柠檬醛诱导的拟南芥抗旱性及差异表达基因分析

本研究旨在探讨柠檬醛在植物抗旱方面的潜在应用价值.以不同浓度的柠檬醛处理拟南芥,我们发现200μmol/L柠檬醛处理的拟南芥在随后干旱胁迫下的存活率高达80%,而未经柠檬醛处理的对照组只有40%左右.转录组测序(RNA-seq)分析发现经200μmol/L柠檬醛处理后有230个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),DEGs在GO功能注释和KEGG通路中分别显著富集为应激反应和内质网中的蛋白质加工,且上调表达的DEGs许多都与热激蛋白家族相关.从中挑选4个(AT1G07400,AT2G26150,AT4G25200,AT4G12400)进行RT-qPCR验证,发现其反映的表达水平和RNA-seq数据一致.本研究表明200μmol/L柠檬醛处理可以诱导拟南芥产生抗旱性,并可能通过热激蛋白使干旱胁迫后部分解折叠的功能蛋白恢复生理活性状态,从而使拟南芥显示出对干旱更强的耐受性和抵抗力.     

Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals

Like a number of plants, some mammals commonly produce more progeny than they can afford to rear, terminating investment in some or even all of their offspring once the resources available for breeding are known. Adaptive interpretations of juvenile wastage rely on the argument that the costs of gestation are small compared to those of feeding offspring. Though energetic evidence supports this conclusion, it is unsafe to assume that the relative costs of gestation and lactation to the mother's survival and future reproductive success follow the same pattern because lactation commonly coincides with the period of maximum food availability. Controlling for individual variation, we show that in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L) any costs of gestation to the mother's subsequent survival and reproductive success are slight compared to those of lactation.     

拟南芥开花时间的分子遗传调控

拟南芥开花主要受四种遗传途径调控,即:光周期途径,春化途径,自主途径和赤霉素途径。各种途径之间通过CO,FLC,FT,SOC1等主效基因的相互作用,最终调节花特异性基因AP1和LFY的表达,从而调控拟南芥的开花时间,其中各种突变体的研究揭示了相关基因的功能。这些主效基因中,CO基因对光周期途径是特异的,FLC基因对开花起抑制作用。其它因素如环境、基因染色质结构的改变、酶等对拟南芥开花时间的影响有待进一步的研究。     

拟南芥 BAH1 与大肠杆菌热胁迫耐受的关系分析

拟南芥BAH1含有保守的C3H4型RING结构域,与DnaJ锌指结构类似.利用原核表达纯化的BAH1进行体外泛素化实验证明了BAH1具有E3连接酶活性.然后通过表型回复实验发现BAH1融合J-domain结构域后(JdBAH1)和DnaJ一样能明显弥补danJ突变株MF634的热敏表型,在43℃存活;而转入突变锌指结构的JdBAH1C231S,C234S,C276S,C279S(JdBAH1△Zn1/2)菌株在43℃高温条件下不能存活,说明BAH1在大肠杆菌内具有类似DnaJ锌指结构的功能.因此,BAH1在E.coli中的功能有可能与DnaJ相似,通过锌指结构参与了DnaK/DnaJ伴侣系统发挥功能.     

谷氨酰tRNA合成酶转基因拟南芥的生长特性分析

以不同独立株系的拟南芥谷氨酰tRNA合成酶（Arabidopsis glutamyl tRNA synthetase,简称AtGluRS）过量表达的三种纯合株系（GS3、GS4、GS6）及抑制表达的三种纯合株系（GAS2、GAS3、GAS7）为实验材料,分析其生长情况和表型.表型分析结果表明,拟南芥谷氨酰tRNA合成酶过量表达植株表现出开花晚、基叶多、茎生长快等与对照和AtGluRS抑制表达植株不同的特点.此外,用氯化钠（NaCl）模拟盐胁迫环境,对转基因植物的萌发率和生长情况进行分析,发现谷氨酰tR     

拟南芥叶肉细胞原生质体分离及影响因素

通过对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)叶肉细胞原生质体分离条件的研究,探讨了酶解法制备拟南芥叶肉细胞原生质体的分离条件和影响因素.在不同纤维素酶质量浓度、山梨醇质量浓度、酶解液pH值、酶解时间下,测定了拟南芥叶肉细胞原生质体的产量.结果表明,在20 g/L纤维素酶、140 g/L山梨醇、pH=5.8的酶解液中,酶解时间为1.5 h,原生质体产量最高.同时,在相同分离条件下测定了拟南芥幼叶和老叶的原生质体产量,结果表明,幼叶原生质体产量显著高于老叶.     

