共聚组分对聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维预氧化程度的影响及其与碳纤维结构和性能的关联

利用自制碳纤维连续化试验线对两类聚丙烯腈（PAN）原丝进行了不同条件的梯度升温预氧化处理,并最终得到碳纤维。采用差示扫描量热分析（DSC）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、广角X射线衍射（WAXD）等表征手段分析了共聚组分对PAN分子链规整度的影响以及分子链规整度对预氧化、炭化过程中纤维结构转变的影响。结果表明,相对于三元共聚PAN纤维,二元共聚PAN纤维由于分子链规整度的提高,与环化反应有关的放热反应相对滞后发生;在相同的预氧化条件下,二元共聚PAN纤维能得到环化度较高的预氧化纤维,所得碳纤维的类石墨晶粒尺寸Lc也较大。结合碳纤维的拉伸强度和拉伸模量数据发现,二元共聚纤维适宜预氧化的温度要高于三元共聚纤维适宜预氧化的温度。     

Effect of Post Spinning Modification on the PAN Precursors and Resulting Carbon Fibres

The impregnation of a special grade polyacrylonitrile(PAN) precursor fibres was carried out in a 8 wt.% KMnO4 aqueous solution to obtain modified PAN precusor fibres.The focus is primarily on the effects of modification on the structure and the pbysical properties of precursor fibres,thermal stabilised and their resulting carbon fibres,which were characterized by the combination use of densities,wide-angle X-ray diffraction(WAXD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Elemental analysis(EA),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and seaming electron microscope(SEM),etc.KMnO4 as a strong oxidizer can swell,oxidize and corrode the skin of a precursor ibre,transform partly C≡N groups to C=N ones,decrease the crystal size,increase the orientation index,increase the crystallinity irdex,furthemore ircrease the densities of modified PAN precursors and resulting thermal stabilised fibres.As a result,the carbon fibres dcveloped from modified PAN fibres show,an improvment in tensile strength of 31.25% and an improvement in elongation of 77.78%,but a decrease of 16.52% in Young's modulus.     

环保型机械酶法化学制浆新工艺研究

机械酶法化学制浆工艺是一种比传统化学制浆工艺更有效的环保型制浆工艺过程,它包括机械处理、酶处理和化学(烧碱法)蒸煮三个阶段,采用该工艺制浆可以有效地改善酶处理效率、增加木素脱除程度、降低蒸煮化学药品的消耗,同时还可以提高纸浆的白度和撕裂强度,但纸浆的抗张强度、耐破度和耐折度却稍有降低。     

一步活化法制备过程中H2O蒸气对聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维(PAN-ACFs)结构性能的影响

以Courtaulds纤维为原料,采用连续化碳纤维生产线制备出稳定的预氧纤维,通过连续化活化炉进行预碳化和水蒸气物理一步活化,制备出具有高吸附性能和高拉伸强度的聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维（PAN-ACFs）丝束。借助比表面积（BET）、广角X射线衍射（WAXD）、力学性能和碘吸附等表征测试手段研究了水蒸气量对PAN-ACFs孔结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明：在适当的活化时间、活化温度下,逐步增加水蒸气的流量,活性碳纤维的吸附能力先快速增大,而后稳定,最后再缓慢地增加;纤维的拉伸强度呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;当水蒸气流量为1g/min,起始的温度为650℃,高温区为850℃,活化时间为20min时,所制备的PAN-ACFs具有相对较高的吸附性能、力学性能和碳化收率。     

热处理对Lyocell纤维结构和性能的影响

研究了热处理时不同的温度、时间及张力对Lyocell纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明热处理能提高Lyocell纤维的强度和模量，但是断裂伸长率有所下降。热处理温度为160℃，时间为12～25s时效果较好。热处理中施加张力可以进一步提高Lyocell纤维的强度和模量，但纤维的断裂伸长率迅速下降。热处理后的Lyocell纤维结晶度略有提高，但随着张力的增加，结晶度基本不变。热处理后纤维的总取向增大，而晶区取向基本不变，故无定形区取向大幅度提高。研究结果还表明Lyocell纤维通过热处理而提高的力学性能并不能长久地维持，随着放置时间的延长，其力学性能会逐渐下降并回复到热处理以前的状态。     

