休谟可以区分自我与他人吗?——论休谟的个人同一性困惑

休谟在《人性论》的附录中承认,自己之前对个人同一性问题的说明存有缺陷,他不知道该如何解决,因此陷入困惑。这个反省引发了一个问题:休谟的困惑究竟指的是什么?一种解释认为,困惑的根源是休谟意识到自己在说明个人同一性问题时无法区分自我与他人。本文将对这种解释作出修正,指出休谟对个人同一性的说明为什么需要区分自我与他人,他又在多大程度上无法区分自我与他人。本文将表明,休谟的困惑并不在于他完全无法区分自我与他人,而在于更弱一点的困难:他有资源在大多数情况下作出这个区分,但是仍然留下无法区分的情况。     

当代哲学视域下的逻辑哲学——普特南论逻辑和模糊性的哲学启示探析

形而上学实在论者认为不存在模糊对象,逻辑学家们在考虑模糊性问题时则面临语言的实际使用问题。如果模糊语言不能转化为理想语言但本身又是难以避免的,日常语言或者至少是包含不精确的语词的语言将会一直存在。哲学不能永远使其自身限制在假想语言的逻辑结构的理论之中。有关模糊性问题的讨论体现了当代哲学实用主义和分析哲学相结合的前景,标志着分析哲学的一个新的发展阶段,也蕴含了实用主义向新实用主义转变的趋势。     

Reality,Systems and Impure Systems

Impure systems contain Objects and Subjects: Subjects are human beings. We can distinguish a person as an observer (subjectively outside the system) and that by definition is the Subject himself, and part of the system. In this case he acquires the category of object. Objects (relative beings) are significances, which are the consequence of perceptual beliefs on the part of the Subject about material or energetic objects (absolute beings) with certain characteristics.The IS (Impure System) approach is as follows: Objects are perceptual significances (relative beings) of material or energetic objects (absolute beings). The set of these objects will form an impure set of the first order. The existing relations between these relative objects will be of two classes: transactions of matter and/or energy and inferential relations. Transactions can have alethic modality: necessity, possibility, impossibility and contingency. Ontic existence of possibility entails that inferential relations have Deontic modality: obligation, permission, prohibition, faculty and analogy. We distinguished between theorems (natural laws) and norms (ethical, legislative and customary rules of conduct).     

表征还是建构? 量子场论的一种解释

在本文中,我坚持认为,量子场论所描述的具有因果关系的实体层次中那些基本的实体不是粒子而是场。然后,我从结构实在论的角度进一步讨论了在何种意义上并在何种程度上,有关场的这种理论建构可以被看作物理实在的客观表征。     

随附性/排除论证的限度

金在权基于随附性/排除论证排除了自主的心理性质。对随附性/排除论证的3种批评意见——该论证存在不自洽性、否定心理性质的因果效力是不合理的、该论证的普遍化将导致一切宏观性质失去因果效力——或者曲解了金在权的本意,或者超出了物理主义的框架,从而超出了论证的前提。随附性/排除论证能够在物理主义内部形成对自主心理性质的消解,但不能形成对突现论的反驳。     

工程伦理教育的三个价值向度

我国工程伦理教育在价值标准上的模糊性是阻碍它进一步发展的重要原因。工程伦理教育的价值谱系由自然伦理、商谈伦理和责任伦理构成,其确立的依据主要是当今工程活动中的实践伦理和价值关系。自然伦理主要涉及的是人与自然的关系问题,商谈伦理主要涉及的是人与人的关系问题,责任伦理主要涉及的是人与社会和个体与自我的关系问题。     

论严复的译名观

对严复翻译思想的研究,往往囿于“信达雅”之说。文章通过对严复译著及相关史实的梳理,结合其译名实践,从翻译动机、翻译态度、翻译标准、翻译策略等方面考察了严复的译名观,认为严复为整顿译名付出了巨大的努力,其译名亦彰显了“信达雅”的翻译标准,但受复杂的语言民族主义心理和社会政治因素的双重掣肘,其译名观又呈现出局限性。严复译名观反映了晚清民初时期术语在译介过程中的独特文化现象,亦彰显了晚清知识分子为救亡图存所形成的不同话语策略。     

社会技术在马克思技术哲学中的地位

技术哲学与普遍哲学之间存在着内在的逻辑一致性,通过普遍哲学的观念可以有效地理解技术概念.对于马克思也是如此.当前马克思技术哲学的工程主义、批判主义的叙事方式都将这种性质给予了展示.这些叙事方式将技术给予了自然主义的理解,即自然技术的概念.这是"人与自然"、"物质资料的生产"概念推演的必然结果.但是,在马克思普遍哲学中还包含着具有同样地位的概念:"人与人"、"人自身的产生"的概念.建立在这个概念之上的技术应该是社会性的,它所包含的可能性并没有被注意到."社会技术"原则的提出力图揭示出这种可能性,体现出二者之间的内在的逻辑一致性.     

