咖啡因对大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞钙信号调节作用

在单个大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞上，采用钙显微荧光测量方法，测量了咖啡因对胞内游离钙浓度的影响．实验结果表明，在２Ｃａ２＋外液中，咖啡因（１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对细胞的自发振荡表现出明显的抑制作用；对不表现自发振荡的细胞，咖啡因能引起钙浓度的升高或钙振荡．在无外钙条件下研究连续咖啡因刺激引起的钙浓度变化，发现胞内钙库易排空，但随后的含钙咖啡因刺激仍可引起钙升高．同时，在无外钙条件下施加咖啡因可检测到激素的分泌，表明由咖啡因导致的钙库释放可以独立地触发分泌     

Ca2+ signals induced from calcium stores in pancreatic islet β cells

In single rat pancreatic β cells,using fura-2 microfluorometry to measure [Ca2+]i response upon different stimuli,the ways of calcium regulation have been studied.When the extracellular calcium concentration was 2.5 mmol/L,either 60 mmol/L KCl,20 mmol/L D-glucose or 0.1 mmol/L tolbutamide induced increase in [Ca2+]i.Such increase in [Ca2+]i was absent when the same stimuli were applied under zero extracellular calcium.These results indicate that the increase of [Ca2+]i is induced by the activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels in β cells.The manifold forms of [Ca2+]i change induced by glucose imply that the effects of glucose are complex.5 mmol/L caffeine or 5 mmol/L MCh increase the [Ca2+]i ,which is independent of the external calcium,suggesting that [Ca2+]i can be regulated by Ca2+ release from not only the IP3-sensitive but also the ryanodine sensitive calcium stores in β cells.The latency of Ca responses for IP3 pathway (5 s) is faster than that for ryanodine pathway (30 s).It is concluded that there are multiple calcium stores in rat pancreatic β cells.     

Spontaneous Neurotransmitter Release Depends on Intracellular Rather than ER Calcium Stores in Cultured Xenopus NMJ

Introduction During development, many cell types exhibit sponta-neous neurotransmitter release, with synaptic transmis-sions crucial for normal nervous system activity. Syn-aptic transmissions are initiated when an action poten-tial triggers the neurotran…     

环腺苷二磷酸核糖（cADPR）类似物的合成与诱导钙释放活性的研究

Ca²⁺信号传导通路是生物体内重要的胞内信号传导途径之一。局部钙信号主要来源于细胞内钙库释放,而这些钙信号受到各种第二信使的控制和Ca²⁺通道蛋白的调节。环腺苷二磷酸核糖（cADPR）作为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD⁺）的代谢物,发现于1987年,是一种信号传导分子,它广泛存在于各种生物系统中,通过介导兰诺定( RyR) 受体调节钙动员活性。研究cADPR以及具有不同生物活性的类似物之间的构效关系是探究分子内钙释放机制的主要手段,另外,一些结构新颖的拮抗剂和激动剂可以作为研究细胞系统复杂机制的研究工具。作者概括性地介绍了cADPR结构类似物——N¹-乙氧基甲基-环肌苷-5'-二磷酸核糖（cIDPRE）和N¹-[(磷酰基-O-乙氧基)-甲基-N⁹-[(磷酰基-O-乙氧基)-甲基-次黄嘌呤-环磷酸焦酯（cIDPDE）的合成与性质。这两种类似物cIDPDE和cIDPRE可作为研究完整细胞钙信号系统的膜透性激动剂。     

Ca^2＋ is involved in muscarine-acetylcholine-receptor-mediated acetylcholine signal transduction in guard cells of Vicia faba L.

Acetyicholine (ACh) is an important neuro-chemical transmitter in animals; it also exists in plants and plays a significant role in various kinds of physiological functions in plants. ACh has been known to induce the stomatal opening. By monitoring the changes of cytusolic Ca^2 with fluorescent probe Fiuo-3 AM under the confocal microscopy, we found that exogenous ACh increased cytosolic Ca^2 concentration of guard cells of Vicia faba L. Muscarlne, an agonist of muscarine acetyicholine receptor (mAChR), could do so as well. In contrast, atropine, the antagonist of mAChR abolished the ability of ACh to increase Ca^2 in guard cells. This mechanism is similar to mAChR in animals. When EGTA was used to chelate Ca^2 or ruthenium red to block Ca^2 released from vacuole respectively, the results showed that the increased cytosolic Ca^2 mainly come from intracellular Ca^2 store. The evidence supports that Ca^2 is involved in guard-cell response to ACh and that Ca^2 sigual is coupled to mAChRs in ACh signal transduction in guard cells.     

