Effects of dietary nickel on detoxification enzyme activities in the midgut of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera litura</Emphasis> Fabricius larvae

Nickel accumulated in midugt of Spodoptera litura Fabricius could induce the expression of metallothionein, one of the most important detoxification proteins in organisms. In the present study, the effects of dietary nickel on the activities of detoxification enzymes, such as carboxylesterase （CarE） and giutathione S-transferase （GST） in the midgut of S. litura larvae have been studied to get an understanding of the detoxification mechanisms of S. litura larvae to excessive nickel. Results showed that CarE activities in the midgut of the 5th instar larvae decreased at lower levels of nickel （≤5 mg/kg）, while increased with increasing nickel doses at higher levels of nickel （≥10 mg/kg） exposure in successive 3 generations. CarE activities of the 6th instar larvae were also characterized as inhibited at low levels of nickel exposure, and improved at higher levels in the 1st generation. CarE activities of 6th instar larvae in the 2nd and 3rd generations were all lower than that in control. However, GST activities in the midgut of the 5th and 6th instar larvae all increased with increasing nickel doses （1 --20 mg/kg） in diets.     

Nickel accumulation and its effects on the survival rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius under continuous nickel stress

The artificial diets mixed with various concentrations of nickel were offered to the larvae of the phytophagous insect Spodoptera litura Fabricius for 3 generations. Nickel accumulations in the 6th instar larvae, pupae and newly emerged adults of the corresponding generations of S. litura were investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the effects of nickel accumulations on the survival rate of S. litura were also evaluated by individual rearing. The results showed that nickel accumulated in the 6th instar larvae, pupae and adults of S. litura, and the accu- mulated nickel in all the tested developmental stages within a generation increased with the increase of the nickel doses in the treated diets and showed significant dose-dependent relationship with the nickel doses in the artificial diets. The results also indicated that the nickel accumulations in the 6th instar larvae, pupae, and newly emerged adults from the 3rd generation were higher than those from the 2nd generation, which were also higher than those from the 1st generation. Nickel concentrations in pupae and adults were significantly lower than those in larvae, which indicated that the excessive nickel might be excreted during metamorphosis. Furthermore, larval survival rate, pupation rate and eclosion rate of S. litura in the tested three generations all decreased with the increase of the nickel doses in the treated diets.     

Apoptosis of Spodoptera litura larval hemocytes induced by heavy metal zinc

By adding different amount of zinc into the artificial medium of the insect larvae, the zinc-induced apoptosis of the larvae haemocytes of the herbivorous insect Spodoptera litura Fabricius was investigated with flow cytometer. The results showed that the increase of zinc dose in the artificial feed led to the accumulations of zinc in the larval hemolymph and fat body, and more zinc was accumulated in fat body than in hemolymph. The apoptosis of hemocytes was significantly induced at high zinc concentration （1000 mg·kg^-1） in the insect diet, and the apoptosis rate was 63.63%, which was remarkably higher than that at control and lower concentrations （50--500 mg·kg^-1）. This suggests that the high dose of zinc in the artificial diet of S. litura larvae could induce the apoptosis of the larval hemocytes of S. litura.     

Metallothionein expression induced by nickel accumulation in the midgut of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel

Metallothionein expression induced by nickel accumulation in the midgut of Spodoptera litura Fabri- cius larvae was investigated by exposing S. litura larvae to the artificial diets amended with different doses of nickel for 3 generations. Nickel accumulations in the midgut of 6th instar larvae were detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the induced metal- lothionein expression in the midgut of 5th and 6th instar larvae in 120 h were quantified using cad- mium-hemoglobin total saturation methods. The accumulated nickel in the midgut of the 6th instar larvae within a generation increased with the increase of the nickel doses in the treated diets and showed significant dose-dependence with the nickel doses in diets. Metallothioneins induced by nickel accumulated in the larval midgut also increased with nickel doses in diets and with the increasing stressing time in a generation. Results also suggested that the metallothionein expression was differ- ent with the time of S. litura larvae stressed by nickel.     