不同锂源和碳源对RAPET法合成LiFePO_4/C的影响

以自制的磷酸铁作为铁源和磷源,用高温自生压力法（即RAPET法）合成了LiFe-PO4/C复合材料,分别比较了以葡萄糖、蔗糖或柠檬酸为碳源和以碳酸锂或氢氧化锂为锂源所得LiFePO4/C复合材料电化学性能的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、循环伏安（CV）、交流阻抗（EIS）和充放电测试等方法,分别对样品的晶型和电化学性能等进行了表征和分析。结果表明：以柠檬酸为碳源、碳酸锂为锂源制备的LiFePO4/C复合材料电化学性能更优异,首次放电比容量达到166.1mAh/g。     

固溶和时效处理对碳纳米管/2024铝合金复合材料组织和性能的影响

对碳纳米管/2024铝合金复合材料进行固溶和时效处理,通过维氏硬度和室温拉伸实验测试了复合材料的性能,对固溶和时效处理后复合材料的微观组织和析出相进行了表征。研究发现,复合材料的强塑性与固溶和时效处理密切相关,碳纳米管/2024铝合金复合材料经530 ℃×4 h固溶处理后维氏硬度达到最高,为179.45,较原始复合材料维氏硬度提高约31%。时效处理后加速了时效硬化行为,经130 ℃×4 h时效处理后复合材料的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率最高,分别为430.4 MPa,606.1 MPa和9.5%。结果表明,碳纳米管/2024铝合金复合材料适宜的固溶和时效制度为：固溶处理530 ℃×4 h,时效处理130 ℃×4 h。     

1420Al—Li合金模锻件热处理新工艺及机理

采用正交法设计了 14 2 0Al-Li合金模锻件的热处理工艺方案 ,按设计方案进行了热处理试验和力学性能测试 ,并运用金相、透射电镜等手段研究了固溶温度、固溶时间、时效温度、时效时间影响14 2 0Al-Li合金模锻件强度和韧性的微观机制 ,获得了 14 2 0Al-Li合金模锻件的最佳热处理工艺制度。结果表明 :合金经 4 5 5℃× 170min固溶淬火 ,14 0℃× 12～ 16h时效工艺处理后 ,力学性能指标分别为σb≥ 4 93MPa ,σ0 .2 ≥ 398MPa ,σ≥ 12 9% ,达到最佳的强韧性效果。同时 ,对该合金的强韧化机理进行了探讨     

饱和氢气加注过程中低温贮箱降温特性及热应力分布的数值研究

为了获得低温贮箱在饱和氢气加注过程中的降温特性以及箱体壁面的热应力分布,通过计算流体力学软件FLUENT计算了一定加注流量下贮箱内部流体区域的流场、温度场和壁面内的温度场变化,分析了加注过程中贮箱内的流动特性和降温特性;采用单向流固耦合方法进行壁面热应力分析,得到了3种不同进、出口约束条件下热应力在壁面中的分布以及最大热应力随时间的变化情况,并分析了进、出口弹性支撑约束条件设置的合理性;考虑贮箱内的压力变化,进行了箱体壁面的综合应力分析。计算结果表明:加注过程可以分为3个阶段,前2个阶段贮箱内部的流场、温度场和壁面温度分布特性依次由入口强制对流和壁面自然对流单独决定,第3阶段由入口强制对流及壁面自然对流共同决定;在3种不同的约束条件下,箱体壁面中的最大热应力均出现在贮箱加注口和排气口处,在进、出口弹性支撑条件下,壁面最大热应力随时间先增大而后趋于稳定,在稳定应力状态下,热应力的存在使箱体壁面总应力增加了15%左右。     

