不同温度及曲率NaK-BASE管内Na~+和K~+迁移数值模拟

本文以NaK-AMTEC的BASE管内的Na~+和K~+迁移为研究对象,建立了NaK-BASE管显微结构的分形模型,采用微观Poisson-Nernst-Planck多离子运移模型模拟了Na~+和K~+在BASE管中的迁移,考察了不同温度下NaK-BASE管内离子的迁移过程。研究结果表明,NaK-BASE管内的阳离子迁移浓度和表面电荷密度与BASE管的温度直接相关;温度的升高会使BASE管内阳离子浓度峰值有所减小,可通过增加BASE管曲率来提高该峰值。BASE管内的表面电荷密度随着温度的升高逐渐增大,且不同温度表面电荷密度之差随着曲率的增加逐渐增大。     

红色荧光粉Ca_3B_2O_6:Eu~(3+)的制备及发光性能

采用高温固相法合成了Ca3B2O6:Eu3+红色荧光粉,并对其发光性质进行了研究.样品的激发光谱由位于220~350 nm的带状谱和350~500 nm的一系列窄带组成,这些窄带是由Eu3+的f-f跃迁引起的,光谱峰值分别为280,396和469 nm.它可以被近紫外光辐射二极管管芯产生的350~410 nm辐射有效激发.用396 nm激发得到样品的发射光谱,峰值位于578,590,610,618和650 nm,分别由Eu3+离子的5D4→7FJ(J=0,1,2,3)跃迁引起的.研究了Eu3+离子浓度和电荷补偿剂对发射光谱的影响.结果显示随着Eu3+浓度增加,发光强度逐渐增强,未发现浓度猝灭现象.掺入Li+,Na+,K+3种离子作为电荷补偿剂,均提高了样品的发光强度,其强度从大到小依次为I(Li+)I(Na+)I(K+),说明Li+是最佳的电荷补偿剂.     

鮸鱼鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase性质的初步研究

研究了全长9.8～10.4cm,体重11.0～11.7g的鮸鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase的性质。结果表明,鮸鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的最适宜温度为30～35℃;pH<6.0时酶活力被抑制,pH>8.0则活力急剧下降,其最适宜pH为7～8;酶活力随着反应时间的增加而逐渐升高,且上升的趋势变慢;底物浓度小于9mmol/L时酶活力随着浓度的增加而上升,在高浓度下出现酶活力被抑制的现象;应介质中Na 、K 和Mg2 浓度的增加均出现峰值的变化,Na 、K 和Mg2 的最适宜的浓度分别为140～170,25～35和5～7mmol/L,K 和Mg2 在低浓度下酶活力抑制现象显著;乌本苷浓度为2.5mmol/L时酶活力完全被抑制。     

离子种类和质量浓度对不同温度稠油油水界面张力影响的实验研究

为了研究在不同温度下离子种类和质量浓度对稠油油水界面张力的影响,分别配制了含不同质量浓度Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+的盐水溶液,应用旋转油滴法测量了不同温度时稠油与盐水的界面张力,分析了温度、离子种类与质量浓度对界面张力的影响规律.实验结果表明:①盐水成分为Na+和Mg2+时,随离子质量浓度的增大,界面张力先减小后增大,存在极小值;成分为Ca2+时,界面张力先增大后稳定再增大.②随温度升高,在Na+和Ca2+作用下界面张力明显减小,在Mg2+作用下先减小后稳定.③温度和离子质量浓度均影响界面张力;离子质量浓度低时界面张力主要受温度影响;离子质量浓度高时在Na+作用下界面张力受温度影响较大,在Ca2+作用下界面张力受温度的影响减弱;在Mg2+作用下界面张力受离子质量浓度的影响较大.     

