不同条件下花岗岩中声波传播速度的规律

应用超声波混凝土测试仪(TICO),系统研究了含水率、裂纹、应力和温度对花岗岩内波速传播的影响.实验发现含水率对波速影响比较大,饱和岩样的声波传播速度高于不饱和岩样的声波传播速度;人工预制裂纹对声波传播速度影响不大;单轴压缩条件下,声波传播速度随应变增加逐渐降低;在同一温度(160℃)下,波速随保温时间的增加而逐渐降低;在对岩样逐渐加热情况下,初始加热阶段波速略有升高,当温度达到60℃时,岩样波速达到峰值,之后随着温度继续升高其波速逐渐下降;波速随温度变化具有一定的尺寸效应.实验结果表明,声波在岩石内传播速度受很多外在因素影响,并具有一定的传播规律.     

波速测试法在冻结粉质黏土强度研究中的应用

采用超声波技术测定冻土强度指标和分析其影响因素是目前冻土学术界及冻土工程领域研究的重点课题,冻土纵波波速与温度和含水率关系研究是该课题研究的重要和关键内容.用SYC-2型超声波测试仪和20 kHz超声换能器实测了不同温度和不同含水率下冻结粉质黏土的纵波波速,对实验数据进行了分析,结果表明:含水量一定时,总的趋势是冻结粉质黏土纵波波速随冻结温度的降低而增加,-7 ℃是冻结粉质黏土波速增长的拐点,-20 ℃是冻结粉质黏土波速快速增长的拐点;冻结温度一定时,其纵波波速和冻土强度随含水率的增加有下降的趋势,含水率20%是纵波波速变化的拐点, 含水率大于24%时,纵波波速增长趋于平缓.文章结论对冻土工程设计与施工及基坑挡土墙冻结工程有较强的参考价值.     

温度对白垩系砂岩超声波P波特性的影响

为探索五种砂岩在不同低温状态下的超声波纵波特性,通过电液伺服控制低温岩石测试系统对五种饱和砂岩进行降温处理,同时利用ULT-200型超声波速仪进行超声波测试,获取了不同低温状态下的纵波波形,研究了低温作用下不同砂岩的纵波特性。结果表明：温度降至-5℃,波形更符合弹性介质的传播规律;初至时间和波速、波阻抗密切相关,随温度降低,五种饱和砂岩的纵波初至时间均减小,减小的趋势相似,从0℃降至-5℃,初至时间减小43% ~56%,五种饱和砂岩的波速和波阻抗增大速率几乎完全相同,由0℃降至-5℃,增大值约占总增大量的65% ~75%;初至波波峰、波谷、波速、波阻抗和品质因子(衰减特性)与不同种类的饱和砂岩粒径、孔隙率和密度不相关,与温度相关,五种饱和砂岩的初至波波峰、波谷、波速、波阻抗和品质因子在20℃时差别很大,均随温度降低而增大,不同降温阶段,增大速率相差较大,由0℃降至-10℃,增量约占总增大值的65% ~85%,从0℃降至-5℃增大最显著,其它降温阶段均缓慢增大。     

岩石加载过程声波波速变化规律实验研究

通过对花岗岩、片麻岩、大理岩和砂岩进行加载,探寻岩石波速随应力变化的响应特征.实验结果表明:花岗岩和片麻岩在线弹性加载阶段,波速-应力呈线性上升;波速达到峰值之后,波速-应力为二次函数非线性变化,再继续加载则岩样发生破坏.大理岩及砂岩在整个加载过程中波速基本保持恒定.依据成岩类型将波速变化分为两种类型:Ⅰ型,波速线性增加—峰值波速—缓慢下降—突然下降(破坏);Ⅱ型,波速不变—突然下降(破坏).在循环荷载作用下,岩石在线弹性加载阶段,波速呈线性上升;当增加到一定载荷,波速突然下降,岩样发生破坏.以上研究表明,在线弹性加载阶段,波速增加主要是密度变化引起的,裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通直接影响波速随应力的...     

