关于大气臭氧问题的主要研究进展

大气臭氧是非常重要的温室气体,其在全球的分布具有不均匀性,受到人类活动的显著影响,近几十年来由于对流层臭氧增加造成正的辐射强迫会增加大气温室效应,而平流臭氧减少会使其吸收的紫外线辐射减少,为负的辐射强迫,使得平流层大气降温。因此关于大气臭氧浓度变化及其对气候的影响是非常复杂的,一直是科学界研究的热点和难点问题。自从20世纪50年代末到70年代就发现臭氧浓度有减少的趋势。1985年英国南极考察队在南纬60°地区观测发现存在大气臭氧层空洞;自此开始,大气臭氧问题引起了世界各国的极大关注,并给予很多研究。目前,平流层和对流层臭氧浓度的观测仍然是研究的重点。鉴于对流层臭氧浓度持续升高和平流层臭氧浓度的不断下降,以及他们在对流层和平流层大气温度中所起的不同作用,本文将主要针对近五年来大气臭氧相关的研究进展进行简要的综述,包括对流层和平流层臭氧浓度及其观测研究,和人类活动的影响等方面进行分述。最后给出目前研究工作的不足和未来工作展望。     

南极臭氧洞对全球气候影响的数值试验

采用ＩＡＰ九层全球大气环流模式进行了南极臭氧洞气候效应的数值试验．试验和分析表明,南半球高纬和极地平流层臭氧含量的减少,不仅对南半球气候有明显影响,而且影响到北半球,使全球气候产生明显变化．     

南极臭氧空洞缩至近30年最小面积

正美国航空航天局、国家海洋和大气管理局近日联合发表声明说,卫星数据显示,今年南极上空的臭氧空洞缩小至1988年以来的最小面积。今年南极臭氧空洞单日最大值出现在9月11日,约为1970万平方公里。科学家指出,这是南极上空平流层变暖的结果,并不意味着南极臭氧空洞得到快速恢复。今年南极臭氧空洞受到一个不稳定但温暖的南极涡旋的强烈影响,使平流层形成的云     

平流层极地臭氧损耗影响对流层气候的研究进展

大气平流层臭氧的严重损耗将导致到达地面的太阳紫外辐射增加已经是公共社会普遍关切的问题。最近几年,平流层臭氧损耗能否对对流层大气环流和气候产生重要影响也引起了广泛的重视,并且已成为大气科学的一个热点问题。观测研究表明近二三十年来在两极臭氧严重损耗的季节,地表气温有明显的变暖趋势,也就是欧亚大陆1—3月份和南极半岛12—5月份的地面温度呈现显著增温。这些增温趋势很可能是平流层两极的严重臭氧损耗造成的。当然,这些增温并非是由臭氧损耗的辐射效应直接造成的,而是通过波－流相互作用以及平流层－对流层相互作用等动力学过程实现的。大量的数值模拟工作也对此问题进行了研究,一些模拟结果与观测结果基本一致,另一些则发现平流层臭氧损耗的强迫作用较弱,也有模拟工作认为其他外界强迫如温室气体增加和热带海面温度升高也非常重要。作者综述了这一研究领域在近几年的最新研究进展,总结有关的观测分析和数值模拟结果,阐述平流层极地臭氧损耗可能影响地面温度的物理机制,以及澄清各种争论要点。     

冬季Hadley环流活动与大气臭氧变化的关系研究

 利用1957年9月到2002年8月,共540个月的ECMWF的经向风和臭氧质量混合比资料,分析研究了冬季Hadley环流强弱特征的变化对臭氧变化的影响.分析指出在冬季伴随Hadley环流的增强,其中心南移,高度升高,臭氧在对流层增加,平流层减少,臭氧总量呈现出减少的趋势.Hadley环流的增强,中心南移,高度升高以及臭氧在对流层的增加对全球变暖是正反馈,而平流层臭氧减少,臭氧总量减少对全球变暖是负反馈.因此Hadley环流的强弱对臭氧的影响明显.     