溴离子选择电极法研究温度和添加剂对CTAB的CMC的影响规律

用溴离子选择电极法测定十六烷基三甲基溴化铵在不同温度和不同添加剂存在下的临界胶束浓度,得到CMC的变化规律;随温度升高,CMC逐渐增大;随有机醇中烷基复杂程度的增加,CMC逐渐降低;随无机盐中负离子电荷数升高,CMC明显降低．     

离子液体N-丙基-吡啶二氰胺盐[C3py][DCA]水溶液的体积和表面性质

在T=(288.15～318.15)K温度范围内,测定了不同质量摩尔浓度的离子液体N-丙基-吡啶二氰胺[C_3py][DCA]水溶液的密度和表面张力。根据密度值计算了不同浓度[C_3py][DCA]水溶液的平均摩尔体积和热膨胀系数,水溶液平均摩尔体积随着温度和质量浓度的升高而增大,热膨胀系数随着温度的升高而增大。并提出了一种估算水溶液表面张力的经验方程。预测值与实验值具有较好的一致性。     

对孤立椭球导体面电荷密度与表层曲率之间关系的研究

对于孤立椭球导体,即处于静电平衡作用下,而椭球导体面上电荷密度的分布规律在理论分析上一直都是一个比较复杂的静电学问题,人们普遍认为,孤立的椭球导体面上的电荷密度上的电荷密度随着表面曲率半径的增大而增大,而确定的比例关系一直没有定量得出.本文将通过理论计算得出导体表面曲率与电荷密度之间的定量关系.首先,用平面曲率来表示曲面的曲率,其次,计算正圆柱面、旋转双曲面和旋转抛物面的曲率.最后确定带电孤立椭球面电荷密度与表层曲率关系,认为对于一般的孤立椭球导体,面电荷密度与表层曲率的1/4次方成正比,这表明了电荷大的地方电荷密度也大,同时电荷密度不仅与H存在一定的比例关系,而且还和导体的空间角度存在一定的关系,即不同的空间角度对应着不同的面电荷密度值.     

薄膜生长过程的Monte Carlo模拟

用Monte Carlo方法以Cu为例对薄膜生长过程进行了计算机模拟. 不仅对原子的吸附、迁移及脱附三种过程采用了更为合理的模型, 还考虑了这些过程发生时对近邻原子的连带效应. 在合理选择原子间互作用势计算方法的基础上, 改进了原子迁移激活能的计算方法. 计算了表征薄膜生长表面形貌的表面粗糙度和表征薄膜内部晶格完整性的相对密度. 结果表明, 在一定的原子入射率下, 表面粗糙度和相对密度的变化存在一个生长最佳温度. 随着衬底温度的升高, 表面粗糙度减小, 膜的相对密度增大. 当达到生长最佳温度时, 粗糙度最小, 而相对密度趋于饱和. 粗糙度随衬底温度的进一步升高开始增大. 生长最佳温度随原子入射率的增大而增大, 不同温度下原子入射率对粗糙度的影响不同, 在较低温度时粗糙度随入射率的增加而增加, 在较高温度时粗糙度随入射率增大而减小. 同时发现, 随入射率的增大或薄膜厚度的增加, 相对密度逐渐减小.     

利用Monte Carlo算法对薄膜生长过程的计算机模拟

用Monte Carlo方法以Cu为例对薄膜生长过程进行计算机模拟．不仅对原子的吸附、迁移及脱附3种过程采用更为合理的模型，还考虑这些过程发生时对近邻原子的连带效应．在合理选择原子间相互作用势计算方法的基础上．改进了原子迁移激活能的计算方法．计算了表征薄膜生长表面形貌的表面粗糙度和表征薄膜内部晶格完整性的相对密度．结果表明，在一定的原子入射率下，表面粗糙度和相对密度的变化存在一个临界温度．随着衬底温度的升高．表面粗糙度减小，膜的相对密度增大．当达到临界温度时，粗糙度随衬底温度的升高开始增大，而相对密度趋于饱和．临界温度随原子入射率的增大而增大，不同温度下原子入射率对粗糙度的影响不同，在较低温度时粗糙度随入射率的增加而增加，在较高温度时粗糙度随入射率增大而减小．同时发现．随入射率的增大或薄膜厚度的增加，相对密度均逐渐减小。     