热处理对岩石波速及孔渗的影响

在常压条件下 ,对干燥粉砂岩、灰岩和砾岩 3种储层岩石进行了高温处理 ,测量并分析了岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度与温度的变化关系。结果表明 ,热处理过程中岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度等物理性质的变化存在一个突变温度域。经过高温处理后的岩石 ,其波速随温度升高而下降 ,渗透率和孔隙度随温度升高而增加。在阈值温度附近岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度变化幅度最大 ;高于阈值温度后 ,影响岩石渗透率和孔隙度变化的主要机理是早期产生的微裂纹宽度增加。该实验结果为现场储层热处理效果评价及技术应用提供了依据。     

热处理对岩石波速及孔渗的影响

在常压条件下，对干燥粉砂岩、灰岩和砾岩3种储层岩石进行了高温处理，测量并分析了岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度与温度的变化关系。结果表明，热处理过程中岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度等物理性质的变化存在一个突变温度域。经过高温处理后的岩石，其波速随温度升高而下降，渗透率和孔隙度随温度升高而增加。在阈值温度附近岩石波速、渗透率和孔隙度变化幅度最大；高于阈值温度后，影响岩石渗透率和孔隙度变化的主要机理是早期产生的微裂纹宽度增加。该实验结果为现场储层热处理效果评价及技术应用提供了依据。     

贺兰山岩画区岩石吸水特性试验研究

岩石吸水率、纵波波速及其相互关系对研究岩石的物理性质与力学性质具有重要意义.选取贺兰山岩画区岩石为样品,进行岩样吸水率实验,探究岩样吸水率和随浸水时间的关系,建立吸水率的数值拟合函数.在吸水率实验的基础上,探究岩样在干燥状态及浸水饱和状态下纵波波速的变化,并分析岩样分别在自然吸水和饱和吸水过程中,岩样吸水率对纵波波速的...     

养殖密度和温度对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长影响实验研究

研究了养殖密度和温度对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼在设施养殖中生长的影响.分别设置5个养殖密度(80、160、240、320和400ind/m3)和5个温度(18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃和自然水温),经过30 d的养殖试验发现养殖密度和温度对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼在设施养殖中的摄食和生长都有显著影响.日增重、特定增长率、生长效率、摄食效率随密度的增大而减小,净增重240和160ind/m3两密度组最高;随着温度的升高,日增重、特定增长率、生长效率均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其中26℃组生长最快,摄食效率则随温度的升高而增大.特定生长率与密度之间存在显著负线性相关,其关系式为:SGR=2.4328-0.0041SD(r2=0.9948);养殖温度和特定增长率之间存在显著二次曲线相关,其回归方程式为:SGR=-0.0049T- 0.2669T-1.7871(r2=0.9645),当水温为27.2℃,瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼的特定增长率为最大1.847,表明瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼最适生长水温应在26～29℃之间.     

工程温压内花岗岩破裂特征与机理分析

深部复杂环境中热力条件下岩石破裂机理是当前研究热点之一。采用统计方法对工程温压内花岗岩单轴、三轴压缩、三轴卸荷试验条件下宏观破裂特征进行了分区分析,并探讨了其机理。结果显示:低温低围压区(20~40℃、0~5 MPa)岩样以剪切破坏为主,伴有次级张拉裂缝。低温高围压区(20~40℃、15~30 MPa)岩样为剪切破坏,且随着围压升高,出现多个剪切破裂面。高温低围压区(60~130℃、0~5 MPa)岩样为张拉破坏。高温高围压区(60~130℃、15~30 MPa)岩样为剪切破坏。围压增加试样峰值强度明显增加,升温试样峰值强度变化不大。研究表明:在工程温压内,岩样性能主要受围压影响;温度对岩样破裂方式有一定的影响,尤其是低围压区。针对温压耦合条件,传统的考虑单一变量的分析结果偏于片面,而分区考虑双变量的分析结果更为客观合理;宜建立多破裂面复合型模型探讨其发生机理。     

温度对几种作物尖孢镰刀菌菌株生长的影响

不同温度对几种作物枯萎病原菌生长影响的试验结果表明:在15～25℃范围内,甜瓜、西瓜、网纹甜瓜、黄瓜、甜椒、花生和豇豆7个寄主的枯萎病原菌菌株生长速度随温度的升高而增大,生长适宜温度为20～30℃,25±1℃时生长最快,25～30℃温度下,生长速度减缓;辣椒枯萎病原与以上的病原生长特性不同,辣椒枯萎病原菌菌株F L.6.5 030710 1在15～35℃温度范围内一直呈增长趋势;25±1℃,菌株的生长过程分3个阶段:0～24h为生长初期,菌株的生长速度缓慢;24～72h为生长中期,菌落直径迅速扩大;72～120h为生长后期,菌株的生长速度变慢.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the