东亚地区平流层臭氧变化特征及其与温度场的相关分析

臭氧是影响平流层温度变化的主要因素,作者利用NCEP的臭氧与温度的再分析资料,分析了东亚地区1979—2008年平流层各层臭氧与温度的变化趋势以及二者的相关关系.分析结果表明,平流层各层次臭氧与温度的变化趋势大致相同,有较强的相关关系.为了更好地分析二者的相关关系,进行了平流层3个层次(100、70、50 hPa)欧亚大陆O3场与东亚温度场的奇异值分解(SVD)分析.结果显示,3个层次上第1奇异向量的方差贡献都达到90%以上,可见3个层次第1奇异向量对应的SVD模态是最主要的模态,代表了此两要素场相互作用的主要特征,即①欧亚大陆上西风带行星波影响区域对应的臭氧含量高,则行星波东亚大槽上空平流层温度偏高,反之则偏低;②欧亚大陆上热带东风急流区域对应的臭氧含量低,则台湾以南-南海区域上空平流层温度偏低,反之则偏高;③同时发现平流层中低层的大型经向环流在影响中-低纬地区臭氧分布的过程中起了一定作用.     

对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化研究

 采用季节划分和季节突变的概念、理论及方法,对44a(1958~2001年)的大气臭氧资料及对流层顶气压场资料进行了计算,并分析了对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化.结果发现对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化在全球大部分区域中的突变性都比较明显,表明对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化受到上对流层和下平流层中多种因素的影响.通过分析还发现,利用曾庆存所定义的参数R_W(t)及有关的一些概念和方法确能很好地反映对流层顶大气臭氧的季节变化.     

邵武首次臭氧探空观测垂直廓线特征分析与臭氧总量估算

2021年11月24日,利用我国自行研制的CTY-1型臭氧探空传感器和地面接收设备,福建省首次臭氧探空观测科学试验在邵武开展。该文对此次臭氧探空观测到的0～33km臭氧分压、温度、湿度等资料进行分析,结果表明,(1)当天整个对流层的臭氧分压较小,到达平流层后臭氧分压开始明显增大,一直增加到25km附近达到极大值。(2)对流层臭氧体积混合比由地面向对流层顶波动式递增。(3)平流层臭氧体积混合比的极大值出现在32km附近。(4)此次观测对流层臭氧总量34.3DU,占比12.8%,平流层臭氧总量233.8DU,占比87.2%。研究显示,此次臭氧探空观测垂直廓线特征和臭氧总量的分布占比符合一般规律。     

天津市臭氧污染现状与变化特征的研究

随着经济的增长和机动车保有量的增加,天津市臭氧污染越来越严重。与平流层臭氧保护人类与环境的作用不同,对流层大气中臭氧浓度如果过高会造成一系列不利于人体健康的影响。针对臭氧污染情况,选取天津市2013年与2014年4个监测点位的臭氧、氮氧化物和PM2.5的常规小时监测数据,开展臭氧浓度对比以及臭氧时空变化分析和臭氧相关性分析。结果表明:臭氧浓度有增加的趋势;臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节和日变化规律;市中心的臭氧浓度比郊区低;臭氧浓度与氮氧化物、PM2.5呈现典型的负相关关系;臭氧浓度与温度成正相关,与湿度成负相关。     

2008年雪灾同平流层环流异常的关系

为了探讨2008年我国南方罕见的低温、雨雪和冰冻灾害与平流层环流异常的关系,利用NCEP资料对2007年10月1日到2008年2月29日的平流层大气环流的逐日变化进行了分析.结果表明,这次低温、雨雪和冰冻灾害之前,平流层北极涡旋异常加强和变形,同时在中低纬地区平流层的环流也发生明显的变化.这些变化从平流层向下传,进而影响对流层.由此可见这次我国历史罕见的低温、雨雪和冰冻灾害不但与对流层大气环流的变化有关,也与平流层环流的变化有关.更有意义的是,平流层环流的变化超前了一个多月.因此利用平流层的信息作为天气预报的参考,对提高中长期天气预报(特别是重大灾害的预报)的准确率会起到积极的作用.     