凡纳对虾育苗水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的变化及对幼体的影响

利用欧开牌微胶囊饲料（Microencapsulated diet）分别以70％、80％、90％和100％的比例与卤虫活饵料配合来培育凡纳对虾（Penaeus vannamei）幼体,通过对各育苗池水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮进行检测,结果发现：在整个育苗期间NH3-Nt、NH3-Nm、NO2^--N含量呈上升趋势,但各期的浓度均低于安全浓度,水质变化与管理方式和饲料搭配比例有关。80％欧开牌微胶囊饲料和20％卤虫配合使用育苗效果最好,各项出苗指标均明显高于只投喂天然饵料的对照组（P〈0．05）。     

斜纹夜蛾幼虫不同组织对Zn2+积累作用的比较研究

 通过在人工饲料中添加不同质量分数的Zn²⁺,研究了植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius连续3代幼虫取食含不同质量分数Zn²⁺饲料后,第1和第3代6龄幼虫不同组织对Zn²⁺的积累作用。结果表明,经连续3个世代的胁迫,Zn²⁺在第1、3代斜纹夜蛾6龄幼虫脂肪体、表皮和中肠中的积累量随幼虫饲料中Zn²⁺ 质量分数及胁迫时间的增加而升高;中肠对Zn²⁺的积累作用最强,表皮次之,脂肪体最低。     

宽带细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria macrogaster生物学特性的初步研究

本文研究了宽带细腹食蚜蝇Sphaerophoria macrogaster(Thompson)的生物学特性,发现该食蚜蝇在福州一年发生7代,各代的历期分别为46.3天、30.9天、66.7天、23.1天、26.1天、37.1天与131.2天。主要以蛹在土壤中越冬和越夏,所以第7代与第3代的历期都很长,蛹期也比其他各代长,分别为100天与45天。每雌的平均产卵量为20.8粒。幼虫期的总捕蚜量为286.7头,其中2、3龄幼虫的捕蚜量占幼虫期总捕蚜量的98.2％。     

二球悬铃木叶片离体植株再生

研究不同浓度细胞分裂素BA或TDZ与生长素NAA或IBA组合对二球悬铃木种子苗所繁殖植株的叶片分化不定芽的影响.结果表明,诱导二球悬铃木种子苗所繁殖植株的叶片形成不定芽的最佳激素组合为3 mg/L BA和0.5 mg/L IBA;不定芽的诱导效果与植株的繁殖代数有关,在60 d的培养过程中,繁殖6代、10代、15代和20代的不定芽形成率分别为47%、44%、40%和38%.所有长达1 cm的不定芽在含2 mg/LIBA和1 g/L活性炭的培养基上培养20 d均生根良好.经过炼苗后,再生植株的移栽成活率达到92%.     

刚竹毒蛾生物学特性及防治研究

刚竹毒蛾Pantana phyllostachysae Chao 1年发生3代,以卵和初孵幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫翌年3月开始活动,6月上旬为第1代幼虫孵化盛期,8月下旬为第2代幼虫孵化盛期,11月出现第3代幼虫。气温是影响刚竹毒蛾危害的重要因素,在防治上要抓住幼虫3龄期前和成虫期进行防治,使用2.5%溴氰菊酯、80%敌敌畏和柴油按1:0.5:50制成的油烟剂防治效果最好。     

添加维生素E、维生素C对鸡抗热应激力的影响

研究日粮中不同水平的维生素E、维生素C对肉仔鸡抗热应激力的影响.结果表明,在日粮中添加50mg/kg维生素E、200 mg/kg维生素C或200mg/kg维生素E、50 mg/kg维生素C可提高肉仔鸡热应激状态下的生产性能(降低死亡率、改善饲料报酬、体增重等);日粮中添加50 mg/kg维生素E、200mg/kg维生素C,对缓解热应激力时肉仔鸡血清总蛋白浓度升高效果明显;日粮中添加200mg/kg维生素E、50 mg/kg维生素C对维持热应激时肉仔鸡血脂的稳定效果较好;在日粮中添加50 mg/kg的维生素E和等量的维生素C对维持热应激时肉仔鸡血糖的稳定,效果较好.     

