基于聚集度改进的多过程搜索鸟群算法

针对鸟群算法在寻优后期极易陷入局部最优和过早收敛等问题,引进个体异向觅食过程、飞行转移过程、位置异化过程搜索策略,提出一种基于聚集度改进的多过程搜索鸟群算法。通过引进种群相似度和聚集度的概念来描述鸟群在觅食过程中位置的变化,增加鸟群觅食的可行性搜索范围;在鸟群寻优之后依概率重新随机赋值寻优位置,从而有利于鸟群全局寻优与局部寻优之间的平衡;在模拟鸟群飞行过程中引进学习机制以克服原始鸟群中个体信息交流的单一性,增加鸟群内部信息流动的多样化从而有效提升算法活力,进而改善算法后期易陷入局部最优的状况。实验分析表明,改进方法可以有效提升鸟群的寻优能力、收敛速度和解的稳定性等性能。     

Energy saving in flight formation

Many species of large bird fly together in formation, perhaps because flight power demands and energy expenditure can be reduced when the birds fly at an optimal spacing, or because orientation is improved by communication within groups. We have measured heart rates as an estimate of energy expenditure in imprinted great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) trained to fly in 'V' formation, and show that these birds save a significant amount of energy by flying in formation. This advantage is probably a principal reason for the evolution of flight formation in large birds that migrate in groups.     

灭蚊真菌卡地腐霉对几种动、植物的安全性试验

通过口服 (灌胃 )、拌料饲喂、腹腔注射和静脉注射等途径试验了卡地腐霉对小白鼠、金鱼、鸡、家兔等的安全性 .结果表明 ,小白鼠发育正常 ,体重增加 ,血细胞计数均在正常范围内 ,通过对动物解剖观察和病理切片观察 ,未发现病理变化 .该真菌对家兔、金鱼和鸡等也无感染致病性 .同时也发现卡地腐霉对水稻无害 .该真菌对哺乳动物、鱼、鸟等是安全的     

白石砬子自然保护区夏季鸟类的初步调查

调查地区夏季鸟类有60种,隶属于12目27科,其中夏候鸟35种,留鸟25种。文中对各生境的鸟类种数和密度相比较,结合资源状况,提出某些保护鸟类的措施。     

江西省变电站及其周边线路鸟类多样性与习性分析

该文采用样线法和样点法相结合对江西省变电站及其周边线路鸟类多样性与习性进行分析,共统计到鸟类15目122种,其中陆生鸟类63种,水鸟59种.在陆生鸟类中,雀形目种类最多(48种),占总物种数的39.34%,其次是鹰形目(8种),占总物种数的6.56%; 在水鸟中,鸻形目种类最多(19种),占总物种数的15.57%.共记录到国家一级保护动物5种,它们分别为白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、白枕鹤(Grus vipio)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)、黑鹳(Ciconia nigra)和东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana); 记录到国家二级保护动物16种.国家一级和二级保护动物合计21种,占总物种数的17.21%.在居留型方面以留鸟和冬候鸟为主,分别占总物种数的40.98%和36.89%.在122种鸟类中,以中型和小型鸟类为主,分别占总物种数的35.25%和26.23%,略大型和大型鸟类种类合计占总物种数的25.41%.食性以动物性食性为主(60.66%),其次为杂食性(23.77%); 在农田生境中活动的鸟类种类最多,占总物种数的69.67%,其次为湿地(55.74%)和林地(45.08%).66.39%的鸟类会停歇在电力设备上,35.25%的鸟类会集成上百只的大群.大体型的鸟类、在电力设备上活动和集大群的鸟类易引发电网故障.该文对电网涉鸟故障的防治提出了相关建议.     

On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota

Protopteryx, a monotypic fossil bird discovered from the Sichakou basin in Fengning, Hebei, is the most primitive enantiornithine currently known. The bird-bearing strata do not contain the index fossils of the Yixian Formation in western Liaoning; the fish and bird fossils have more primitive features than the related forms found in the Yixian Formation, and the conchostracans are those usually distributed in the Dabeigou and Dadianzi formations in northern Hebei. Besides, the Protopteryx-bearing strata underlie the deposits bearing the index fossils of the Yixian Formation in the neighboring basin. Thus, it could be confirmed that the horizon of Protopteryx should be lower than the Yixian Formation, and is approximately equivalent to the Dadianzi Formation in northern Hebei. This is the lowest horizon of the known fossil birds in China and Mesozoic enantiornithine birds in the world. Accompanying Protop- teryx, there are other birds, acipenseriform fishes, salamanders, and mammals, which compose the Peipiaosteus fengningensis-Protopteryx fengningensis assemblage. This new assemblage traces the vertebrate evolution history of the Jehol Biota back to 130.7 Ma before. It is suggested that the de- marcation of the Jehol Biota should be based on the large-scale tectonic-sedimentary cycles, and Peipiaosteus, instead of Lycoptera, could be taken as the vertebrate representative of the Jehol Biota.     