Direct and indirect effects of solar variations on stratospheric ozone and temperature

We have used a fully coupled chemistry-climate model (WACCM) to investigate the relative importance of the direct and indirect effects of 11a solar variations on stratospheric temperature and ozone. Although the model does not contain a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and uses fixed sea surface temperature (SST), it is able to produce a second maximum solar response in tropical lower stratospheric (TLS) temperature and ozone of approximately 0.5 K and 3%, respectively. In the TLS, the solar spectral variations in the chemistry scheme play a more important role than solar spectral variations in the radiation scheme in generating temperature and ozone responses. The chemistry effect of solar variations causes significant changes in the Brewer-Dobson (BD) circulation resulting in ozone anomalies in the TLS. The model simulations also show a negative feedback in the upper stratosphere between the temperature and ozone responses. A wavelet analysis of the modeled ozone and temperature time series reveals that the maximum solar responses in ozone and temperature caused by both chemical and radiative effects occur at different altitudes in the upper stratosphere. The analysis also confirms that both the direct radiative and indirect ozone feedback effects are important in generating a solar response in the upper stratospheric temperatures, although the solar spectral variations in the chemistry scheme give the largest solar cycle power in the upper stratospheric temperature.     

CMIP5模拟的平流层21世纪温度变化趋势

21世纪平流层气候变化主要由两个因素所决定,一个是臭氧层恢复造成的变暖,另一个是温室气体增加造成的变冷。针对在这两种相反的辐射效应作用下,平流层气温如何变化这一重要问题, 使用CMIP5未来情景模拟试验的结果, 对2006-2100年间的平流层温度的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明, 臭氧恢复的增温效应在平流层低层起主导作用, 而温室气体增加的冷却效应在平流层高层起主导作用, 因此, 平流层低层(70 hPa 以下)呈变暖趋势, 而平流层中高层呈变冷趋势。通过对包含完整平流层的气候模式(高顶模式)和只包含部分平流层的气候模式(低顶模式)预估的温度趋势的差异进行分析, 发现高顶模式预估的变暖趋势大于低顶模式的结果, 这意味着模式是否包含完整平流层有可能对预估的平流层和对流层未来气候变化有重要影响。     

Mechanism of stratospheric decadal abrupt cooling in the Early 1990s as influenced by the Pinatubo eruption

Studies have suggested that one volcanic eruption can influence seasonal to inter-annual climate variations.This study indicates that the Pinatubo eruption in 1991 may have actually induced the stratospheric decadal cooling recorded in the early 1990s.Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and TOMS/SBUV satellite data,a decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperature was found to have occurred in the early 1990s during a long-term descending trend.We generated the spatio-temporal structures of the decadal abrupt changes(DACs) for the stratosphere,and explored the relationship between the Pinatubo volcano eruption in 1991 and stratospheric DACs in the early 1990s.Our results suggest that the eruption of Pinatubo prompted a decadal decrease of ozone by the activation of nitrate and sulfate volcanic aerosols on ClO free radicals.The stratospheric heat absorbed by ozone decreased over a decadal time scale.As a result,decadal abrupt cooling of stratospheric tropical air temperatures occurred in the early 1990s,and may be attributed to the Pinatubo eruption.The results therefore indicate that one strong volcanic eruption can induce stratospheric decadal climate variation.     

An influence of solar spectral variations on radiative forcing of climate

The thermal structure and composition of the atmosphere is determined fundamentally by the incoming solar irradiance. Radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths dissociates atmospheric molecules, initiating chains of chemical reactions-specifically those producing stratospheric ozone-and providing the major source of heating for the middle atmosphere, while radiation at visible and near-infrared wavelengths mainly reaches and warms the lower atmosphere and the Earth's surface. Thus the spectral composition of solar radiation is crucial in determining atmospheric structure, as well as surface temperature, and it follows that the response of the atmosphere to variations in solar irradiance depends on the spectrum. Daily measurements of the solar spectrum between 0.2?μm and 2.4?μm, made by the Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instrument on the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite since April 2004, have revealed that over this declining phase of the solar cycle there was a four to six times larger decline in ultraviolet than would have been predicted on the basis of our previous understanding. This reduction was partially compensated in the total solar output by an increase in radiation at visible wavelengths. Here we show that these spectral changes appear to have led to a significant decline from 2004 to 2007 in stratospheric ozone below an altitude of 45?km, with an increase above this altitude. Our results, simulated with a radiative-photochemical model, are consistent with contemporaneous measurements of ozone from the Aura-MLS satellite, although the short time period makes precise attribution to solar effects difficult. We also show, using the SIM data, that solar radiative forcing of surface climate is out of phase with solar activity. Currently there is insufficient observational evidence to validate the spectral variations observed by SIM, or to fully characterize other solar cycles, but our findings raise the possibility that the effects of solar variability on temperature throughout the atmosphere may be contrary to current expectations.     

