Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses

We describe here a novel type of immunostimulating complex, called 'iscom', in which virus membrane proteins are presented in a multimeric form. The matrix of the iscom is the glycoside Quil A (Spikoside; Iscotec AB), extracted from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina, which forms micelles at the critical micellar concentration of 0.03%. In micelle form, Quil A probably has regions accessible for hydrophobic interaction with the membrane proteins so that it can form complexes with them. Iscoms have been prepared with membrane proteins of para-influenza-3 (PI-3), measles and rabies viruses, and their immunizing potency tested in animals. In these experiments, iscoms prove to be at least 10 times more potent than micelles formed by aggregation of the membrane proteins alone. Iscoms of PI-3 and measles viruses also stimulate the formation of antibody to the fusion (F) protein, which is considered to be poorly immunogenic. No side effects of iscoms or of protein micelles have been observed.     

Structural basis of West Nile virus neutralization by a therapeutic antibody

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to the human epidemic-causing dengue, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In establishing infection these icosahedral viruses undergo endosomal membrane fusion catalysed by envelope glycoprotein rearrangement of the putative receptor-binding domain III (DIII) and exposure of the hydrophobic fusion loop. Humoral immunity has an essential protective function early in the course of West Nile virus infection. Here, we investigate the mechanism of neutralization by the E16 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds DIII. Structurally, the E16 antibody Fab fragment engages 16 residues positioned on four loops of DIII, a consensus neutralizing epitope sequence conserved in West Nile virus and distinct in other flaviviruses. The E16 epitope protrudes from the surface of mature virions in three distinct environments, and docking studies predict Fab binding will leave five-fold clustered epitopes exposed. We also show that E16 inhibits infection primarily at a step after viral attachment, potentially by blocking envelope glycoprotein conformational changes. Collectively, our results suggest that a vaccine strategy targeting the dominant DIII epitope may elicit safe and effective immune responses against flaviviral diseases.     

一种解空间机构运动分析问题的新方法

针对目前在空间机构的运动研究中缺少高效的研究工具的现状,提出了一种解空间机构运动分析问题的新方法--三维矢量的复指数形式,并探讨了应用该方法表示三维矢量的坐标变换形式.在机械手实例中,分别采用复指数变换法和坐标矩阵变换法进行求解.对比求解过程,可以看出复指数变换法是一种解决空间机构运动分析问题的有效和便捷的方法.     

Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism

RNA interference through non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a vital component of the innate antiviral immune response in plants and invertebrate animals; however, a role for cellular miRNAs in the defence against viral infection in mammalian organisms has thus far remained elusive. Here we show that interferon beta (IFNbeta) rapidly modulates the expression of numerous cellular miRNAs, and that eight of these IFNbeta-induced miRNAs have sequence-predicted targets within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA. The introduction of synthetic miRNA-mimics corresponding to these IFNbeta-induced miRNAs reproduces the antiviral effects of IFNbeta on HCV replication and infection, whereas neutralization of these antiviral miRNAs with anti-miRNAs reduces the antiviral effects of IFNbeta against HCV. In addition, we demonstrate that IFNbeta treatment leads to a significant reduction in the expression of the liver-specific miR-122, an miRNA that has been previously shown to be essential for HCV replication. Therefore, our findings strongly support the notion that mammalian organisms too, through the interferon system, use cellular miRNAs to combat viral infections.     

推导Ordered Bi Bi 机制速度方程的新方法

阐述推导Ordered Bi Bi机制速度方程的新方法：(1)引入新的公因子：1／coefAB;(2)V1、V2分别以V1=num1/coefAB[E0]、V2=num2/coefPQ[E0]的形式代入推导过程;(3)不需要引用Haldane方程化简。     

A new mechanism for induced vitamin D deficiency in calcium deprivation

Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin in response to ultraviolet light is the main determinant of vitamin D status in man and it is therefore surprising that rickets and osteomalacia, clinical signs of vitamin D deficiency, remain common in tropical and subtropical countries. Skin pigmentation can reduce vitamin D formation but this is a negligible limitation in people exposed to abundant ultraviolet light. Earlier studies in animals and man suggested that another environmental factor, the low calcium/high cereal diet typical of susceptible populations, might affect the efficiency of vitamin D utilization. We show here in rats that the rate of inactivation of vitamin D in the liver is increased by calcium deprivation. The effect is mediated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, produced in response to secondary hyperparathyroidism, which promotes hepatic conversion of vitamin D to polar inactivation products that are excreted in bile. This finding has widespread implications both for understanding the pathogenesis of endemic rickets and in that it provides a unifying mechanism for the development of vitamin D deficiency in many clinical disorders.     

新型抽油机机构方案的研究

本文研究了一种新型抽油机机构代替原有机构的创新设计,通过新几方案的比较,创新机构方案在小尺寸参数条件下增大了抽油机的冲程,平衡效果好,电机功率小,抽油效率高。     

The oncogenic potential of herpes simplex viruses: evidence for a 'hit-and-run' mechanism

Experiments to determine the mechanism of transformation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have identified fragments of viral DNA which are able to initiate transformation. No set of viral genes seems to be consistently retained or expressed in the transformed cells or in human cervical tumours, suggesting that viral DNA is not needed to maintain the transformed phenotype. In fact there is no conclusive evidence that initiation of neoplasia is mediated by a viral protein. Here we revisit the 'hit-and-run' hypothesis and its implications for HSV-induced tumorigenicity.     