Involvement of Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>/CaM in the signal transduction of acetylcholine regulating stomatal movement

It has been known that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) also exists in plants and is able to regulate the movement of stomata.In another aspect,Ca^2 /CaM as the second messengers have a critical role of signal transduction in stomatal guard-cell,Here we showed that Ca^2 /CaM were also involved in the ACh regulated stomatal movement,In the medium containing Ca^2 ,the Ca^2 channel blockers (NIF and Ver)and CaM inhibitors (TFP and W7 ) could neutralize the ACh induced stomatal opening,however,they are ineffective in the medium containing K^ ,Those results indicated that Ca^2 /CaM were involved in the signal transduction pathway of ACh regulating stomatal movement.     

Study of transmembrane La3+ movement in rat ventricular myocytes by the patch-clamp technique

We have studied transmembrane La3+ movement in rat ventricular myocytes for the first time by using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording mode. La3+ (0.01-5.0 mmol/L) could not bring out inward currents through the L-type calcium channel in rat ventricular myocytes, while it could enter the cells by the same way carried by 1μmol/L ionomycin. When the outward Na+ concentration gradient is formed, La3+ can enter the cells via Na-Ca exchange, and the exchange currentsincrease with the increase of external La3+ concentrations. But compared with Na-Ca exchange currents in the same concentration, the former is only 14%-38% of the latter. The patch-clamp experiment indicates that La3+ normally can not enter ventricular myocytes through L-type calcium channel, but it can enter the cells via Na-Ca exchange.     

稀土对红豆杉细胞内游离钙含量的影响

采用Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ双波长荧光分光光度计测定了稀土不同作用时间和不同剂量,以及红豆杉细胞不同生长时期和在钙通道阻断剂存在的情况下,红豆杉细胞内游离钙离子浓度的变化,实验结果表明,稀土对红豆杉细胞内钙离子浓度的影响随作用时间和剂理的不同而改变,细胞不同的生长时期对稀土的敏感程度不同,引外发现稀土引起细胞内钙离子浓度的振荡是由于胞内钙库释放和胞外钙内流所致。     

Quantal transmitter secretion from myocytes loaded with acetylcholine.

It is well known that transmitter secretion requires specialized secretory organelles, the synaptic vesicles, for the packaging, storage and exocytotic release of the transmitter. Here we report that when acetylcholine (ACh) is loaded into an isolated Xenopus myocyte, there is spontaneous quantal release of ACh from the myocyte which results in activation of its own surface ACh channels and the appearance of membrane currents resembling miniature endplate currents. This myocyte secretion probably reflects Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis of ACh-filled cytoplasmic compartments. Furthermore, step depolarization of the myocyte membrane triggers evoked ACh release from the myocyte with a weak excitation-secretion coupling. These findings suggest that quantal transmitter secretion does not require secretory pathways unique to neurons and that the essence of presynaptic differentiation may reside in the provision of transmitter supply and modification of the preexisting secretion pathway.     

钙离子信号及细胞调控信号网络动力学

钙离子(Ca²⁺)是细胞内广泛存在的一种重要的第二信使,参与并控制着几乎所有的生命活动过程.细胞信号分子网络对细胞正常和病理生理活动过程进行着精密调控,确保细胞各项生理功能有序地进行.本文综述了近些年本课题组关于细胞内钙信号及细胞信号网络动力学模型方面的研究进展,包括集团化钙离子通道释放局域钙信号、细胞全局钙波信号、内质网和线粒体钙微域调控钙信号和钙信号调控细胞凋亡信号网络动力学,以及细胞信号调控网络动力学等.这些理论工作为研究钙信号和蛋白质信号网络调控细胞复杂生命过程的动力学机制提供了方向和思路.     

The vacuolar Ca2+-activated channel TPC1 regulates germination and stomatal movement

Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) is a ubiquitous signalling component in plant cells. Numerous stimuli trigger sustained or transient elevations of [Ca2+]cyt that evoke downstream stimulus-specific responses. Generation of [Ca2+]cyt signals is effected through stimulus-induced opening of Ca2+-permeable ion channels that catalyse a flux of Ca2+ into the cytosol from extracellular or intracellular stores. Many classes of Ca2+ current have been characterized electrophysiologically in plant membranes. However, the identity of the ion channels that underlie these currents has until now remained obscure. Here we show that the TPC1 ('two-pore channel 1') gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a class of Ca2+-dependent Ca2+-release channel that is known from numerous electrophysiological studies as the slow vacuolar channel. Slow vacuolar channels are ubiquitous in plant vacuoles, where they form the dominant conductance at micromolar [Ca2+]cyt. We show that a tpc1 knockout mutant lacks functional slow vacuolar channel activity and is defective in both abscisic acid-induced repression of germination and in the response of stomata to extracellular calcium. These studies unequivocally demonstrate a critical role of intracellular Ca2+-release channels in the physiological processes of plants.     

