Freese L Gissmann W Mayer B Roggenbuck A Stremlau H zur Hausen 《Nature》1985,314(6006):111-114
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An endogenous small interfering RNA pathway in Drosophila 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Czech B Malone CD Zhou R Stark A Schlingeheyde C Dus M Perrimon N Kellis M Wohlschlegel JA Sachidanandam R Hannon GJ Brennecke J 《Nature》2008,453(7196):798-802
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Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA 总被引:72,自引:0,他引:72
Pasquinelli AE Reinhart BJ Slack F Martindale MQ Kuroda MI Maller B Hayward DC Ball EE Degnan B Müller P Spring J Srinivasan A Fishman M Finnerty J Corbo J Levine M Leahy P Davidson E Ruvkun G 《Nature》2000,408(6808):86-89
Two small RNAs regulate the timing of Caenorhabditis elegans development. Transition from the first to the second larval stage fates requires the 22-nucleotide lin-4 RNA, and transition from late larval to adult cell fates requires the 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA. The lin-4 and let-7 RNA genes are not homologous to each other, but are each complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated regions of a set of protein-coding target genes that are normally negatively regulated by the RNAs. Here we have detected let-7 RNAs of approximately 21 nucleotides in samples from a wide range of animal species, including vertebrate, ascidian, hemichordate, mollusc, annelid and arthropod, but not in RNAs from several cnidarian and poriferan species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli or Arabidopsis. We did not detect lin-4 RNA in these species. We found that let-7 temporal regulation is also conserved: let-7 RNA expression is first detected at late larval stages in C. elegans and Drosophila, at 48 hours after fertilization in zebrafish, and in adult stages of annelids and molluscs. The let-7 regulatory RNA may control late temporal transitions during development across animal phylogeny. 相似文献
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Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Lim LP Lau NC Garrett-Engele P Grimson A Schelter JM Castle J Bartel DP Linsley PS Johnson JM 《Nature》2005,433(7027):769-773
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A variety of small RNAs ranging from tens to hundreds of nucleotides in length grow autocatalytically in a Q beta replicase (Q beta phage RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) reaction in the absence of added template, and similar RNAs are found in Q beta phage-infected Escherichia coli cells. Three such RNAs have been sequenced. One of them that is 221 nucleotides (nt) long ('MDV-1' RNA) has been found to be partially homologous to Q beta phage RNA 8, which might be considered as an indication of its origination from by-products of the Q beta RNA replication. To gain further insight into the origin and function of these RNAs, we have sequenced a new RNA, 120 nt long, isolated from the products of spontaneous synthesis by the nominally RNA-free Q beta replicase preparation. The minus strand of this RNA appeared to be a recombinant RNA, composed of the internal fragment of Q beta RNA (approximately 80 nt long) and the 33-nt-long 3'-terminal fragment of E. coli tRNA(1Asp). This seems to be the first strong indication of RNA recombination in bacterial cells. The various implications of this finding are discussed. 相似文献