Occurrence of sulfonamide antibiotics in sewage treatment plants

The occurrence of sulfonamide antibiotics （SAs） was investigated in the six sewage treatment plants （STPs） of Beijing, China. Of the 13 objective antibiotics, suIfamethoxazole, suIfapyrldine, suIfamerazine, sulfadiazine and suIfamethizol were detected in the influents with the average concentrations of 1.2 ± 0.45, 0.29 ± 0.25, 0.048 ± 0.012, 0.35 ± 0.52 and 0.33 ± 0.21 μg·L^-1, respectively, and those in the effluents were 1.4 ± 0.74, 0.22 ± 0.19, 0.021 ± 0.008, 0.22 ± 0.21and 0.01± 0 μg·L^-1, respectively. SuIfamethoxazole was the predominant compound detected, and was found in all wastewater samples with the other two compounds sulfapyridine and suIfamerazine. It should be noted that suIfadiazine was first reported in wastewatera, and the concentration levels of all detected compounds except for suIfamethizol （detected once in the effluent samples） in the influents were observed to be similar to those in the effluents. From the dsts in this study, it can be found that suIfamethoxazole, suIfapyridine, suIfamerazine and suIfadiazine could be partly removed in anoxic and aerobic treatment unit and vice versa in anaerobic process, which led to their low or even negative removal rates in the effluents. The increase on the concentrations of suIfamethoxazole and suIfapyridine in the effluents was found probably due to the biotransformation of their acetylated forms in anaerobic treatment unit. In addition, it was observed that the biodegradation of suIfamethoxazole and suIfapyridine could partly occur during the anoxic and aerobic process, while suIfamerazine was partly eliminated in the anaerobic and anoxic units.     

生物测试方法在城市污水毒性评价中的应用

分别用发光菌急性毒性测试法、大型蚤急性毒性测试法及微生物氧吸收累计量测试法三种毒性测试方法测试了上海市三个不同工艺的城市污水厂进出水的综合毒性.试验结果表明,发光菌急性毒性测试法是测定城市污水综合毒性的较准确的方法,可以用于测定城市污水的综合毒性;三个污水厂的进水分别经传统活性污泥法、缺氧/好氧工艺、连续一体化活性污泥处理工艺处理后,其毒性均有较大程度的降低;出水中含有的难降解有机物可能是导致出水毒性的原因之一.     

兰炭废水主要酚类制备酚醛树脂及热解动力学研究

使用GC-MS测定兰炭废水中有机物的成分及含量, 然后用兰炭废水中最具代表性的 5 种酚类物质(苯酚、间甲酚、2,3-二甲基苯酚、邻苯二酚和2,6-二甲基苯酚)组成的单酚或混合酚模拟兰炭废水, 在甲醛存在条件下制备酚醛树脂。通过对制备的酚醛树脂进行原位红外表征及热分析表征检测, 从热重分析数据获得热解动力学参数。结果表明, 混合酚的交联度更高, 酚醛树脂更稳定。研究结果可为优化甲醛法处理兰炭废水提供理论依据。     

In Vitro Biossay for Assessing Estrogenic Activity of Sewage Treatment Works

The estrogenic activity of influents and effluents of five municipal sewage treatment works(STWs)in Nanjing was investigated.The water samples were enriched by solid phase extraction,then eluted with different polar solvents,and finally three fractionated extracts were obtained.Estrogen receptor recombinant yeast screen was used to evaluate the estrogenic activity of individual fractionated extracts and their mixture.The results show that the influents and effluents of the two STWs mainly receiving industri...     

玉米秸秆液化产物中酚类物质的测定

为获得生物质液化产物中酚类物质总含量,以浓硫酸为催化剂,苯酚为液化剂,采用微波辅助的方法液化玉米秸秆;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定液化产物的组成成分,红外光谱(FT-IR)分析玉米秸秆、液化残渣及液化产物的主要官能团变化,化学试剂法测定液化产物中酚类物质总量.结果表明:利用化学试剂法测定的液化产物中酚类物质总含量为52.0 mg/L,GC-MS测定液化产物中的芳香族有机物相对含量较高,为49.16%,以酚类化合物为主.FT-IR分析表明,液化过程中玉米秸秆基本上被完全降解液化,说明液化产物中的酚类物质主要来自于木质素.     