低温等离子体接枝聚合制备ES基离子交换纤维

采用低温等离子体接枝聚合技术制备了ES基离子交换纤维,分析了接枝聚合条件对接枝率的影响,并采用SEM和IR进行表面表征分析,探讨了接枝率对阳离子艳红染料溶液脱色率的影响。研究表明,随着单体浓度的增加、反应温度的升高,接枝率逐渐升高,达到峰值后逐渐降低;随着反应时间的延长,接枝率逐渐升高,一定时间后趋于平缓;在基材上引入...     

Ion permeation through the Na+,K+-ATPase

P-type ATPase pumps generate concentration gradients of cations across membranes in nearly all cells. They provide a polar transmembrane pathway, to which access is strictly controlled by coupled gates that are constrained to open alternately, thereby enabling thermodynamically uphill ion transport (for example, see ref. 1). Here we examine the ion pathway through the Na+,K+-ATPase, a representative P-type pump, after uncoupling its extra- and intracellular gates with the marine toxin palytoxin. We use small hydrophilic thiol-specific reagents as extracellular probes and we monitor their reactions, and the consequences, with cysteine residues introduced along the anticipated cation pathway through the pump. The distinct effects of differently charged reagents indicate that a wide outer vestibule penetrates deep into the Na+,K+-ATPase, where the pathway narrows and leads to a charge-selectivity filter. Acidic residues in this region, which are conserved to coordinate pumped ions, allow the approach of cations but exclude anions. Reversing the charge at just one of those positions converts the pathway from cation selective to anion selective. Close structural homology among the catalytic subunits of Ca2+-, Na+,K+- and H+,K+-ATPases argues that their extracytosolic cation exchange pathways all share these physical characteristics.     

圆管状多孔射气介质氡析出规律的理论研究

基于在多孔射气介质中氡的渗流-扩散迁移理论,建立了圆管状多孔射气介质氡的迁移数学模型,并获得了稳态条件下氡浓度分布的解析解和氡析出率的计算公式。通过研究,获得以下结论:1)圆管管壁内靠近圆管内外表面的氡浓度和氡浓度梯度随着扩散系数的增大而减小;2)圆管内外表面的氡析出率随扩散系数的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于最大值;整个圆管的氡析出份额随扩散系数的增大而增大并逐渐趋于1;3)圆管管壁内的氡浓度峰值的大小随着圆管内外表面压差值的增大而减小;其中氡浓度峰值最大时压差为20 Pa;氡浓度峰值最小时压差为60 Pa;4)当圆管内外表面存在压差时,高压侧的圆管表面的氡析出率随着压力梯度的增大而减小,并逐渐趋于0;低压侧的圆管表面的氡析出率随着压力梯度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于最大值;整个圆管的氡析出份额随着压差值的增大而增大,并逐渐趋于1。     

Yeast plasma membrane ATPase is essential for growth and has homology with (Na+ + K+), K+- and Ca2+-ATPases

The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi is a hydrogen ion pump. The proton gradient generated by the enzyme drives the active transport of nutrients by H+-symport. In addition, the external acidification in plants and the internal alkalinization in fungi, both resulting from activation of the H+ pump, have been proposed to mediate growth responses. This ATPase has a relative molecular mass (Mr) similar to those of the Na+-, K+- and Ca2+-ATPases of animal cells and, like these proteins, forms an aspartylphosphate intermediate. We have cloned, mapped and sequenced the gene encoding the yeast plasma membrane ATPase (PMA1) and report here that it maps to chromosome VII adjacent to LEU1. The strong homology between the amino-acid sequence encoded by PMA1 and those of (Na+ + K+), Na+-, K+- and Ca2+- ATPases is consistent with the notion that the family of cation pumps which form a phosphorylated intermediate evolved from a common ancestral ATPase. The function of the PMA1 gene is essential because a null mutation is lethal in haploid cells.     

