国际生物科学十年发展态势的文献计量分析(1992-2001年)

本文利用文献计量数据库，定量描述全球生物科学领域论文产出的学科分布、国家分布、机构分布及著者分布、时空分布、主要国家生物科学研究科学影响力的对比、中国生物学论文的状况、中国生物学领域顶尖论文数量占全球的比例，从而定量反映国际及中国生物科学的发展态势。     

国际合成生物学领域主题演化的领先-滞后模式研究

合成生物学被誉为颠覆未来的前沿技术，明确我国与世界科技强国在合成生物学发展中的相对优劣与差异情况，能够促进科技创新结构的调整优化，把握学科发展的重点领域。本文基于合成生物学领域的论文数据对学科主题进行挖掘并识别研究热点，计算得到主要研究国家关于热点主题发展趋势的时间序列数据，综合灰色关联度与欧氏距离提出关联强度测度指标，并引入互相关方法的基本思想对我国与世界科技强国之间的领先-滞后关系及时滞期进行分析。研究发现，各国主题研究态势具有较为紧密的关联性，我国合成生物学领域整体呈现出滞后于国外的发展局面，美英德三国总体上展现出相对突出的科研实力与领先地位。建议我国继续提升科研成果的产出效率与数量，加大基因表达调控及基因组工程等技术方向的攻关力度，保持代谢工程研究的既往优势。     

日本学术振兴会(JSPS)人才培养机制及其学科发展的平衡性

简要介绍了日本学术振兴会（JSPS）在国家科技政策中的重要作用.介绍了JSPS特别研究人员、海外研究人员和JSPS奖三种人才培养机制的人才的选拔方法及其学科分布特点.并基于经费投入比与论文产出比分析了基础研究中的学科发展平衡问题.日本已经认识到了学科发展的不平衡性,并采取措施促进学科的平衡发展.     

基于文献计量分析的全球系统动力学研究力量分布及合作网络研究

本研究基于社会网络理论,以美国科学引文索引数据库扩展版(SCI-EXPANDED)和社会科学引文索引数据库(SSCI)收录,发表于1981~2013年间的1160篇论文题录数据为研究对象,对系统动力学领域的研究力量分布及全球合作网络进行了分析。研究发现:过去30余年来越来越多国家/研究机构涉足于系统动力学研究。大多数论文发表量较多的国家/机构在全球合著网络中都处于较为核心的地位。其中,美国、英国位列第一梯队。此外,部分国家/机构的表现,无论是在论文产出质量上还是在合作网络中的地位上,均与其论文产出规模的表现存在差异性。     

基于高被引论文的国际地下水研究态势分析

为准确掌握国际地下水研究的发展态势、热点研究领域、研究力量分布,探讨我国地下水研究的优势和不足,基于文献计量和文献调研的方法,利用TDA和UCINET软件,对Web of Science的SCIE数据库和SSCI数据库中发表于1950~2015年且引用次数排序前10%(≥44次)的地下水研究论文进行定量分析。结果显示:高影响力论文发表量位居前3的国家是美国、加拿大、英国,高影响力的机构前10位中美国有7个,其中美国地质调查局的影响力最大;环境科学与生态学、水资源、工程学3个学科与地下水研究的关系最为密切;土壤、砷、硝酸盐位列近10年来国际地下水研究20个热点主题的前3位,国际地下水研究更加侧重农业生产对地下水的影响,相比之下中国则侧重对砷污染的防治和地下水污染过程的模拟分析,此外,中国还侧重农业科学领域的研究,在海洋学领域的研究相对薄弱;中国地下水研究存在高被引论文产出低、国际合作深度不足、重点领域研究薄弱、特色研究领域少等突出问题。最后,对中国地下水研究未来发展提出了几点建议。     

基于文献计量的天文学科发展态势分析

本文基于2014-2019年天文学领域发表的8.2万篇论文进行文献计量,从产出规模、学科布局、学术影响等角度分析我国天文学科的发展现状.从论文产出规模看,我国天文学科以第一作者统计全球排名第二位;在过去5年论文量增幅远高于世界平均水平.从学科布局看,我国在太阳物理领域学术产出比较活跃;星系宇宙学、恒星银河系科学产出稳定...     