从鸟群群集飞行到无人机自主集群编队

无人机可通过自主集群编队提高其在复杂环境下执行任务的能力.多飞行器并存导致系统协调管理难度提升等一系列问题,因此如何设计合理高效的无人机集群编队协调自主控制算法是一个亟待解决的难点问题.在鸟群群集飞行过程中,个体通过遵循简单行为规则进行相互合作而产生复杂有序的集体行为.由于鸟群群集飞行过程中所表现出的邻近交互性、群体稳定性和环境适应性等特点与无人机集群编队的自主、协调和智能等控制要求有着紧密的契合之处,因此,研究鸟群群集飞行机制,并将其映射到无人机集群系统,是解决无人机集群编队协调自主控制问题的一条切实可行的途径.     

Flying in a flock comes at a cost in pigeons

Flying birds often form flocks, with social, navigational and anti-predator implications. Further, flying in a flock can result in aerodynamic benefits, thus reducing power requirements, as demonstrated by a reduction in heart rate and wingbeat frequency in pelicans flying in a V-formation. But how general is an aerodynamic power reduction due to group-flight? V-formation flocks are limited to moderately steady flight in relatively large birds, and may represent a special case. What are the aerodynamic consequences of flying in the more usual 'cluster' flock? Here we use data from innovative back-mounted Global Positioning System (GPS) and 6-degrees-of-freedom inertial sensors to show that pigeons (1) maintain powered, banked turns like aircraft, imposing dorsal accelerations of up to 2g, effectively doubling body weight and quadrupling induced power requirements; (2) increase flap frequency with increases in all conventional aerodynamic power requirements; and (3) increase flap frequency when flying near, particularly behind, other birds. Therefore, unlike V-formation pelicans, pigeons do not gain an aerodynamic advantage from flying in a flock. Indeed, the increased flap frequency, whether due to direct aerodynamic interactions or requirements for increased stability or control, suggests a considerable energetic cost to flight in a tight cluster flock.     

淮河流域(安徽段)重要湿地鸟类多样性研究

采用定点法、路线法和访问调查法,对淮河流域(安徽段)6处重要湿地的鸟类进行调查,共记录鸟类146种,隶属于15目48科.其中冬候鸟53种,夏候鸟42种,留鸟37种,旅鸟14种;古北界77种、东洋界23种,广布种46种;游禽31种、涉禽34种、陆禽8种、攀禽11种、猛禽10种,鸣禽52种.分析表明,该区域重点保护的鸟类较多,水禽比较丰富,还有种类较多的森林鸟类和灌丛鸟类.6处湿地中,女山湖的鸟类物种数最多,G指数、F指数以及G-F指数值均最高,两块湿地地理位置相差越远相似性系数就越小.     

厦门夏季滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性研究

在夏季(1999年6月~1999年8月)对厦门滨海湿地11个样区鸟类的种类和数量进行的调查中,显示出厦门滨海湿地鸟类共有11科27种.其中,小白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)为数量优势种.鸟类群落多样性指数以香山和筼筜湖两个样区为最高,分别为3.18和2.33,刘山多样性指数最低,为0.     

北京天坛公园鸟类多样性季节变化调查

最近的天坛公园鸟类调查到现在已有5年之久,为弄清楚该园内的鸟类发生了哪些变化,作者于2010年4月-2011年1月,每月3～4次在天坛公园进行鸟类调查,记录鸟类物种数和总数量,结合天坛公园的自然环境,对公园鸟类群落结构及其季节变化进行分析.调查共记录到鸟类89种,其中迁徙鸟类62种,占69.66%,留鸟27种,占30.34%;国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类7种,北京市1级重点保护鸟类12种,2级重点保护鸟类43种.从整体上看,天坛公园鸟类的物种数和总数量在春秋两季呈现高峰,夏季最低;鸟类群落有明显的季节性变化.春秋两季有大量旅鸟迁徙经过,种类和数量变化大,夏季以留鸟和夏候鸟居多,冬季以留鸟和冬候鸟为主,所以夏冬两季鸟类群落相对稳定;对4种生境鸟类群落的多样性及均匀性的分析结果显示,苗圃鸟类多样性指数最高,为1.867 7;景点区最低,为0.621 3.鸟类均匀度指数景点区最高,为0.823 3;苗圃最低,为0.729 1.较之前的研究,麻雀(Passer montanus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)、灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyana)的种群数量仍占绝对优势,是公园中的优势种,该次调查首次记录到绿头鸭在园内落地停留.     