Atomic structure of a Na+- and K+-conducting channel

Ion selectivity is one of the basic properties that define an ion channel. Most tetrameric cation channels, which include the K+, Ca2+, Na+ and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, probably share a similar overall architecture in their ion-conduction pore, but the structural details that determine ion selection are different. Although K+ channel selectivity has been well studied from a structural perspective, little is known about the structure of other cation channels. Here we present crystal structures of the NaK channel from Bacillus cereus, a non-selective tetrameric cation channel, in its Na+- and K+-bound states at 2.4 A and 2.8 A resolution, respectively. The NaK channel shares high sequence homology and a similar overall structure with the bacterial KcsA K+ channel, but its selectivity filter adopts a different architecture. Unlike a K+ channel selectivity filter, which contains four equivalent K+-binding sites, the selectivity filter of the NaK channel preserves the two cation-binding sites equivalent to sites 3 and 4 of a K+ channel, whereas the region corresponding to sites 1 and 2 of a K+ channel becomes a vestibule in which ions can diffuse but not bind specifically. Functional analysis using an 86Rb flux assay shows that the NaK channel can conduct both Na+ and K+ ions. We conclude that the sequence of the NaK selectivity filter resembles that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and its structure may represent that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel pore.     

Combined effects of adrenaline and insulin on active electrogenic Na+-K+ transport in rat soleus muscle.

Both beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulants (such as adrenaline and salbutamol) and insulin can increase active Na+-K+ transport and hyperpolarise skeletal cells. Thus, adrenaline and insulin, which are otherwise antagonistic regulators of several metabolic processes, have one action in common, namely, stimulation of active ion translocation. This is especially interesting as cyclic AMP stimulates Na+-K+ transport, whereas a lowering of the cytoplasmic concentration of cyclic AMP has been proposed as an early signal in the action of insulin. Here we report the results of experiments in which the active Na+-K+ transport and membrane potential (EM) of rat soleus muscles were studied during the action of supramaximal doses of insulin and beta 2-adrenoreceptor stimulants, alone and in combination. We conclude that the stimulant action of insulin on active electrogenic Na+-K+ transport is unlikely to be evoked by a lowering of the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP.     

Charge movement during Na+ translocation by native and cloned cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Na+/Ca2+ exchange is electrogenic and moves one net positive charge per cycle. Although the cardiac exchanger has a three-to-one Na+/Ca2+ stoichiometry, details of the reaction cycle are not well defined. Here we associate Na+ translocation by the cardiac exchanger with positive charge movement in giant membrane patches from cardiac myocytes and oocytes expressing the cloned cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The charge movements are initiated by step increments of the cytoplasmic Na+ concentration in the absence of Ca2+. Giant patches from control oocytes lack both steady-state Na+/Ca2+ exchange current (INaCa) and Na(+)-induced charge movements. Charge movements indicate about 400 exchangers per micron 2 in guinea-pig sarcolemma. Fully activated INaCa densities (20-30 microA cm-2) indicate maximum turnover rates of 5,000 s-1. As has been predicted for consecutive exchange models, the apparent ion affinities of steady state INaCa increase as the counterion concentrations are decreased. Consistent with an electroneutral Ca2+ translocation, we find that voltage dependence of INaCa in both directions is lost as Ca2+ concentration is decreased. The principal electrogenic step seems to be at the extracellular end of the Na+ translocation pathway.     