Rapid determination of pharmaceuticals from multiple therapeutic classes in wastewater by solid-phase ex-traction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A new analytical method utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） tandem mass spectrometry （MS/MS） has been developed to determine 16 pharmaceuticals from 8 therapeutic classes in wastewater： bezafibrate, clofibric acid, carbamazepine, caffeine, chloramphenicol, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, N,N-diethyl-metatoluamide, propranolol, sulpiride and trimethoprim. Key parameters of MS/MS, UPLC and solid phase extraction （SPE） were optimized. In general, recovery of target pharmaceuticals was over 70% for the wastewater effluent samples and 50% for the influent samples. The effects of matrix suppression, loss during the pretreatment as well as instrument variability were successfully corrected by two internal standards, and acceptable relative recovery was obtained. Target compounds were quantitatively analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode, and the detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 20 ng/L. A detailed study, matrix effect in effluent wastewater was also present. The method was applied to detecting pharmaceuticals in the wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） in Beijing, China and the results demonstrated that most target compounds were detectable in both the influent and effluent, with the mean concentrations ranging from 20.5 to 5775.6 ng/L and 4.6 to 418.6 ng/L, respectively.     

加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-气相色谱/串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)法测定食用菌中25种农药残留

采用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-气相色谱/串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术建立了5种食用菌香菇、蘑菇、黑木耳、银耳和金针菇中25种常用农药多残留同时检测方法,样品于加速溶剂萃取仪上进行提取,以乙酸乙酯作为提取剂,然后用活性炭和PSA混合SPE小柱进行净化,待测物在气相色谱/串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)上测定.分析物在10～500μg/L浓度范围内,线性相关系数均大于0.99,线性良好.分析目标物添加水平为0.005～0.16mg/kg时,回收率范围为70%～108%,RSD范围为4.0%～14.7%,符合残留分析的要求.25种农药的最低检出限为0.1～0.8μg/kg,最低定量限为1.0～3.2μg/kg.应用加速溶剂萃取提高回收率和实验稳定性,同时避免有机溶剂和人体长期接触;GC-MS/MS母离子和子离子一一对应的多反应监测模式有效去除基体杂质干扰和假阳性现象.该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确等特点,对保障食用菌安全,促进食用菌出口具有重要的意义.利用文中建立的分析方法,在1419份样品中检出的农药残留包括甲胺磷、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯及联苯菊酯,检出浓度在0.016～0.63mg/kg.     

响应面法优化污水中17β-雌二醇的固相萃取条件

运用响应面法对污水中17β-雌二醇(E2)的固相萃取条件进行优化,建立了萃取回收率与主要影响因素之间的二次多项式模型.结果表明:影响污水中E2固相萃取效果的因素重要性依次为洗脱体积、进样速率和洗脱速率;优化确定的固相萃取条件为洗脱体积10.54 mL,进样速率10.25 mL·min-1,洗脱速率4.06 mL·min-1.在此最佳操作条件下,对江苏省3个典型污水处理厂进、出水E2进行固相萃取,并采用高效液相测定分析其质量浓度,得到回收率范围为67.2％～83.4％;污水厂进水E2质量浓度为21.6～78.0 ng·L-1;3种工艺对E2均有去除效果,SBR工艺、氧化沟工艺以及A2/O工艺的平均去除率分别为68.33％,59.34％以及64.18％;污水厂出水中E2质量浓度仍达到8.4～22.1 ng·L-1,超出预测无效应浓度数十倍.     

Development of an analytical method to determine phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge by GC/MS

An analytical method has been developed to determine hisphenoi A and five degradation products of alkyiphenoi ethoxylates in sewage and sludge. The parameters of accelerated solvent extraction （ASE） were optimized. C18 cartridge was used to clean up the sewage and the extract of sludge. The sensitivity of the mass detector was improved by adjusting the voltage of the lens manually. The instrumental detection limit was 3.2-17.8pg. The method detection limits were 2.5-11.4 ng/L and 0.3-2.1ng/g for sewage and sludge analysis respectively. The recovery and relative standard deviation for sewage analysis were 79.2%-111.4% and 6.9% - 12.6%; for sludge analysis were 68.5% - 114.0% and 8.9%-16.0%. Finally this method was applied to determining the phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge from a sewage treatment plant in Beijing.     

顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用方法快速测定地椒挥发性成分

采用顶空固相微萃取法(headspace solid-phase microextraction, HS-SPME)结合气质联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)提取、分析地椒中的挥发性化学成分,通过面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量。结果检出挥发性成分56种,其中以酚醇类、萜类、烯类、酯类、醛酮类化合物为主,主要成分有芳樟醇(27.8%)、龙脑(9.12%)、樟脑萜(8.12%)、柠檬烯(7.81%)等。本实验首次对山东地区地椒挥发性成分进行HS-SPME结合GC-MS研究,发现其化学成分丰富,具有较高的药用价值。     

污水高效处理和资源化的固定化微生物技术研究

采用功能化大孔载体FPUFS并以载体结合法固定化高效微生物菌群B350，所得固定化B350置于曝气池中构成一个有效容积为1500L的固定化微生物-曝气生物滤池（I-BAF）污水处理系统。通过对进水与出水氨氮（NH4^ -N）、挥发酚及化学耗氧量（COD）的检测分析，以煤气厂焦化污水的现场连续运转处理为例对I-BAF系统的处理效果进行了系统研究。研究了I-BAF系统对实际工业污水的处理性能，得出了I-BAF系统的去除COD、挥发酚和氨氮的效果曲线。结果表明：I-BAF系统对煤气厂焦化污水具有较好的处理效果，在进水COD为3450mg/L，NH4^ -N为451mg/L，挥发酚177mg/L，色度120倍时，处理出水COD为57.5mg/L，NH4^ -N.285mg/L，挥发酚0.498mg/L，色度为12。这一处理效果是现行其他方法难以达到的，因此本研究对污水的高效处理和资源化具有重要的意义。     

Biodegradation of the Oil Hydrocarbons in Wastewater with Immobilized Microbiological Activated Carbon

On the basis of laboratory-scale-tests, the method of using immobilized biological activated carbon (IBAC) was found to be an efficient method to treat oil wastewater. In this research, pilot-scale studies were conducted to investigate the optimal range of factors, such as oil concentration, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). 39 strains of bacteria were isolated from activated sludge of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant. After being acclimated and identified, these bacteria were immobilized on granular activated carbon. The degradation of organic compounds was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectromtry(GC-MS). As the results show that when the oil concentration is lower than 50 mg/L and corresponding values of HRT are longer than 1.0 h, the removal rate of immobilized biological activated carbon column can stably reach at least 70%. In the field studies, electron microscope analyses show that the predominant bacteria have been changed from Pseudomonas and Bacillus at the beginning to Bacillus only after 60 days of continuous operation, which suggests that the method with immobilized biological activated carbon column is the one with higher efficiency than that of the secondary floatation tank traditionally used in oil wastewater treatment.     

柑橘属果皮用于废水除臭的研究

对废水原样和柑橘皮原样进行固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联机分析,测定废水原样有13种气体成分,柚子果皮含有49种气体成分。用不同用量柑橘皮处理废水,处理后的水样经过感官分析,发现结果表明:水样臭味除净,并带有果皮的芳香。再对处理后的水样进行固相微萃取和气-质分析,测得10中气体成分,与原水相比发生很大变化,臭气比例成分减少。对柑橘皮原样和除臭后柑橘皮残渣进行燃烧热测定,发现柑橘果皮燃烧热值有所上升。实验结果表明柑橘皮可以作为良好的除臭剂。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时检测婴幼儿配方奶粉中的6种雌激素残留

建立了婴幼儿配方奶粉中6种雌激素残留(己烯雌酚diethylstilbesterol,17α-乙炔基雌二醇17α-ethynylestradiol,17α-雌二醇17α-estradiol,17β-雌二醇17β-estradiol,雌三醇estriol,雌酮estrone)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)的检测方法.样品...     

白鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cuvier et Valencienns)对常州市主要工业废水及部分有机毒物的回避反应

本文研究了白鲢对常州市四种主要工业废水及四种有机毒物的回避反应,其回避能力随废水及主要有机毒物的种类、浓度的不同而异,并与浓度成正相关。试验结果表明,白鲢能回避0.28％和1.12％染料废水;2.5％、5.0％和10.0％石油化工废水;4.5％和9.0％印染废水;6％、12％和24％化工厂有机废水。也能同避0.80mg/lα-硝基苯;1.25mg/l和5.00mg/l间硝基苯胺;4.0mg/l间—二硝基苯;4.0mg/l磷酸三丁酯。     

以生物质快速裂解液制备酚醛树脂泡沫塑料

生物质资源经过快速裂解得到的液体生物油,是未来替代石油的重要资源之一。该文以木焦油为原料,采用萃取法提纯浓缩制得酚类物质质量分数超过85%的木杂酚,其主要成分为邻甲氧基苯酚、对甲基苯酚等。这些物质与甲醛有良好的反应性;进而用w=50%的木杂酚替代苯酚制备了木杂酚改性酚醛树脂泡沫塑料,经正交试验确定反应的最佳条件。研究表明,NaOH催化剂的用量是制备甲阶酚醛树脂的关键因素,同时必须采用硫酸为催化剂才能制得该树脂泡沫塑料。利用不同的催化剂用量和发泡工艺可调节泡沫塑料的力学性能。在最佳条件下,可制得泡孔直径200μm左右,压缩强度为1 003.8 kPa,压缩模量25.37 MPa的泡沫材料,达到了国家酚醛泡沫塑料相关标准的要求。     

造纸法烟草薄片废水中污染物的分析研究

本文运用常规化学分析和红外光谱、色谱质谱等分析技术对造纸法烟草薄片废水中的污染物进行了分析研究。结果表明,废水成分非常复杂,可生化性较好,悬浮物浓度很高,水样偏酸性,易腐化变质,有机污染物以纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的水解产物为主,还含有低分子和不挥发性有机酸、烟碱、焦油、酚类物质,这些物质的存在给废水带来较深的颜色,其完全生物降解将是造纸法烟草薄片生产废水达标处理的关键。     

含氮杂环化合物冲击负荷对厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池工艺处理焦化废水的影响

采用生物强化及未生物强化厌氧滤池(AF)–曝气生物滤池(BAF)两套反应器处理焦化废水, 并研究外加杂环化合物咔唑、喹啉和吡啶对工艺处理效果的影响。结果表明: 未添加杂环化合物, 两套AF-BAF反应器系统厌氧段COD的去除率均为35%, 厌氧出水可生化性从进水的0.33上升为0.59; 添加100 mg/L咔唑后, 生物强化反应器厌氧段COD去除率仍维持在35%, 出水可生化性变为 0.53, 未生物强化反应器厌氧段COD去除率降为23%, 出水可生化性降为 0.45; 同时添加100 mg/L喹啉和50 mg/L吡啶, 生物强化反应器厌氧段COD的去除率降为27%, 出水可生化性降为0.48, 未生物强化反应器厌氧段COD去除率降为12%, 出水可生化性降为0.38。生物强化有效地提高了反应器对高浓度杂环化合物的耐冲击能力。高效液相色谱结果显示, 外加的咔唑、喹啉和吡啶在生物强化反应器厌氧段的去除率可达83%, 91%和88%, 而在未生物强化反应器厌氧段的去除率仅为57%, 66%和55%。气相色谱–质谱分析表明, 外加杂环化合物导致生物强化反应器厌氧出水烷烃与含苯环酯类物质种类的增加。研究结果揭示了高浓度杂环化合物咔唑、喹啉和吡啶负荷对A/O工艺处理焦化废水效果的影响。     

Identification of Some AOX Compounds Formed in Wool Chlorination Using Model Chemicals

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Phenolic Compound Removal in Coal-gas Wastewater by O_3-IBAC

IntroductionPhenolic compounds are prevalent in many industrialwastewaters, especiallyin coal gas industrial, wherephenolcompounds are major reagent during the whole productionprocess. Since they must act without changing their ownchemical structures during the wholeprocess, theyare verystable and can withstand adverse situation. As a result,they are usually bio recalcitrancy because of their chemicalstability and partly because of their toxicity tomicroorganisms. Wa…