白冠长尾雉集群行为的初步研究

野外观察结合无线电遥测研究表明 ,河南董寨鸟类保护区白冠长尾雉在非繁殖期倾向于集群活动。雄性集群、雌性集群和两性混合集群是其常见的 3种集群方式 ,但以单性集群为主 ,并且性别隔离现象明显 .繁殖期观察到亚成体仍集群活动 ,但发现成体也有集群行为 ,推测其原因可能是繁殖的需要 .观察期内平均群体大小为 (3 87± 2 2 4 )只 ,而雄群、雌群和混合群平均群体大小依次为 (2 54± 0 31) ,(3 81± 0 4 0 )和 (6 4 2± 1 2 5)只 ,三者之间均存在极显著差异 (p <0 0 1) .群体活动对研究区内 7种生境类型的利用有明显选择性 (χ2 =93 545,d =6 ,p =0 ) ,其中混交林、幼林和茶灌是集群活动利用的主要生境 .集群活动对坡位的利用存在时空变化 .冬季和繁殖前期对坡位的利用相似 (z =- 0 36 ,p =0 79) ,而与繁殖期和繁殖后期存在明显差异 (χ2 =0 0 2 8,d=3,p =0 0 2 8) ,表现在对坡下位的利用方面 .白冠长尾雉集群个体的组成相对稳定 ,群体内个体间关系多样化 .遥测结果表明 ,雄性集群的形成过程依次是 :独立活动、靠近、尾随、一起活动     

基于均值的云自适应鸟群优化算法

针对鸟群算法(bird swarm algorithm,BSA)在求解高维复杂优化问题时,存在收敛速度慢、寻优精度低等缺点,提出了一种基于均值的云自适应鸟群优化算法(a cloud adaptive bird swarm optimization algorithm based on mean,CAMBSA)。通过云理论引入惯性权重修正鸟群觅食策略,同时引入"均值"的概念,修改鸟群觅食策略中的"认知部分"和"社会部分",有利于协调种群全局搜索能力,避免算法陷入早熟;为了使算法在迭代后期具有较好的多样性,采用混沌扰动。仿真试验表明,所提出的算法具有较好的收敛速度和寻优精度。     

深圳湾福田红树林湿地鸟类资源价值评估

基于深圳湾福田红树林湿地鸟类调查数据, 综合评估湿地的鸟类资源价值, 包括鸟类经济价值、鸟类觅食的底栖生物价值、鸟类粪肥价值、控制虫害的价值、科研价值、生态旅游和自然教育价值。结果表明, 深圳湾福田红树林湿地鸟类资源总价值为32653.85万元; 鸟类经济价值和鸟类觅食的底栖动物的价值为鸟类资源价值的主要组分, 分别占60.50%和39.32%; 鸟类粪肥、虫害控制和科研等方面的价值均不足0.1%。研究结果表明深圳湾福田红树林湿地中的鸟类资源价值较高, 但其社会服务价值有待进一步开发和提升。     

云南楚雄小百草岭鸟类多样性空间格局

【目的】探究云南楚雄小百草岭地区鸟类空间分布格局的特征,分析不同生境及海拔段鸟类多样性差异,为该地区鸟类资源保护措施的制定提供基础资料。【方法】采用样线法对云南省楚雄州小百草岭地区鸟类资源开展了一个完整年度的调查研究,通过计算各生境和海拔段的鸟类多样性指数,进行空间分布格局分析。【结果】在小百草岭地区共记录到鸟类122种,隶属10目43科,包括国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类17种。其中,留鸟110种(占90.16%),夏候鸟5种(占4.10%),冬候鸟6种(占4.92%),旅鸟1种(占0.82%)。在115种繁殖鸟类(留鸟和夏候鸟)中,以东洋界物种为主(占50.43%)。季节变化中,鸟类物种丰富度指数由大到小依次为夏季(112)、春季(104)、秋季(79)、冬季(76)。春季鸟类科-属多样性指数最高(0.772),冬季最低(0.662);小百草岭3种生境中,林地的鸟类物种丰富度(117)和科-属多样性指数(0.739)均最高,耕地的鸟类物种丰富度(48)和科-属多样性指数(0.549)最低。鸟类物种丰富度在≥2 100～2 600 m的中海拔地区最高,物种丰富度垂直分布格局为峰值位于中海拔的单...     