X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel

Voltage-dependent K+ channels are members of the family of voltage-dependent cation (K+, Na+ and Ca2+) channels that open and allow ion conduction in response to changes in cell membrane voltage. This form of gating underlies the generation of nerve and muscle action potentials, among other processes. Here we present the structure of KvAP, a voltage-dependent K+ channel from Aeropyrum pernix. We have determined a crystal structure of the full-length channel at a resolution of 3.2 A, and of the isolated voltage-sensor domain at 1.9 A, both in complex with monoclonal Fab fragments. The channel contains a central ion-conduction pore surrounded by voltage sensors, which form what we call 'voltage-sensor paddles'-hydrophobic, cationic, helix-turn-helix structures on the channel's outer perimeter. Flexible hinges suggest that the voltage-sensor paddles move in response to membrane voltage changes, carrying their positive charge across the membrane.     

碱胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶中Na＋，K＋，Ca2＋动态变化的影响

摘要：为探讨宁夏枸杞叶中离子平衡与盐碱胁迫的关系,研究不同浓度的NaHCO3溶液胁迫下,枸杞叶中Na^＋,K^＋,Ca^2＋的浓度变化,同时采用非损伤微测技术研究了枸杞叶中Na^＋,K^＋,Ca^2＋的流速变化．结果表明,在同一时间内（7,14,21d）,Na^＋的浓度随NaHCO。浓度的升高总体呈升高趋势,K^＋和Ca^2＋的浓度总体呈下降趋势,c（Na^＋）／c（Ca^2＋）随NaHCO3浓度的升高而升高;随着时间的变化,各个处理下枸杞叶中Na^＋的浓度总体呈现先降后升的趋势,K^＋的浓度总体呈现下降趋势,Ca^2＋的浓度总体呈现先升后降的趋势,c（Na^＋）／c（K^＋）总体呈现升高趋势,c（Na^2＋）／c（Ca^2＋）总体呈现先降后升的趋势;NaHCO。溶液胁迫7d时,诱导了枸杞叶肉细胞中净Na^＋,K^＋,Ca^2＋外排的增加．碱胁迫下造成c（Na^＋）／c（K^＋）和f（Na^＋）／c（Ca^2＋）升高的原因为,叶片中K^＋和Ca^2＋外排和Na^＋大量积累,这也是枸杞不耐碱的原因之一．可为种植枸杞改良盐碱地提供参考．     

Voltage dependence of Na translocation by the Na/K pump

During each complete reaction cycle, the Na/K pump transports three Na ions out across the cell membrane and two K ions in. The resulting net extrusion of positive charge generates outward membrane current but, until now, it was unclear how that net charge movement occurs. Reasonable possibilities included a single positive charge moving outwards during Na translocation; or a single negative charge moving inwards during K translocation; or either positive or negative charges moving during both translocation steps, but in unequal quantities. Any step that involves net charge movement through the membrane must have voltage-dependent transition rates. Here we report measurements of transient, voltage-dependent, displacement currents generated by the pump when its normal Na/K transport cycle has been interrupted by removal of external K and it is thus constrained to carry out Na/Na exchange. The quantity and voltage sensitivity of the charge moved during these transient currents suggests that Na translocation includes a voltage-dependent transition involving movement of one positive charge across the membrane. This single step can thus fully account for the electrogenic nature of Na/K exchange. The result provides important new insight into the molecular mechanism of active cation transport.     

Yb3+-Er3+共掺硼磷酸盐玻璃光谱性质的成分依赖性

以Yb^3 -Er^3 共掺的B2O3-P2O5-MO-R2O-Al2O3(M=Zn,Ca,Sr,Ba;R=Li,Na,K)玻璃系统为研究对象,分别分析了B2O3的含量以及加入不同种类的碱金属和碱土金属氧化物对玻璃的光谱性质的影响．研究结果表明,随着B2O3含量的提高,玻璃的自发辐射跃迁几率降低,辐射寿命增长,但吸收截面、相应的积分吸收截面和发射截面减小,玻璃的折射率在B2O3含量为15％(摩尔分数)时达到极小值．随着修饰体阳离子场强的升高,吸收截面和发射截面有增大趋势．