改善锻铝合金强韧性的热处理工艺及机理研究

研究了改善１０号锻铝强韧性的热处理工艺,结果表明,合金经５００℃３００ｍｉｎ固溶淬火,１６７℃,６～１０ｈ时效工艺处理,达取最佳的强韧性效果,同时,对该合金的强韧化机理进行了探讨。     

基于等效龄期的钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程热应力

为揭示大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中力学性能增长的温度依赖性因素对组合结构热力作用效应的影响机理,采用有限元程序模拟钢管拱内混凝土的水化热传导过程,并与实测温度场数据进行对比,随后基于等效龄期法考虑其对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响,在此基础上结合热弹性力学理论得到了硬化过程中组合结构热应力的变化规律,并与未考虑温度依赖性影响的计算结果进行比较分析.结果表明,水化热温度场加快了管内混凝土硬化过程中弹性模量的增长速度,进而导致混凝土温度应力明显增大,截面径向、环向以及纵向温度应力增幅分别可达1.3倍、1.3倍和1.4倍,但对钢管应力的影响可忽略不计.因此,在分析大直径钢管拱内混凝土硬化过程中的热力作用效应时,必须考虑水化热温度场对管内混凝土弹性模量增长的影响.     

电化学表面处理对粘胶基碳纤维热稳定性的影响

通过热失重分析研究了在不同电化学表面处理条件下粘胶基碳纤维的热稳定性，实验表明未经表面处理的碳纤维在复合材料中的最高使用温度大约为300℃，而表面处理过的粘胶基碳纤维在复合材料中的最高使用温度下降了。因而在选择电化学表面处理条件时，既要考虑使表面性能提高，也要使纤维的热稳定性没有大的下降。     

热处理工艺对38CrMoAlA钢组织与性能的影响

 通过热处理工艺试验研究了38CrMoAlA钢不同淬火温度、冷却方式和回火温度对38CrMoAlA钢微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,在900—1000℃淬火温度范围内,淬火温度对该钢的力学性能影响不大。不同的冷却方式因淬火介质的冷却强度不同,导致淬火后的组织不同,从而影响该钢的力学性能。回火温度对该钢的力学性能的影响较为显著,100—400℃范围内回火表现出回火脆性,在620℃回火能得到较好的强韧配合。该钢采用940℃,1h,油冷620℃,5h,油冷的热处理工艺时,可获得适宜的力学性能。     

Evolution of carbides and carbon content in matrix of an ultra-high carbon sintered steel during heat treatment process

DTA, thermal expansion, XRD, and SEM were used to evaluate the effect of quenching temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of a novel sintered steel Fe-6Co-1Ni-5Cr-5Mo-1C. Lattice parameters and the mass fraction of carbon dissolved in the matrix of the steel quenched were investigated. It is discovered that the hardness of the steel increases with quenching temperature in the range of 840-900℃ and remains constant in the range of 900 to 1100℃. It decreases rapidly when the temperature is higher than 1100℃. The mass fraction of carbon dissolved in the matrix of the steel quenched at 840℃ is 0.38, but when the quenching temperature is increased to 1150℃, it increases to 0.98. The carbides formed during sintering are still present at grain boundaries and in the matrix of the steel quenched at low quenching temperatures, such as 840℃. When the quenching temperature is increased to 1150℃, most of the carbides at grain boundaries are dissolved with just a small amount of spherical M₂₃C₆ existing in the matrix of the quenched steel.     

Chemical,mechanical, and thermal expansion properties of a carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite

In the present study, the chemical and mechanical properties and the thermal expansion of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based crystalline nano-aluminum (nano Al) composite were reported. The properties of nanocomposites were tailored by incorporating CNTs into the nano Al matrix using a physical mixing method. The elastic moduli and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites were also estimated to understand the effects of CNT reinforcement in the Al matrix. Microstructural characterization of the nanocomposite reveals that the CNTs are dispersed and embedded in the Al matrix. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of CNTs into the nano Al matrix results in the increase in hardness and elastic modulus along with a concomitant decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion. The hardness and elastic modulus of the nanocomposite increase by 21% and 20%, respectively, upon CNT addition. The CTE of CNT/Al nanocomposite decreases to 70% compared with that of nano Al.     