阻燃剂研究的文献计量分析

利用ISI Web of Science的数据,采用文献计量法,对世界范围内的阻燃剂(FR)科研产出进行分析。重点分析了2005~2015年FR领域的文献数量和增长趋势、高被引论文、论文高产国家/地区分布、重要科研机构、核心作者分布、学科领域分布、相关期刊及其影响因子和论文关键词等。文献分析结果表明,世界FR研究发展相对平稳。中国和美国在FR研究领域发文量方面处于世界领先地位,两国被SCI收录的相关论文超过世界论文总数的1/2。另外,中国科学院和中国科技大学发表FR相关论文总数也位居世界首列,但从论文质量和综合影响力来看,我国在FR领域和欧美发达国家依然存在差距。     

微藻生物柴油研究文献计量分析

利用Thomson Data Analyzer和Net Draw等分析工具,对SCIE数据库中的微藻生物柴油研究相关文献进行统计分析,得出了微藻生物柴油研究的发文趋势、主要学科领域、重要研究热点、主要国家和机构的论文被引与合作情况,发现微藻生物柴油研究近年来快速发展,涉及的主要学科领域有生物技术和应用微生物学、能源与燃料、农业等,研究热点集中在藻种筛选、微藻培养、脂质生产和提取、生物柴油制备等方面;美国和中国的论文综合影响力较大,澳大利亚和英国的论文质量较高,美国是全球合作网络的中心;清华大学和中国科学院的论文综合影响力较大,清华大学和马来西亚理科大学的论文质量较高。     

2005～2008年我国在社会发展主要研究领域的SCI论文情况分析

以美国科学引文索引数据库扩展版数据库（SCI—EXPANDED）收录的、2005～2008年中国在社会发展五个主要研究领域发表的SCI论文为研究对象,分析了社会发展科技工作的表现。研究显示,近年来我国社会发展科技工作整体进步较快,各相关领域的研发规模和发展速度有所差异,多数研究领域存在研究机构产出能力不均衡的现象,科研工作质量整体还有待提升。     

基于文献计量的凝聚态物理理论重要研究机构分析

凝聚态物理学是物理学一个较大的分支学科,被美国、欧盟、英国作为发展量子信息科学、数字技术、磁性材料的重要基础学科之一.凝聚态物理在高温超导、拓扑物态领域取得了重要进展.文章将聚焦凝聚态物理理论研究方向,基于论文的学术影响力遴选出4个重要的机构,从机构组织结构和产出能力基本情况、机构的合作模式、资助机构、机构学术影响力4...     

Varieties of noise: Analogical reasoning in synthetic biology

The picture of synthetic biology as a kind of engineering science has largely created the public understanding of this novel field, covering both its promises and risks. In this paper, we will argue that the actual situation is more nuanced and complex. Synthetic biology is a highly interdisciplinary field of research located at the interface of physics, chemistry, biology, and computational science. All of these fields provide concepts, metaphors, mathematical tools, and models, which are typically utilized by synthetic biologists by drawing analogies between the different fields of inquiry. We will study analogical reasoning in synthetic biology through the emergence of the functional meaning of noise, which marks an important shift in how engineering concepts are employed in this field. The notion of noise serves also to highlight the differences between the two branches of synthetic biology: the basic science-oriented branch and the engineering-oriented branch, which differ from each other in the way they draw analogies to various other fields of study. Moreover, we show that fixing the mapping between a source domain and the target domain seems not to be the goal of analogical reasoning in actual scientific practice.     