Remodeling the Past

In some of the papers in which she develops and defends the mental modelview of thought experiments in physics, Nersessian expresses the belief that her account has implications for thought experiments in other domains as well. In this paper, I argue, firstly, that counterfactual reasoning has a legitimate place in historical inquiry, and secondly, that the mental model view can account for such "alternative histories". I proceed as follows. Firstly, I review the main accounts of thought experiments in physics and point at some explanatory advantages of the mental model view. Subsequently, I argue that historians cannot dispense with counterfactual reasoning altogether and qualify a number of principled objections against the explicit use of alternative histories for theoretical purposes. Finally, I show that the mental model view can account for such thought experiments in history.     

计算功能主义:普特南的早期论证及其后来的反驳

计算功能主义认为,精神状态和精神事件是一种依赖于特定的功能组织的功能状态,精神状态既可以在大脑的基础上实现,也可以根据具有生物学特征的输入和输出的参数和关系的计算过程来定义。普特南早期曾是这种理论的积极拥护者。他从心灵状态的可多重实现性出发批判了心脑同一论,并由此提出并论证了计算功能主义理论。然而,后来在思考意向内容的来源时,普特南发展出一种外在主义的意义理论,而这种外在主义很难和计算功能主义相调和。因此,普特南后期放弃了计算功能主义,并发展出了多种论证来反驳它。文章考察了普特南思想的转变过程及其对认知科学的批评。     

孪生地球思想实验的信息语义学解读及其争论

希拉里.普特南为阐明其外在主义立场而设计的孪生地球思想实验,近几十年来一直是内在主义者和外在主义者争论的焦点。作为外在主义的辩护者,美国哲学家弗雷德.德雷斯基通过信息语义学对孪生地球思想实验进行重构和解读,引发了他和内在主义代表人物福多之间的论战。在这场争论中,双方围绕孪生地球思想实验,不断引入新的材料和理论,就心理内容是内在的还是外在的、以及心理内容对行为是否产生因果作用等一些传统问题展开辩论,从而将这些问题的探讨拓展到更深、更广的层面。     

Points of View Beyond Models: Towards a Formal Approach to Points of View as Access to the World

According to Vázquez and Liz (Found Sci 16(4): 383–391, 2011), Points of View (PoV) can be considered in two different ways. On the one hand, they can be explained following the model of propositional attitudes. This model assumes that the internal structure of a PoV is constituted by a subject, a set of contents, and a set of relations between the subject and those contents. On the other hand, we can analyze points of view taking as a model the notions of location and access. If we choose to follow the second approach, instead of the first one, the internal structure of a PoV is not directly addressed, and the emphasized features of PoV are related to the function that PoV are intended to have. That is, PoV are directly identified by their role and they can solely be understood as ways of accessing the world that bring some kind of perspective about it. Having this in mind, we would like to propose a notation that explains how to understand such access as a sort of models (that can allow the creation of concepts), independently of whether the precise PoV under consideration is impersonal or non-impersonal, its kind of content, and its subjective or objective character. First, we will present an account of some previous approaches to the study of points of view. Then, we will analyze what kind of structure the world is assumed to posses and how the access to it is possible. Third, we will develop a notation that explains PoV as qualitative dimensions by means of which it is possible to valuate objects and states of the world.     

刘徽对《九章算术》中立体的辨名

刘徽对《九章算术》中的立体及其名称进行了较多的考察,是他对全书概念、术语进行"审辨名分"工作的组成部分,也是他努力为《九章算术》的数学知识构建理论基础的一种体现.本文分为不做解释、只解释实物含义、只解释几何含义、既解释实物含义又解释几何含义等四种类型分析了刘徽对《九章算术》中立体及其名称和用语的处理方式,指出刘徽对立体...     

