缙云山马尾松种群年龄结构和分布格局的初步研究(英文)

马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)种群是中国亚热带森林演替中的先锋种群,并存在于森林演替过程的始终.对其年龄结构和分布格局的研究有助于亚热带森林群落和生态系统的研究,有益于亚热带次生林的经营管理.本文主要采用每木调查法、点—四分法,样方法和空间差异代替时间变化法对四川省缙云山马尾松种群的年龄结构、分布格局以及他们的动态规律作了探讨.将年龄结构划分为初始增长型、增长型、下降型、极度下降型和残留型等五类.将分布格局划分成随机型,集群型和均匀型等三类.随着群落次生演替由灌草丛经马尾松林、松阔混交林向常绿阔叶林不断进行,年龄结构主要地由初始增长型经增长型、下降型、极度下降型向残留型变化,分布格局主要地由随机型经集群型向均匀型演变.缙云山马尾松种群变化的原因是马尾松的生物学、生态学特性和耐荫常绿阔叶树种群的入侵、定居和发展.动力是种内和种间对光资源竟争所引起的自疏和他疏.光是导致种群变化的直接主导因子,土质是间接因子.将静态生命表和空间差异代替时间变化法用于长命植物种群动态的研究具有实际意义。     

重庆缙云山不同龄级植物种群生态位宽度研究

对缙云山森林植被的4个优势种群3个年龄级生态位宽度进行了研究。结果表明,川灰木利用资源的能力最强、分布广,为典型的泛化种,大头茶、栲树、马尾松对资源的利用在一定程度上特化,分布上有一定的局限性,马尾松的中龄组与幼龄组特化现象十分显著,缙云山森林植被的先锋种马尾松的发展,导致环境的改变不适用于其幼龄个体的生长,群落演替到针阔叶混交林阶段,最后发展为以楮树等为建群种的常绿阔叶林。种群的资源利用能力,是种群分布与群落演替的内在原因,光因子和营养元素（如N）是群落演替的主要外部动力。     

缙云山森林土壤速效N的分布规律

研究了缙云山森林生态系统4个演替阶段的土壤速效N分布变化规律．结果表明,①土壤速效N在不同群落中均具有明显的层次性,即A（腐殖质层）＞B（沉积层）＞C（母质层）相关分析结果表明,土壤速效N含量与土壤厚度呈极显著负相关（P＜0．01）．②A,B层土壤速效N含量随演替的方向逐渐增加,即灌草丛＜马尾松纯林＜马尾松－川灰木混交林＜常绿阔叶林．这是因为土壤速效N含量与土壤含水量、有机质含量、枯枝落叶厚度呈正相关．③物种多样性指数随演替方向逐渐升高,但在灌木层、草本层略有波动相关分析结果表明,其与A,B两层土壤速效N含量存在不同程度的相关关系．     

不同恢复群落的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种及主要伴生种种群结构与动态

山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林是我国特有的自然植被类型和天然林类型,为研究山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种及主要伴生种群结构和动态,揭示其生物多样性形成及维持机制,作者依托湖北恩施森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站的建设,对木林子自然保护区不同恢复群落的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林开展了植物群落调查,从物种组成、径级结构和垂直结构等方面分析了优势种及主要伴生种群的群落特征.结果表明:3个恢复群落中,DBH≥1 cm的木本植株分别有148种6 970株、176种4533株和149种4048株,隶属于14科23属、19科26属和16科25属;从整体上看,3个恢复群落优势种及主要伴生种的物种丰富度随垂直层自上而下呈现"单峰型",个体多度随垂直层降低而增加,平均树高分别为5.94、5.21和4.61m;群落物种丰富度整体上均随径级增大而下降,个体多度均呈倒"J"型分布,小径级个体数量多,平均胸径分别为4.18、4.35和4.48 cm.总之,木林子自然保护区不同恢复群落的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落物种组成丰富,多数种群自然更新良好,群落整体上正处于演替进程中.     