Knowledge transfer without knowledge? The case of agentive metaphors in biology

Are scientific metaphors dispensable shortcuts that encapsulate knowledge but can always be translated back? Or do they constitute cases of knowledge transfer, even if seemingly based on scientifically underdeveloped domains? This paper defends the latter view. By drawing on the linguistic theories of metaphors, we assess a variety of agentive metaphors that pervade biology. Intentional metaphors are found unsatisfying because their use is either rigid or too widely flexible. By contrast, rational agent metaphors constitute good scientific metaphors, displaying flexible use and heuristic fruitfulness. Their range of application constantly evolves because they provide guidelines that permit the exploration of the applicability of source domain in a target domain. Their unique heuristic value makes them akin to research programs and allows for knowledge transfer, because they are based on a proper scientific source domain rather than on a folk or underdeveloped one.     

Fifty years of amanitin.

Pharmacokinetic studies have provided new insights into human Amanita poisoning, but it appears to be impossible to treat this intoxication by immunotherapy. New synthetic analogs have revealed structure-activity relationships that were unknown so far. The main toxin, alpha-amanitin, is in constant use as a tool in molecular biology and in biological research. First experiments have been reported in which amanitin bound to polymers could be internalized into tumor cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis.     

Fifty years of amanitin

Pharmacokinetic studies have provided new insights into humanAmanita poisoning, but it appears to be impossible to treat this intoxication by immunotherapy. New synthetic analogs have revealed structure-activity relationships that were unknown so far. The main toxin, α-amanitin, is in constant use as a tool in molecular biology and in biological research. First experiments have been reported in which amanitin bound to polymers could be internalized into tumor cells via a receptor-mediated endocytosis.     

The consequences of the discovery by W. C. Röntgen for present-day medical physics and radiation protection

When the German physicist W. C. Röntgen discovered X-rays, which were named after him, he introduced a new development in medicine and biology: together with the discoveries of A. H. Becquerel and M. Curie, radiology with its diagnostic and therapeutic methods was made possible. The medical physicist has an important task to fulfill in modern radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiodiagnostics. The longtime interdisciplinary collaboration has won the international recognition of medical physics as a scientific discipline, a health care profession and a university subject. Several incidents, including contemporary ones, show that the efforts made towards radiation protection must remain an important domain of the specialist.     

持久性有机污染物研究的国际发展动态

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是指对于生物代谢、光解、化学分解等具有很强的抵抗能力的天然或人工合成的有机污染物。本文全面介绍了从有机化学品开始广泛应用到POPs成为研究热点和国际行动的焦点这一历史过程，其中详细介绍了联合国环境署18／92号决议通过后展开的国际行动。并列举了当今POPs研究的热点问题和发达国家在该领域的研究计划。     

Emerging roles for WNK kinases in cancer

The subfamily of WNK protein kinases is composed of four human genes and is characterised by a typical sequence variation within the conserved catalytic domain. Although most research has focussed on the role of WNK1, WNK3 and WNK4 in regulating different ion transporters in both the kidney and extrarenal tissues, there is growing evidence for additional roles of WNK kinases in various signalling cascades related to cancer. Here, we review the connection between WNK kinases and tumorigenesis and describe existing experimental evidence as well as potential new links to major aspects of tumour biology. In particular, we discuss their role in G1/S cell cycle progression, metabolic tumour cell adaptation, evasion of apoptosis and metastasis.     

Small molecule modifiers of circadian clocks

Circadian clocks orchestrate 24-h oscillations of essential physiological and behavioral processes in response to daily environmental changes. These clocks are remarkably precise under constant conditions yet highly responsive to resetting signals. With the molecular composition of the core oscillator largely established, recent research has increasingly focused on clock-modifying mechanisms/molecules. In particular, small molecule modifiers, intrinsic or extrinsic, are emerging as powerful tools for understanding basic clock biology as well as developing putative therapeutic agents for clock-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on synthetic compounds capable of modifying the period, phase, or amplitude of circadian clocks, with particular emphasis on the mammalian clock. We will discuss the potential of exploiting these small molecule modifiers in both basic and translational research.