植物生长调节剂对栓翅卫矛嫩枝扦插生根能力的影响

研究了三种不同植物生长调节剂对栓翅卫矛嫩枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明:(1)栓翅卫矛属皮部生根为主的综合生根类型;(2)ABT,IBA和NAA处理的嫩枝插穗的平均生根率分别为73.1%,65.7%和58.3%,均优于对照的54.1%。(3)不同质量分数的外源激素均能促进插穗生根,其中以125mg/kgABT的效果最好,其次为125mg/kg的NAA,50mg/kg的IBA的效果最差。     

nptⅡ基因在芥菜型油菜中的遗传规律

研究了转基因油菜Ｒ０、Ｒ１、Ｒ２代的Ｋｍ抗性。试验结果表明：芥菜型油菜Ｒ０的１，５，６，７，８，１０号无性系可抗Ｋｍ５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，其余的均抗Ｋｍ３５ｍｇ／Ｌ。Ｒ１种子在Ｋｍ２０ｍｇ／Ｌ的生根培养基上进行生根抗性试验，生根与不生根的比例经适合性检验（ｘ２检验）有１０个无性系符合孟德尔单基因分离的遗传规律，只有两个无性系不符合这一规律，出现了较高的抗性苗比例（３４：２；４０：６）。Ｒ２代共做了７个单株的种子抗性试验，其中６个单株的种子出现３：１的分离比，一个单株没有发生分离，种子全部可抗Ｋｍ。     

日粮添加高铜对幼龄水貂生长的影响

通过在幼龄水貂基础日粮中添加不同水平的铜探讨高铜日粮对水貂生长的影响.选取70只80日龄的健康水貂随机分成7组,每组10只,对照组水貂饲喂含铜5.98 mg/kg的基础日粮,6个试验组分别在基础日粮中添加210、220、240、250、260、310 mg/kg的铜,试验期60 d.饲养试验和生长速度测定分析结果表明：...     

CPLT抗肿瘤作用研究

研究了CPLT在体内对肿瘤生长的抑制作用．采用体内抑瘤试验灌胃给药，测定了CPLT对小鼠LA795、S180、Lewis肺癌、U14及G422五种癌株的抑瘤作用．CPLT在剂量为100～400mg／kg时，对G422抑瘤率为41．7％～65．8％；138～267mg／kg时，对S180抑瘤率为34．4％～41．2％、对Ul4抑瘤率为24．3％～31．8％、对LA795抑瘤率为19．6％～42．3％；剂量为324mg／kg时对Lewis肺瘤抑瘤率为66．9％．CPLT有较广的抗瘤谱．     

饲料铜水平对方格星虫稚虫生长及体组成的影响

【目的】了解饲料中微量元素铜水平对方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus)稚虫生长及体组成的影响,探索饲料中铜元素的最佳含量。【方法】通过给方格星虫稚虫投喂不同铜水平(2.7 mg/kg,7.5 mg/kg,11.2mg/kg,19.8mg/kg,30.4mg/kg,52.1mg/kg)的饲料56d,研究微量元素铜对方格星虫的成活率、增重率(Weight gain rate,WGR)、特定生长率(Specific gain rate,SGR)、体组成成分的影响。【结果】饲料中的微量元素铜水平对方格星虫稚虫的增重率、特定生长率有显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲料中铜含量的提高,方格星虫稚虫的SGR和WGR都呈先上升后下降,之后再上升的趋势,当饲料铜含量为11.2mg/kg时,方格星虫稚虫增重率和特定生长率均达到最大值。饲料铜水平对方格星虫稚虫的成活率、体组成成分没有显著影响(P0.05)。【结论】基础饲料中铜的适宜添加量为7.5~11.2mg/kg。     

刚竹毒蛾生物学特性及防治研究

刚竹毒蛾 Pantana phyllostachysae Chao 1年发生3代,以卵和初孵幼虫越冬,越冬幼虫翌年3月开始活动,6月上旬为第1代幼虫孵化盛期,8月下旬为第2代幼虫孵化盛期,11月出现第3代幼虫。气温是影响刚竹毒蛾危害的重要因素,在防治上要抓住幼虫3龄期前和成虫期进行防治,使用2．5％溴氰菊酯、80％敌敌畏和柴油按1：0．5：50制成的油烟剂防治效果最好。     