长白山云冷杉林不同演替阶段树种组成及林下更新研究

【目的】了解不同演替阶段的森林种群结构及更新状态可以为促进森林群落演替提供理论参考。【方法】基于3块样地数据,分析不同演替阶段的杨桦次生林、云冷杉针阔混交林和云冷杉近原始林内主要乔木树种及幼树的种群结构,并用O-ring单变量统计分析幼树空间分布格局。【结果】随着演替进行,群落内乔木株数逐渐减少,而胸高断面积相反。先锋树种白桦、杨树等逐渐退出群落。3个群落主林层乔木径阶分布均呈倒“J”形,次生林以小径级林木为主,另外两个群落以中、大径级林木居多。3个群落幼树种类单一,白桦、杨树等先锋树种鲜有幼树出现; 云冷杉针阔混交林幼树数量充足,且幼树随地径级呈负指数分布; 次生林内幼树最少,但地径、苗高明显优于其他两个群落。次生林群落幼树以随机分布为主,云冷杉林和近原始林中冷杉、云杉及色木幼树在小尺度呈明显的聚集分布,随尺度增大多呈均匀或随机分布。【结论】杨桦次生林和云冷杉针阔混交林处于正向演替进程中,而近原始林树种结构不合理,更新较差,应采取择伐等经营措施调整其结构,促进林分发展。     

芦芽山森林优势植物种群竞争与群落演替

本文采用样方取样的方法对芦芽山森林群落进行了调查研究,并应用LotkaVolterra竞争方程描述了优势植物种群的竞争。结果表明,芦芽山森林群落优势种群的竞争能力依次为:青杄>白杄>华北落叶松>油松>山杨>白桦。竞争的结果,证明了寒温性针叶林是本区的演替顶极,优势种群竞争是群落演替的主要动因。     

森林群落优势种群与生态因子的关联度分析——以缙云山常绿阔叶林为例

用灰色系统理论的关联度,对缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替系列群落优势种群及其生态因子的相关性进行了尝试性的研究.结果表明,这一方法是有效的.对常绿阔叶林次生演替系列主要优势种群而言,没有一个因子起着绝对的主导作用.8个优势种群对应9个生态因子,以森林先锋树种马尾松,耐旱性强的顶极种山茶科的大头茶和银木荷受控限度最小;乔木第二亚层顶极种白毛新木姜子、川山矾和光叶山矾受控限度最大.关联度分析结果表明,常绿阔叶林次生演替的潜在主导因子是群落的发育时间和土壤条件.     

南亚热带不同演替阶段的森林群落优势种种群动态研究

通过对广东黑石顶自然保护区南亚热带不同演替阶段的森林群落立木年龄级的比较研究,以及对优势种种群在群落中重要地位的变化规律和生态位移动规律的研究,结果表明：随着森林群落演替的进展,不同演替阶段的森林群落的优势种种群在群落中的地位变化是很有规律的．马尾松和荷木在群落中的地位明显地由大变小,不同步地被后来者取代．森林群落优势种种群的生态位移动的研究结果也同样说明了这个问题．     

缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列群落物种多样性动态研究

采用物种丰富度Ｓ和物种多样性香农指数Ｈ、物种均匀度指数Ｊ以多样性－面积曲线研究缙云山常绿阔叶林次生演替序列物种多样性近十年的变化,结果表明,１０年后,群落各层物种多样性指数均有下降趋势,草本层下降最为明显;群落及乔、灌木层的多样性指数（Ｓ,Ｈ,Ｊ）在演替中后期阶段均呈下降趋势,而演替前期的马尾松和林龄较短的混交林Ⅰ却有上升趋势;群落各层多样性最小面积按马尾松林、混交林到常绿阔叶林顺序增长,两个混交     

广东鼎湖山森林小气候的生态效应

亚热带森林群落小气候具有巨大的生态效应,亚热带森林群落小气候影响着森林群落的组成、结构、更新和演替。以及森林植物的生态特性等诸方面。而且这种影响又是复杂的和深刻的。因此,对于亚热带森林群落小气候生态效应的研讨,具有着重要的理论意义和实践意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.