The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a large, cold-adapted teleost that sustains long-standing commercial fisheries and incipient aquaculture. Here we present the genome sequence of Atlantic cod, showing evidence for complex thermal adaptations in its haemoglobin gene cluster and an unusual immune architecture compared to other sequenced vertebrates. The genome assembly was obtained exclusively by 454 sequencing of shotgun and paired-end libraries, and automated annotation identified 22,154 genes. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?II is a conserved feature of the adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates, but we show that Atlantic cod has lost the genes for MHC?II, CD4 and invariant chain (Ii) that are essential for the function of this pathway. Nevertheless, Atlantic cod is not exceptionally susceptible to disease under natural conditions. We find a highly expanded number of MHC?I genes and a unique composition of its Toll-like receptor (TLR) families. This indicates how the Atlantic cod immune system has evolved compensatory mechanisms in both adaptive and innate immunity in the absence of MHC?II. These observations affect fundamental assumptions about the evolution of the adaptive immune system and its components in vertebrates.     

Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation

During the two most recent deglaciations, the Southern Hemisphere warmed before Greenland. At the same time, the northern Atlantic Ocean was exposed to meltwater discharge, which is generally assumed to reduce the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water. Yet during deglaciation, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation became more vigorous, in the transition from a weak glacial to a strong interglacial mode. Here we use a three-dimensional ocean circulation model to investigate the impact of Southern Ocean warming and the associated sea-ice retreat on the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. We find that a gradual warming in the Southern Ocean during deglaciation induces an abrupt resumption of the interglacial mode of the thermohaline circulation, triggered by increased mass transport into the Atlantic Ocean via the warm (Indian Ocean) and cold (Pacific Ocean) water route. This effect prevails over the influence of meltwater discharge, which would oppose a strengthening of the thermohaline circulation. A Southern Ocean trigger for the transition into an interglacial mode of circulation provides a consistent picture of Southern and Northern hemispheric climate change at times of deglaciation, in agreement with the available proxy records.     

外睾吸虫种群动态研究

外睾吸虫(Exorchis sp.)是控制日本血吸虫(Schistosoma ja ponicum)在其宿主钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)体内发育的一个有利用价值的生物资源.掌握外睾吸虫种群的变化规律,对于进一步研究血吸虫病的生物防治有着重要的意义.对鲶鱼(Silurus asotus)肠道内寄生的外睾吸虫的种群动态进行研究,研究结果表明,不同月份外睾吸虫在鲶鱼体内的感染率、种群平均密度和感染强度无明显的变化规律.外睾吸虫在不同体长宿主体内的感染率变化范围在65.38％～91.98％,宿主体长在270mm以下时,外睾吸虫的感染率随着宿主体长的增加而逐渐增大.外睾吸虫在宿主体内的频率分布表明,多数宿主只感染少量的外睾吸虫,而较大量的外睾吸虫只感染少数的宿主.吸虫种群在不同月份和不同体长宿主体内的分布类型均属于聚集分布,在不同体长组宿主中聚集强度随着种群密度增加而增强.     

Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale.

Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were formerly abundant in the northwestern Atlantic, but by 1900 they had been hunted to near extinction. After the end of commercial whaling the population was thought to be recovering slowly; however, evidence indicates that it has been declining since about 1990 (ref. 1). There are now fewer than 300 individuals, and the species may already be functionally extinct owing to demographic stochasticity or the difficulty of females locating mates in the vast Atlantic Ocean (Allee effect). Using a data set containing over 10,000 sightings of photographically identified individuals we estimated trends in right whale demographic parameters since 1980. Here we construct, using these estimates, matrix population models allowing us to analyse the causes of right whale imperilment. Mortality has increased, especially among mother whales, causing declines in population growth rate, life expectancy and the mean lifetime number of reproductive events between the period 1980-1995. Increased mortality of mother whales can explain the declining population size, suggesting that the population is not doomed to extinction as a result of the Allee effect. An analysis of extinction time shows that demographic stochasticity has only a small effect, but preventing the deaths of only two female right whales per year would increase the population growth rate to replacement level.     

Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton.

It was thought until recently that bacteria lack the actin or tubulin filament networks that organize eukaryotic cytoplasm. However, we show here that the bacterial MreB protein assembles into filaments with a subunit repeat similar to that of F-actin-the physiological polymer of eukaryotic actin. By elucidating the MreB crystal structure we demonstrate that MreB and actin are very similar in three dimensions. Moreover, the crystals contain protofilaments, allowing visualization of actin-like strands at atomic resolution. The structure of the MreB protofilament is in remarkably good agreement with the model for F-actin, showing that the proteins assemble in identical orientations. The actin-like properties of MreB explain the finding that MreB forms large fibrous spirals under the cell membrane of rod-shaped cells, where they are involved in cell-shape determination. Thus, prokaryotes are now known to possess homologues both of tubulin, namely FtsZ, and of actin.     

宁波渔业经济发展初探

在分析宁波改革开放20年来渔业经济取得的成就和存在的问题的基础上，提出了宁波未来经济发展的措施。     

Fisheries: mislabelling of a depleted reef fish

Any fish species that appears to be readily available in the marketplace will create an impression among the public that there is a plentiful supply of that fish in the sea, but this may belie the true state of the fisheries' stock. Here we use molecular genetic analysis to show that some three-quarters of the fish sold in the United States as 'red snapper'--the US Food and Drug Administration's legally designated common name for Lutjanus campechanus--belong to another species. Mislabelling to this extent not only defrauds consumers but could also adversely affect estimates of stock size if it influences the reporting of catch data that are used in fisheries management.     

世界金枪鱼渔业现状分析

本文论述了世界金枪鱼渔业发展的历史、主要金枪鱼的种类组成，研究、分析了1964－1999年世界金枪鱼类的总产量、主要金枪鱼种类的产量以及世界三大洋各渔区、各主要生产国家（地区）的生产情况和几种主要金枪鱼的资源利用状况。结果表明：世界金枪鱼类的产量呈持续稳定上升的态势，但各鱼种、渔区、国家（地区）的产量升降不一，几种主要金枪鱼的资源开发利用程度差异较大。     

褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）种群年龄结构鉴定

根据从标本室随机抽取的31个褐家鼠标本,测其头骨的12个指标进行分析,通过主成分和聚类分析,将其划分为5个年龄组,为有效控制其种群提供重要的理论依据。     

高校图书馆渔业信息服务探讨

通过PEST分析明确了渔业信息服务的可行性和必要性,论述了高校图书馆参与渔业信息服务的优势,探讨了高校渔业信息服务的内容和模式。     

关于渔场养殖跳鱼的建议

介绍了跳鱼的分布情况、形态特征、生态习性以及渔场建设投资情况。     

海洋渔业服务电子图集创作与阅读系统

以国家海洋863课题《海洋渔业服务地理信息系统(OFGIS)》的基础支撑软件(EA2000)为基础，系统阐述了海洋渔业服务电子图集的组织结构、基本图层的分类与创作原理、海图图集阅读的专业功能与特色，并据此创建了以东海为示范区的海洋渔业服务电子图集。