Inhibition of histamine secretion from mast cells

Histamine secretion from mast cells may be inhibited by elevated intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and by several anti-allergic drugs. These compounds are claimed to act directly on the calcium-gating mechanism activated by the anaphylactic reaction, preventing influx of Ca2+ from the external environment and so blocking exocytosis. To examine this hypothesis further, we have compared here the histamine secretion induced by immunoglobulin E-directed ligands in the presence and absence of added calcium and by the ionophore A23187. Exocytosis evoked by these former agents was originally considered to be almost totally dependent on extracellular calcium but recent studies have shown otherwise. In the absence of added cation, the agents act by mobilizing membrane-bound or intracellular stores of calcium. We show that here that a variety of anti-allergic drugs are potent inhibitors in the conditions used, suggesting that alternative explanations for their action must be sought.     

15 － KETE 对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钙离子浓度的影响

摘要: 目的探讨15-KETE 对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞内Ca2 + 的作用及其来源。方法以酶法( 胶原酶Ⅰ型和弹性 酶) 分离培养原代大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞,将细胞稀释所需密度( 2 × 105 个/mL) ,加样于6 孔板中的盖玻片上,放 入37℃孵箱中培养12 h,细胞贴壁后,取出6 孔板中的盖玻片,放入特制的小槽内,D-Hanks 液冲洗细胞3 次,加入 1 × 10 － 5mol /L 的Flou-3 /AM,置37℃孵箱中避光孵育约30 min,用D-Hanks 液洗去细胞外残留染料,应用激光扫描 共聚焦显微镜技术,测定了15-KETE 对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞游离钙离子浓度的影响。结果1) 15-KETE ( 1 × 10 － 8-1 × 10 － 6 ) mol /L 可依赖性引起肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙离子浓度( ［Ca2 +］i) 增加; 2) 1 × 10 － 6 mol /L 维拉米( L-型钙离子通道阻断剂) 和无钙离子细胞外液显著阻抑了1 × 10 － 6 mol /L 15-KETE 引起肺动脉平滑肌［Ca2 +］i 增 加。结论15-KETE 可引起大鼠肺动脉平滑肌［Ca2 +］i 增加,并且此钙来源于细胞外液钙离子。     

Oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ in pituitary cells due to action potentials

Electrical activity in non-neuronal cells can be induced by altering the membrane potential and eliciting action potentials. For example, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters act on excitable endocrine cells. In an attempt to correlate such electrical activity with regulation of cell activation, we report here direct measurements of cytosolic free Ca2+ changes coincident with action potentials. This was achieved by the powerful and novel combination of two complex techniques, the patch clamp and microfluorimetry using fura 2 methodology. Changes in intracellular calcium concentration were monitored in single cells of the pituitary line GH3B6. We show that a single action potential leads to a marked transient increase in cytosolic free calcium. The size of these short-lived maxima is sufficient to evoke secretory activity. The striking kinetic features of these transients enabled us to identify oscillations in intracellular calcium concentration in unperturbed cells resulting from spontaneous action potentials, and hence provide an explanation for basal secretory activity. Somatostatin, an inhibitor of pituitary function, abolishes the spontaneous spiking of free cytosolic Ca2+ which may explain its inhibitory effect on basal prolactin secretion. Our data therefore demonstrate that electrical activity can stimulate Ca2+-dependent functions in excitable non-neuronal cells.     

Activation of facilitation calcium channels in chromaffin cells by D1 dopamine receptors through a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanism

Facilitation calcium channels in unstimulated bovine chromaffin cells are normally quiescent but are activated by large pre-depolarizations or by repetitive depolarization in the physiological range. The activation of these 27-pS dihydropyridine-sensitive channels by repetitive stimulation, such as by increased splanchnic nerve activity, can lead to an almost twofold increase in Ca2+ current in these cells. This increase in Ca2+ current is of probable physiological importance in stimulating rapid catecholamine secretion in response to danger or stress. We have identified D1 dopaminergic receptors on bovine chromaffin cells by fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that stimulation of the D1 receptors activates the facilitation Ca2+ currents in the absence of pre-depolarizations or repetitive activity, and that activation by D1 agonists is mediated by cyclic AMP and protein kinase A. The recruitment of facilitation Ca2+ channels by dopamine may form the basis of a positive feedback loop mechanism for catecholamine secretion.     

Cardiac-type excitation-contraction coupling in dysgenic skeletal muscle injected with cardiac dihydropyridine receptor cDNA

There are dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive calcium currents in both skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, although the properties of these currents are very different in the two cell types (for simplicity, we refer to currents in both tissues as L-type). The mechanisms of depolarization-contraction coupling also differ. As the predominant voltage-dependent calcium current of cardiac cells, the L-type current represents a major pathway for entry of extracellular calcium. This entry triggers the subsequent large release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In contrast, depolarization of skeletal muscle releases calcium from the SR without the requirement for entry of extracellular calcium through L-type calcium channels. To investigate the molecular basis for these differences in calcium currents and in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, we expressed complementary DNAs for the DHP receptors from skeletal and cardiac muscle in dysgenic skeletal muscle. We compared the properties of the L-type channels produced and showed that expression of a cardiac calcium channel in skeletal muscle cells results in E-C coupling resembling that of cardiac muscle.     