Love and Realism

In this reply I try to show that, contrary to Milberry’s apparent assertion, the general intellect of the multitude does not have the explanatory robustness she accredits to it (following both Virno and the Hardt and Negri of the Empire trilogy). Digital network technologies are currently overwhelmingly effective in proletarianizing and disempowering the cognitariat and only an active technopolitics of deproletarianization could reverse this hegemonic situation. In my response to Verbeek, I attempt to correct his misinterpretation (shared by Milberry) of the Stieglerian approach as being dialectical in nature and show that, far from reinstating the humanist dichotomy between human beings and technologies, my analysis assumes their original, albeit fundamentally ambiguous and even ‘uncanny’ [unheimlich] interconnection. I conclude with pointing out some implications of this view for a ‘really realistic’ political theory of technology.     

模块性、经典计算和意向实在论——论福多思维非模块性论题的一个本体论后果

福多将计算模块的概念运用于对心灵模块性的分析，提出心灵之负责输入分析的部分（感知觉系统、语言系统等）是模块性的，而心灵之专司信念的确立和思维之职的部分（中心系统）是非模块性的。由此，福多进一步得出心的计算理论不适用于中心系统的结论。然而，福多的结论给他的计算主义的意向实在论辩护带来了问题：如果思维不是计算，那么，福多关于常识心理学所持的意向实在论主张就成了空中楼阁。     

A Realistic Look at Putnam's Argument Against Realism

Putnam's ``model-theoretic' argument against metaphysical realism presupposes that an ideal scientific theory is expressible in a first order language. The central aim of this paper is to show that Putnam's ``first orderization' of science, although unchallenged by numerous critics, makes his argument unsound even for adequate theories, never mind an ideal one. To this end, I will argue that quantitative theories, which dominate the natural sciences, can be adequately interpreted and evaluated only with the help of so-called theories of measurement whose epistemological and methodological purpose is to justify systematic assignments of quantitative values to objects in the world. And, in order to fulfill this purpose, theories of measurement must have an essentially higher order logical structure. As a result, Putnam's argument fails because much of science turns out to rest on essentially higher order theoretical assumptions about the world.     

“经济”回溯——本体论视角下的中国近代术语翻译

严复以“计学”对译亚当·斯密《国富论》中的economics,该译词凸显了20世纪中国“经济学”概念转型的一次尝试,然而东洋“泊来品”——“经济”(之所以置“泊来品”于引号之内,皆因“经济”一词中国自古有之)后来却逐渐占据中国近代经济话语的主导地位(至少从economics的对译术语角度而言如此)。作为承载与交流知识与信息的表达系统,语言在知识本体与对象客体间架起了解释和理解的渠道,而本体(ontology)是用来描述一个系统内部知识体系的架构。人文社会术语因其特殊属性对当今计算机形式化语言下的知识本体构建提出新的要求,同时也开辟了本体视角下术语翻译的新维度。文章借西方术语 economics于近代中国的本体转型在多元译词上的反映来凸显近代术语翻译中的术语概念演变,本土语言资源选择与词汇化过程,翻译的术语化过程以及术语传播与效应,以期对中国近代术语翻译提供新的解读视角。     

Connecting Internal and External Representations: Spatial Transformations of Scientific Visualizations

Many scientific discoveries have depended on external diagrams or visualizations. Many scientists also report to use an internal mental representation or mental imagery to help them solve problems and reason. How do scientists connect these internal and external representations? We examined working scientists as they worked on external scientific visualizations. We coded the number and type of spatial transformations (mental operations that scientists used on internal or external representations or images) and found that there were a very large number of comparisons, either between different visualizations or between a visualization and the scientists’ internal mental representation. We found that when scientists compared visualization to visualization, the comparisons were based primarily on features. However, when scientists compared a visualization to their mental representation, they were attempting to align the two representations. We suggest that this alignment process is how scientists connect internal and external representations.     

On the performance of a discriminant function

In two-class discriminant problems, objects are allocated to one of the two classes by means of threshold rules based on discriminant functions. In this paper we propose to examine the quality of a discriminant functiong in terms of its performance curve. This curve is the plot of the two misclassification probabilities as the thresholdt assumes various real values. The role of such performance curves in evaluating and ordering discriminant functions and solving discriminant problems is presented. In particular, it is shown that: (i) the convexity of such a curve is a sufficient condition for optimal use of the information contained in the data reduced byg, and (ii)g with non-convex performance curve should be corrected by an explicitly obtained transformation.