荨麻纤维可纺性能的分析研究

探讨天然野生植物纤维--荨麻纤维的可纺性.测试了荨麻纤维的物理机械性能,如长度、细度、强度和柔软度等指标,分析了荨麻纤维在纺织加工过程中的纺纱性能;采用不同的纺纱系统和纺纱工艺,对其可纺性作了进一步的研究.结果表明,由于荨麻纤维的主体长度较短,细度和长度离散较大,纯荨麻纤维无法成纱,与棉混纺时可以成纱;但成纱质量并不理想.为开发野生荨麻资源提供参考.     

国产与英国聚丙烯腈原丝的结构和性能分析

测定了国产原丝和进口原丝的力学性能，并用化学分析、凝胶渗透色谱仪、Ｘ衍射仪、热分析仪、扫描电镜和光学显微镜等手段，对原丝的化学成分、分子量、热性能、结晶度、取向度以及微观结构进行了研究，在此基础上，分析了讨论了原丝结构的性能之间的相互关系。     

Influence of Thermal Treatment on the Structure and Thermal Properties of Kaolin Modified Polyester Fibers

Modified polyester fibers were obtained using 2% and 6% of kaolin blends through melt spinning.The influences of two thermal treatments maintaining the original tension(180 ℃×2 min and 200 ℃×1 min)on the structure and properties of fiber were compared.The changes of grain size and crystallinity of fiber were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The changes of thermal properties of fibers were analyzed using dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA).The results show that the crystalline structure of kaolin modified polyester fiber doesn't change with the thermal treatment.With the kaolin content increasing,the grain size of fiber changed.The higher the thermal treatment temperature is,the higher the crystallinity of fiber is.There are two glass-transition temperatures for kaolin modified:the lower one is the glass-transition temperature of polyester fiber matrix,and the higher one is derived from the heterogeneous blend of polyester matrix and nano kaolin.The higher the kaolin content is,the higher the glass-transition temperature is.Thermal treatment could increase the compatibility of polyester matrix and nano kaolin.There was only one glass-transition temperature for the thermal treatment fiber,and the heat resistance of fiber was improved.Thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry(TGA-DSC)results of kaolin modified polyethylene terephthalate(PET)matrix indicate that the decomposition temperature of PET fibers,kaolin modified PET fibers,and thermal treated fibers were little different within 40%-60% of weight loss rate range.     

聚醚砜改性环氧树脂的研究(Ⅲ)力学性能和热性能

采用热熔法制备Ag-80(30)/F-51(70)/PES/DDS和Ag-80(30)/EE-51(70)/PES/DDS浇铸体,用UTM,TMA等研究了PES用量及混合环氧体系对浇铸体力学性能和热性能、抗湿性能的影响规律,用DMS和SEM研究了体系的相分离现象和试样的断裂面形貌,并用热熔预浸机组制备了该体系的预浸料。结果表明,混合环氧树脂中加入适量PES,固化产物的断裂伸长和断裂能提高,模量和玻璃化温度基本不变或下降较少,抗湿性能明显改善,该体系完全适用于高温型热熔预浸料的制备。     

Study on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the UV-cured SL5510 Stereolithography Material

In recent years, Vantico A ＆T US Incorporation has developed a type of the hightest accuracy photosensitive resin： SL5510 stereolithography material （briefly named SL5510） to use in the stereolithography apparatus（SLA）. In this paper, the thermal and mechanical properties were investigated for the fabricated specimens of SL5510 in the different UV post-cure time. This may instruct us to employ better the fabricated parts of SL5510.