拟南芥悬浮培养细胞外钙结合蛋白的初步检测

钙离子通过与其结合的蛋白质在植物细胞信号转导中起着重要的作用,已知植物细胞外空间钙离子浓度高达毫摩尔级,而与钙结合的胞外蛋白有待进一步的分析研究.采用丙酮沉淀法分别制备了拟南芥悬浮培养细胞壁盐提蛋白及培养介质蛋白,制备的蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳分离后,电转移至硝酸纤维素膜,45Ca2 覆盖结合,放射自显影,结果表明悬浮细胞外可能存在多条可与钙离子结合的蛋白条带,其分子量约为17,30,40,68 ku,推测这些蛋白可能参与胞外钙离子相关的生物学过程.     

Quantification of Ca2+-activated K+ channels under hormonal control in pig pancreas acinar cells

Ca2+- and voltage-activated K+ channels are found in many electrically excitable cells and have an important role in regulating electrical activity. Recently, the large K+ channel has been found in the baso-lateral plasma membranes of salivary gland acinar cells, where it may be important in the regulation of salt transport. Using patch-clamp methods to record single-channel currents from excised fragments of baso-lateral acinar cell membranes in combination with current recordings from isolated single acinar cells and two- and three-cell clusters, we have now for the first time characterized the K+ channels quantitatively. In pig pancreatic acini there are 25-60 K+ channels per cell with a maximal single channel conductance of about 200 pS. We have quantified the relationship between internal ionized Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) membrane potential and open-state probability (p) of the K+ channel. By comparing curves obtained from excised patches relating membrane potential to p, at different levels of [Ca2+]i, with similar curves obtained from intact cells, [Ca2+]i in resting acinar cells was found to be between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. In microelectrode experiments acetylcholine (ACh), gastrin-cholecystokinin (CCK) as well as bombesin peptides evoked Ca2+-dependent opening of the K+ conductance pathway, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization. The large K+ channel, which is under strict dual control by internal Ca2+ and voltage, may provide a crucial link between hormone-evoked increase in internal Ca2+ concentration and the resulting NaCl-rich fluid secretion.     

Depletion of intracellular calcium stores activates a calcium current in mast cells.

In many cell types, receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores is followed by Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The sustained entry of Ca2+ is thought to result partly from the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools. Most investigations have characterized Ca2+ influx indirectly by measuring Ca(2+)-activated currents or using Fura-2 quenching by Mn2+, which in some cells enters the cells by the same influx pathway. But only a few studies have investigated this Ca2+ entry pathway more directly. We have combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements to monitor membrane currents in mast cells under conditions where intracellular Ca2+ stores were emptied by either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionomycin, or excess of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. The depletion of Ca2+ pools by these independent mechanisms commonly induced activation of a sustained calcium inward current that was highly selective for Ca2+ ions over Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+. This Ca2+ current, which we term ICRAC (calcium release-activated calcium), is not voltage-activated and shows a characteristic inward rectification. It may be the mechanism by which electrically nonexcitable cells maintain raised intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and replenish their empty Ca2+ stores after receptor stimulation.     

Augmentation of cardiac calcium current by flash photolysis of intracellular caged-Ca2+ molecules

The entry of calcium ions into cells through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane triggers many important cellular processes. The activity of these channels is regulated by several hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as intracellular messengers such as Ca2+ itself (for examples, see refs 1-9). In cardiac muscle, myoplasmic Ca2+ has been proposed to potentiate Ca2+ influx, although a direct effect of Ca2+ on these channels has not yet been demonstrated. Photosensitive 'caged-Ca2+' molecules such as nitr-5, however, provide powerful tools for investigating possible regulatory roles of Ca2+ on the functioning of Ca2+ channels. Because its affinity for Ca2+ is reduced by irradiation, nitr-5 can be loaded into cells and induced to release Ca2+ with a flash of light. By using this technique we found that the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration directly augmented Ca2+-channel currents in isolated cardiac muscle cells from both frog and guinea pig. The time course of the current potentiation was similar to that seen with beta-adrenergic stimulation. Thus Ca2+ may work through a similar pathway, involving phosphorylation of a regulatory Ca2+-channel protein. This mechanism is probably important for the accumulation of Ca2+ and the amplification of the contractile response in cardiac muscle, and may have a role in other excitable cells.