On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota

Protopteryx, a monotypic fossil bird discovered from the Sichakou basin in Fengning, Hebei, is the most primitive enantiornithine currently known. The bird-bearing strata do not contain the index fossils of the Yixian Formation in western Liaoning; the fish and bird fossils have more primitive features than the related forms found in the Yixian Formation, and the conchostracans are those usually distributed in the Dabeigou and Dadianzi formations in northern Hebei. Besides, the Protopteryx-bearing strata underlie the deposits bearing the index fossils of the Yixian Formation in the neighboring basin. Thus, it could be confirmed that the horizon of Protopteryx should be lower than the Yixian Formation, and Is approximately equivalent to the Dadianzi Formation in northern Hebei. This is the lowest horizon of the known fossil birds in China and Mesozoic enantiornithine birds in the world. Accompanying Protopteryx, there are other birds, acipenseriform fishes, salamanders, and mammals, which compose the Peipiaosteus fengningensis-Protopteryx fengningensis assemblage. This new assemblage traces the vertebrate evolution history of the Jehol Biota back to 130.7 Ma before. It is suggested that the demarcation of the Jehol Biota should be based on the large-scale tectonic-sedimentary cycles, and Peipiaosteus, instead of Lycoptera, could be taken as the vertebrate representative of the Jehol Biota.     

Paleornithology of China: A general review

Study of fossil birds in China was first conducted by western scholars in last century, and extensive study of Cenozoic birds by Chinese scholars since the 1970s. However, it is the finding of Mesozoic birds, mostly from northeast China since the 1990s, that has become the focus and highlight of paleornithology of China. Enantiornithine birds from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of China provide the most complete record of the early evolution of this extinct group. The co-existence of the most primitive ornithurine bird Liaoningornis with the oldest known Confuciusornis indicates an earlier and more significant diversification of birds than previously recognized. Evidence from the Chinese Mesozoic birds seems to support the arboreal hypothesis of the origin of avian flight. Despite the controversy, the recent discovery of various feathered dinosaurs in China may provide the most compelling evidence for the hypothesis of the dinosaurian origin of birds.     

雌鸟的生殖生理

本文主要论述了雌鸟生殖系统的结构特点,鸟蛋的成因和影响鸟蛋形成的主要因素,对提高鸟类的产蛋量有一定的指导意义。     

野生鸟类高致病性禽流感抗体水平检测方法研究

高致病性禽流感是A型流感病毒引起的一种禽类毁灭性疾病．从2004年1月27日我国公布首例确诊高致病性禽流感疫情以来,截止2004年2月4日,已出现高致病性禽流感疫情23例, 其中疑似18例,确诊5例;全国合计病禽56 417只,死亡49 236只,扑杀1 215 057只．H5N1亚型毒株除致鸡大量发病死亡外,还会使雉鸡科、鸭科、鸠鸽科和鹭科等野生鸟类致病．2005年5月4日, 在青海省刚察县泉吉乡年乃索麻村部分候鸟发生死亡,国家禽流感参考实验室5月18日从死鸟体内分离到H5N1亚型禽流感病毒．截止5月26日,仅青海省已有包括斑头雁、鱼鸥等在内的超过 1 000只候鸟死亡．自从2004年1月以来,全球因感染禽流感疫病,已造成了近百人死亡．研究结果表明,野生鸟类的迁徙,是造成疫病传播蔓延最主要的途径．西安市在2004年2月,对全市养殖的野生鸟类进行了禽流感疫苗接种,2005年的免疫工作即将展开,但目前在全国尚无野生鸟类疫苗接种注射剂量和方法的规范,已经接种过的野生鸟类是否具有禽流感抗体及产生抗体的效价还不清楚,更为严峻的是至今还没有可行的野生鸟类抗体水平检测的方法．所以,进行野生鸟类高致病性禽流感抗体水平检测方法课题研究,并为研究野生鸟类产生有效抗体的疫苗接种注射剂量,可为防控本病提供科学依据．     

三维梯度式机场驱鸟系统

阐述了机场内驱鸟任务的重要性,针对目前各种驱鸟方式的不足和鸟类学习适应能力的特点,提出并建立一种扰乱鸟类学习适应过程的驱鸟系统。通过对驱鸟工作空间的区域划分,形成了一套在高度方向上驱鸟方式的复杂程度随梯度变化的无线控制三维驱鸟系统模型。利用该模型,引入了仿真人驱鸟单元、恐怖眼驱鸟单元、广播驱鸟单元、电子炮驱鸟单元和火炮驱鸟单元,组成了某机场与鸟类高度分布相一致的A552三维梯度式驱鸟系统,从视觉、听觉、嗅觉三个方面分别或同时对鸟类进行驱赶。