亚印太交汇区低纬上空不同层次大气臭氧的时空变化分析

 利用ECMWF 195709~200208共45a的多层臭氧质量混合比月平均资料,详细分析了亚印太交汇区(AIPO)低纬地带上空平流层、对流层各层次上臭氧浓度的分布特征.结果表明:①区域上空对流层、平流层及臭氧总量大尺度特征均显著,纬度带分布特征明显;②对流层和平流层臭氧各个季节变化趋势相反,平流层臭氧和臭氧总量各个季节变化趋势一致;同一层次夏季臭氧浓度变化趋势与其他3个季节变化趋势相反;③区域上空20~3hPa是臭氧浓度的高值区,50~30hPa臭氧平均变化幅度最大;④对流层臭氧距平变化在整个高度上较为一致,正、负距平随季节绕赤道做南、北半球摆动,且存在季节性突变;⑤赤道上空有明显从平流层上层随季节逐渐往较低层传播的臭氧正负距平现象.     

平流层飞艇蒙皮材料I型裂纹研究

 飞艇在平流层环境中受高低温交变、臭氧、紫外辐射等恶劣工况的影响。为研究平流层飞艇蒙皮材料I 型裂纹特性,在单轴向拉伸载荷下,分析了含有初始裂纹的蒙皮材料撕裂裂纹尖端区域变形场的测试方法和裂纹扩展特征。通过初始长度均为20 mm 的单边切口人工模拟预制裂纹试样,采用数字散斑相关方法试验,分别获得I 型裂纹尖端和垂直裂纹尖端的位移场和应变场分布,结合散斑变形图进行相关计算,发现撕裂裂纹扩展过程为近似的脆性断裂特征,垂直于撕裂裂纹扩展方向的材料试样裂纹尖端变形场呈现为离散阶跃变化特征。研究结果表明：该方法可以测量平流层飞艇蒙皮用的柔性层压织物的I 型裂纹尖端变形场,揭示裂纹尖端初始裂纹的扩展规律和演化特征,获得的大范围屈服裂尖长度的裂纹尖端的变形值曲线,可为平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的撕裂损伤变化分析和裂纹尖端变形场测试提供有效的方法。     

Extremely cold and persistent stratospheric Arctic vortex in the winter of 2010-2011

Record ozone loss was observed in the stratospheric Arctic in the spring of 2011. In the present work, we show observational evidence that the record loss of Arctic ozone is due to the extremely cold and persistent stratospheric polar vortex in the winter of 2010-2011. The polar vortex was as usual in early winter, but was intensified twice in middle January and middle February, respectively, and remained anomalously strong and stable until early April, 2011. Record low polar temperatures and record high subpolar zonal winds occurred in February and March. Stratospheric wave activity was anomalously weak because waves were refracted equatorward by the anomalously strong polar night jet. With such an extremely cold and isolated environment, Arctic stratospheric ozone was largely depleted in March and early April, 2011. Corresponding to Arctic ozone depletion, the stratospheric Northern-Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) displayed anomalously strong high-polarity, and the positive stratospheric NAM propagated downward and led to anomalously strong positive NAM in the troposphere and near the surface.     

臭氧去除室内空气甲醛的研究

应用臭氧空气净化器对室内空气甲醛进行去除.实验过程中,检测了实验和对照房间甲醛体积分数,以确定臭氧对甲醛的去除效果.同时对室内温、湿度以及大气压力进行测定.实验结果显示,臭氧对甲醛去除效果有限,最大去除效率为32%.同时考察了人造板甲醛散发速率对臭氧去除甲醛效率的影响.结果显示甲醛散发速率对室内甲醛体积分数的降低有显著影响.