摇蚊幼虫对城市污染河流中金属铅的生物富集与响应作用

为了揭示小型底栖无脊椎动物摇蚊(Chironomus)幼虫在城市重度铅污染河流中广泛分布的原因, 对铅污染河流中的摇蚊幼虫进行实验室培养, 并将其暴露于含有不同Pb²⁺浓度的水体和沉积物环境中, 以评价摇蚊幼虫的生物铅富集能力以及对Pb²⁺ 胁迫的生理响应机制. 结果表明, 大量出现于铅污染河道中的摇蚊幼虫具有较强的Pb²⁺毒性耐受能力, 其48 h 半数致死浓度(median lethal concerntration, LC₅₀) 可达3.8 g/L. 此外, 摇蚊幼虫的铅富集能力随着环境Pb²⁺ 浓度的增加而上升, 其最大富集量出现在水体含铅量为100 mg/L 的条件下, 此时摇蚊虫体内的铅累积量可达3.76 mg/g 虫体. 对铅胁迫条件下的虫体生物酶活性变化研究发现, 相对于500 mg/kg的高浓度底泥铅污染环境, 其他浓度Pb2+条件下的虫体金属硫蛋白(metal-lothionein, MT)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 酶活性均随环境Pb²⁺ 浓度和污染暴露时间的增加而出现一个酶活性峰值, 但虫体的SOD 酶活性在500 mg/kg 底泥铅含量条件下表现出剧烈波动. 将铅污染条件下的摇蚊幼虫进行鱼类投喂, 结果显示Pb²⁺ 可在鱼类体内不同部位累积, 表现出一定的食物链传递效应. 研究结果为摇蚊幼虫的重金属铅污染耐受性及其生物响应机制提供了理论依据.     

六安市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染的初步研究

通过测定15份土样中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn含量,调查了安徽省六安市蔬菜地土壤重金属的污染状况,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn的含量分别在8.15-32.45 mg·kg-1、20.1-95.15 mg·kg-1、45.75-61.6 mg·kg-1、39.1-73.1 mg·kg-1、91.45-275.25 mg·kg-1之间.以安徽省土壤背景值和国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,计算出各调查区土壤重金属污染指数.结果表明:以土壤背景值为标准评价,各调查区普遍受到了重金属的污染,综合因子评价已达中度污染,表现为复合污染,普遍受到Pb和Ni的污染,Pb的污染最严重;以国家土壤环境质量二级标准评价,其综合污染指数为1.43,是Ni引起的轻度污染.     

Methoprene对SpltNPV增殖及其LC50的影响

 通过对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SpltNPV)在其不同龄期宿主体内增殖情况的研究,探索保幼激素类似物(JHA)methoprene促进SpltNPV在其宿主体内增殖的途径,为今后广泛利用methoprene进行高效率、低成本增殖昆虫杆状病毒杀虫剂提供理论依据和方法.运用正交组合的方法筛选3种主要因子(病毒感染浓度、methoprene用量和methoprene施用时间)对提高病毒增殖产量进行最佳组合实验.实验确立了以1×10⁷PIBs/mL感染6龄刚蜕皮的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,并于感染第1天滴加10μL methoprene的最佳组合方法,病毒总产量和平均病毒产量分别可达1 856.0×10⁸PIBs和62.2×10⁸PIBs.并测定了methoprene处理对SpltNPV病毒LC₅₀的影响.经methoprene处理后,病毒的LC₅₀由1.578×10⁷PIBs/mL增加至9.151×10⁷PIBs/mL.     

山苍子继代培养中芽增殖效果研究

以初始诱导得到的山苍子[Litsea cubeba(Lour)Pers]幼苗进行继代培养试验。试验共设计3种培养基:改良MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L、改良MS+6-BA 0.8mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L、改良MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L,2种切割方式,进行4代培养,研究生长调节剂、继代次数和切割方式对山苍子继代增殖的影响。结果以改良MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L培养基比较适宜山苍子的继代培养,当NAA浓度为0.2mg/L时,增殖率随6-BA浓度的增加而增大,愈伤组织逐渐减少,6-BA浓度为1.0mg/L时增殖率最高,苗木生长效果最好;继代到第4代时,山苍子增殖率明显高于前3代,增殖苗长势良好有活力;以2～3个丛芽块的接种方式接种效果优于单芽接种,增殖率可达到3.57,芽苗叶色浓绿效果最好。