A new cellular mechanism for coupling inputs arriving at different cortical layers

Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex of the brain extend their axons and dendrites into all layers. They are also unusual in having both an axonal and a dendritic zone for the initiation of action potentials. Distal dendritic inputs, which normally appear greatly attenuated at the axon, must cross a high threshold at the dendritic initiation zone to evoke calcium action potentials but can then generate bursts of axonal action potentials. Here we show that a single back-propagating sodium action potential generated in the axon facilitates the initiation of these calcium action potentials when it coincides with distal dendritic input within a time window of several milliseconds. Inhibitory dendritic input can selectively block the initiation of dendritic calcium action potentials, preventing bursts of axonal action potentials. Thus, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials arising in the distal dendrites can exert significantly greater control over action potential initiation in the axon than would be expected from their electrotonically isolated locations. The coincidence of a single back-propagating action potential with a subthreshold distal excitatory postsynaptic potential to evoke a burst of axonal action potentials represents a new mechanism by which the main cortical output neurons can associate inputs arriving at different cortical layers.     

A New Mechanism Based on Similar Clouds Watermark for Database＇s Information Security

This paper studies the digit watermark technology of numeric attributes in relational database for database‘s information security. It proposes a new mechanism based on similar clouds watermark and gives the concept of similar clouds. The algorithm SCWA that can insert the meaning wa-termark and detect it from the watermarked data is described. The mechanism can effectively and broadly scatter the watermark in the database; therefore the watermark is very robust.     

Introduction of pokeweed antiviral protein cDNA intoBrassica napus and acquisition of transgenic plants resistant to viruses

Using cotyledonary petioles as explants, the PAP cDNA controlled by wound-inducible promoter has been introduced intoBrassica napus by coculture withAgrobacterium tumefaciens and laser microbeam puncture respectively. Regenerated plants resistant to gentamycin have been selected out. PCR amplification and Southern blotting analysis indicated that PAP cDNA together with wound-inducible promoter had been integrated intoBrassica genome with transformation frequencies of 2.0% and 1.7% for two transformation methods respectively. The test of virus challenge showed that these transgenicBrassica plants were resistant in different degrees to mechanically inoculated TuMV.     

外包钢加固SRC框架结构地震损伤演化分析

基于外包钢加固震损型钢混凝土框架结构在低周往复荷载作用下的破坏性试验,采用材料性能折减的方法考虑震损影响,对外包钢加固损伤的型钢混凝土框架结构进行有限元建模分析,利用改进的双参数地震损伤模型计算其主要构件和整体结构的损伤指数,并利用多项式函数对其构件及整体结构的损伤演化曲线进行拟合,探讨外包钢加固震损型钢混凝土框架结构在低周往复荷载作用下的损伤演化规律。结果表明,通过折减材料性能来模拟预震损的方法是合理的;改进的地震损伤模型能定量计算结构在各个循环阶段的损伤指数;外包钢加固型钢混凝土框架结构的方法能有效降低型钢混凝土框架结构地震损伤程度,与未加固的震损型钢混凝土框架结构相比,外包钢加固震损型钢混凝土框架结构的抗震性能明显增强。     

二段中和法处理酸性矿山废水

采用石灰与氢氧化钠二段中和法处理酸性矿山废水.研究结果表明:用石灰调节废水pH至5时,Fe,Mn,Zn的去除率分别为14.14%,5.94%和13.91%;采用氢氧化钠二段中和后,当废水pH为10.20,曝气流量为50mL/min,反应时间为20 min时,废水中铁、锰、锌去除率均达到99.7%以上,其废水中TFe,Mn2+和Zn2+残留质量浓度分别为80,810,30μg/L,均低于国家污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996).石灰一段中和渣为石膏(CaSO4·2H2O);氢氧化钠二段中和渣为锰锌铁氧体(Fe2Mn0.5Zn0.5O4·nH2O)和四氧化三铁(F03O4);石灰与氢氧化钠二段中和法与石灰中和法相比较,二段中和渣量少,二段中和渣具有综合利用价值.     

一种基于竞标机制的新一代无线网络呼叫接纳控制机制

针时新一代无线网络中呼叫接纳控制中的资源分配问题,提出了一种基于竞标机制的新一代无线网络呼叫接纳控制机制.描述了资源交易模型和交易实施方案,提出并分析了该机制的求解算法,结合下一步需要完成的工作,对该机制进行了评价.     

一种新型无线传感网数据预测机制

数据预测机制通过降低网络的通信次数成为无线传感网降低能耗的重要方式之一.利用无线传感网监测的信息的周期性变化特点,提出了一种包含两次数据预测过程的新型数据预测机制,以提高数据预测的精度.实验采用英特尔伯克利实验室部署的54个节点收集的真实数据进行了温度、湿度和光强度的仿真实验,结果表明这种新型的数据预测机制相比目前已有的数据预测机制有明显的提高.     

Introduction of pokeweed antiviral protein cDNA into Brassica napus and acquisition of transsenic plants resistant to viruses

Using cotyledonary petioles as explants, the PAP cDNA controlled by wound-in- ducible promoter has been introduced into Brassica napus by coculture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and laser microbeam puncture respectively. Regenerated plants resistant to gen-tamycin have been selected out. PCR amplification and Southern blotting analysis indicated that PAP cDNA together with wound-inducible promoter had been integrated into Brassica genome with transformation frequencies of 2.0% and 1.7% for two transformation methods respectively. The test of virus challenge showed that these transgenic Brassica plants were resistant in different degrees to mechanically inoculated TuMV.