A copia-like transposable element family in Arabidopsis thaliana

The fast generation time, small genome size and extensive genetic map of the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana have made it the subject of an increasing number of studies in plant molecular genetics. As transposable elements have greatly facilitated genetic analysis in a variety of species, we have attempted to identify an endogenous A. thaliana transposable element. We report here the discovery of a family of such elements, which we refer to as Ta1 elements. Sequence analysis of one such element shows that it is closely related to retrotransposons and integrated retroviral proviruses, being bound by a direct sequence repeat and having an open reading frame with clear sequence similarity to the polyprotein of the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon copia. The sequence of an empty target site of a Ta1 element shows that insertion is accompanied by a five-base-pair target-site duplication and that Ta1 has transposed in the period of time since divergence of two races of A. thaliana.     

拟南芥AtHHR2基因的功能初步研究

为了研究拟南芥Highly Homologous RING domain 2基因(At5g43200)在盐胁迫逆境的功能,通过DNA及RNA水平鉴定了该基因的T-DNA插入突变体athhr2,并通过根瘤农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化,筛选获得了athhr2/ATHHR2互补转基因株系.对突变体、互补转基因株系及野生型进行盐胁迫处理,对其萌发率、脯氨酸及叶绿素水平进行检测,发现盐处理后缺失突变体的萌发率降低,脯氨酸和叶绿素含量低于野生型,互补株系的萌发率、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量均高于野生型.以上结果证明AtHHR2基因在拟南芥的盐胁迫响应中起正调控作用.     

Spontaneous epigenetic variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana methylome

Heritable epigenetic polymorphisms, such as differential cytosine methylation, can underlie phenotypic variation. Moreover, wild strains of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana differ in many epialleles, and these can influence the expression of nearby genes. However, to understand their role in evolution, it is imperative to ascertain the emergence rate and stability of epialleles, including those that are not due to structural variation. We have compared genome-wide DNA methylation among 10 A. thaliana lines, derived 30 generations ago from a common ancestor. Epimutations at individual positions were easily detected, and close to 30,000 cytosines in each strain were differentially methylated. In contrast, larger regions of contiguous methylation were much more stable, and the frequency of changes was in the same low range as that of DNA mutations. Like individual positions, the same regions were often affected by differential methylation in independent lines, with evidence for recurrent cycles of forward and reverse mutations. Transposable elements and short interfering RNAs have been causally linked to DNA methylation. In agreement, differentially methylated sites were farther from transposable elements and showed less association with short interfering RNA expression than invariant positions. The biased distribution and frequent reversion of epimutations have important implications for the potential contribution of sequence-independent epialleles to plant evolution.     

拟南芥中一个新的constans等位基因及特性

植物开花是由内外信号途径共同调控的,CONSTANS是长日照途径上控制开花的基因.在筛选拟南芥滞绿突变体的过程中筛选到一个晚花突变体,工作名称为fnc25.后来证实为一个新的constans突变体co-9.在长日照条件下该突变体植株高大,叶片呈深绿色,莲座叶数目增多,开花延迟,寿限显著延长;春化处理和外源施加赤霉素对其开花时间几乎没有响应,在短日照条件下开花时间几乎不变.测序发现co-9中CO基因编码区中有10个碱基的缺失导致了CO蛋白C末端92个氨基酸没有被合成,这其中包含一个CCT结构域.CO基因的功能缺失很可能是导致co-9晚花的原因.RT-PCR实验表明co-9中CO直接调控的基因FT的mRNA水平显著下调,而另一个调控的基因SOC1的mRNA水平和野生型相比没有改变.说明CO通过不同的结构域作用于下游目的基因,一个结构域的改变只影响下游一个目的基因的表达,导致co-9的晚花表型.     

拟南芥AHA2基因的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法对拟南芥AHA2(H+-ATPase 2)基因编码蛋白的理化性质、保守结构域、疏水性/亲水性、信号肽、跨膜结构域、磷酸化修饰、二级结构和系统进化等进行了预测和分析。结果表明:AHA2属于拟南芥H+-ATPase家族成员;拟南芥AHA2基因编码的蛋白与荠菜的亲缘关系最近,具有较高的相似性。本研究的结果将为进一步研究其生物学功能提供一定的参考依据。     

拟南芥花粉表面蛋白质数据的整合

花粉表面蛋白质参与花粉与柱头的识别,在植物繁殖生长过程中起着重要的作用．以拟南芥为研究对象,通过文献和网络资源的查阅收集其他植物的花粉表面蛋白质的信息,并利用同源性分析,将其转化为拟南芥的花粉表面蛋白相关信息;并将这些数据和拟南芥中已知及可能的花粉表面蛋白质数据整合在一起．然后,对整合的所有蛋白质进行了功能分类和表达分析,并建立了拟南芥花粉表面蛋白质数据库．这对深入研究花粉与柱头识别的分子机理将有重要的促进作用．     

拟南芥抗油菜黑胫病突变基因的遗传分析及染色体定位

以拟南芥黑胫病感病突变体及抗病野生型为材料,对不同世代群体进行遗传分析,结果表明,该突变性状为细胞核内两对重叠作用的基因所控制,感病植株为隐性突变体,其基因型为sc1sc2.同时对突变位点sc1及sc2进行了染色体定位研究.结果证实, sc1位于1号染色体的长臂上,sc2位于2号染色体的长臂上.为进一步研究拟南芥抗病功能基因奠定了基础.     

Defining the core Arabidopsis thaliana root microbiome

Land plants associate with a root microbiota distinct from the complex microbial community present in surrounding soil. The microbiota colonizing the rhizosphere (immediately surrounding the root) and the endophytic compartment (within the root) contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration and phytoremediation. Colonization of the root occurs despite a sophisticated plant immune system, suggesting finely tuned discrimination of mutualists and commensals from pathogens. Genetic principles governing the derivation of host-specific endophyte communities from soil communities are poorly understood. Here we report the pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of more than 600 Arabidopsis thaliana plants to test the hypotheses that the root rhizosphere and endophytic compartment microbiota of plants grown under controlled conditions in natural soils are sufficiently dependent on the host to remain consistent across different soil types and developmental stages, and sufficiently dependent on host genotype to vary between inbred Arabidopsis accessions. We describe different bacterial communities in two geochemically distinct bulk soils and in rhizosphere and endophytic compartments prepared from roots grown in these soils. The communities in each compartment are strongly influenced by soil type. Endophytic compartments from both soils feature overlapping, low-complexity communities that are markedly enriched in Actinobacteria and specific families from other phyla, notably Proteobacteria. Some bacteria vary quantitatively between plants of different developmental stage and genotype. Our rigorous definition of an endophytic compartment microbiome should facilitate controlled dissection of plant-microbe interactions derived from complex soil communities.     

拟南芥菜室内培养技术的改进

报道了室内培养拟南芥过程中的一些改进技术,在培养介质、播种、浇水、湿度、培养密度方面作了详细介绍,为研究工作者在简陋条件下进行拟南芥培养提供了经验。     

拟南芥AtJ2基因植物超量表达载体的构建

在胁迫条件下,分子伴侣可以稳定蛋白质结构,防止蛋白质凝聚变性,并修复受伤害蛋白.J蛋白是一类重要的分子伴侣.AtJ2是拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)J蛋白中的一种.为研究该基因的功能,提取了拟南芥幼苗的总RNA,经过RT-PCR获得了AtJ2的全长.并将其构建入表达载体pMD中,得到重组质粒pMD/AtJ2.通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)将此重组质粒转化入拟南芥,得到了转基因植株,为后续该基因的功能研究奠定基础.     

拟南芥对镉胁迫的生理响应

研究拟南芥对不同Cd2+浓度处理（0、20、40、60和80 μM）的生理响应,以探讨Cd2+对植物的毒性效应及植物的耐性机理.结果发现,各浓度Cd2+导致拟南芥过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低（P<0.05）、植物根部细胞DNA出现明显的损伤,拟南芥生物量及根长也显著降低（P<0.05）,表明Cd2+对拟南芥体内的生物大分子产生了严重的胁迫效应.叶片光合色素含量随Cd2+浓度的升高而逐渐下降,在60和80 μM时处理效应达到显著水平（P<0.05）,表明高Cd2+抑制植物的光合作用.拟南芥体内丙二醛及可溶性蛋白含量随Cd2+浓度的增加明显上升,在60 μM时处理效应显著（P<0.05）,表明Cd2+胁迫导致其膜脂过氧化效应.在全部Cd2+处理下,拟南芥体内谷胱甘肽和植物螯合肽的含量均显著上升（P<0.01）;类黄酮、花色素苷等酚类物质也随Cd2+浓度的增加而上升,并在高Cd2+浓度（60和80 μM）下处理效应达到显著水平（P<0.05）,表明拟南芥通过积累具有活性氧抗性的次级代谢产物提高其对Cd2+的耐受性.本研究的结果能够为深入研究Cd2+对植物毒害的分子机制以及植物对Cd2+耐性的分子机制提供实验依据.