芜湖—江阴地区三万年来的植被、气候与环境的初步研究

本文根据芜湖—江阴地区7个钻孔和露头剖面的孢粉分析结果和地层层序,并配合~(14)C测年数据,揭示了最近三万年来的植被发展曾经历了七个阶段,冷暖干湿气候交替12次。最低气温出现在18000a.B.P.前后,当时年平均气温比现在低8℃以上;海平面也处于最低时期,并伴随地面强烈切割。大约在11000a.B.P.前后,气候开始转暖,海面回升,沉积速度加快,进入全新世早期。中全新世早中期(9000—6000a.B.P.),曾出现过高海面期,但最高温时期却出现在中全新世后期,故本区高海面期与高温期不是同步出现的。全新世泥炭发育时间,分别在早、中、晚全新世,主要发育在10000a.B.P.前后,4500—5000a.B.P.左右,4000a.B.P.以后三个时期。更新世与全新世界线,作者认为放在11000a.B.P.为宜。     

达连海湖泊沉积物粒度特征及其古气候意义

本文选取共和盆地达连海湖泊沉积物为研究对象,在达连海湖心取得深度为4 m的浅井剖面,剖面底部年龄为3 800 a B.P.,以沉积物粒度和孢粉为环境代用指标,粗颗粒指示强水动力,细颗粒指示弱水动力,用AMS14C建立时间标尺,探讨了达连海晚全新世以来的环境演变,结果表明:13 800~2 900 a B.P.气候半干旱;22 900~1 500 a B.P.气候干旱;31 500~400a B.P.气候半干旱;4 400~0 a B.P.气候干旱。     

甘肃天水全新世黄土粒度、磁化率特征及其古气候意义

结合光释光测年和文化遗迹的断代技术,在系统测试甘肃天水师家崖黄土-古土壤剖面的磁化率和粒度基础上,分析天水黄土-古土壤的沉积学特征和成壤演化特征,揭示天水地区全新世以来的气候变化规律.结果表明:师家崖剖面是典型的风成堆积的黄土剖面,全新世剖面中粒度组成主要以粗粉砂(16～63μm)和细粉砂(2～16μm)为主,平均质量分数分别为54.9%、20.3%,其次为黏粒和砂粒;粒度参数显示,粒度组成较均一,分选性较好,峰态呈中等,偏度属正偏型.黏粒、细粉砂、黏粒/粗粉砂和磁化率在古土壤层出现高值,在黄土层为低值;而粗粉砂变化趋势相反.天水地区全新世时期气候变化可以分为3个阶段:全新世早期(11 500～8 500 aBP)气候温凉;全新世中期(8 500～3 100 aBP),气候总体上温暖湿润,但并不持续稳定,其中7 000～6 000 aBP出现气候波动;全新世晚期(3 100 aBP以来),气候又进入一个相对温凉少雨的时期.     

渭河阶地全新世成壤过程及人类因素研究

通过对陕西眉县清湫村全新世黄土剖面的野外考察研究、粒度分析和磁化率测定，揭示了在渭河阶地自然地带性土壤褐土的形成过程中，由于气候恶化和风尘堆积，以及仰韶文化期人类农业耕垦和聚落建设活动的影响，造成了某些区域全新世古土壤分裂为两层的现象．根据清湫村全新世黄土剖面层序模式，论证了全新世时期风尘堆积仍在继续，古土壤覆盖层亦具有风尘堆积的性质，但是它们受到历史时期人类耕作活动的改造     

杭州湾南岸慈溪地区晚第四纪沉积与古环境演化

杭州湾作为我国大陆沿海地区第四系厚度较大的沉积区之一,历来是我国地学、生物学和气候学研究的重点区域;但其南岸研究比较薄弱。在对杭州湾南岸第四系BZK1钻孔岩芯沉积物特征、地质年代、孢粉、有孔虫和介形类分析基础上,探讨了杭州湾南岸第四纪地层对比、古环境演化和海平面变化特征。钻孔揭示全新世沉积始于孔深22.00 m(约10.77 ka B P.),其下至孔深44.60 m为晚更新世地层,全新世沉积速率大于晚更新世。研究表明:古环境变化可划分为4个阶段:29.6~10.8 ka B P.晚更新世时期,以针叶、阔叶混交林为主,为气候温暖较湿的滨海河口湾半咸水环境;10.8~9.5 ka B P.早全新世早期,以针叶与常绿阔叶林为主,推测属亚热带温暖湿润气候下的潮上带湖沼环境;9.5~5.9 ka B P.全新世早中期,以常绿阔叶与针叶林为主,气候温和较湿,受海水波及;5.9~0.5 ka B.P.全新世中后期,以常绿阔叶与针叶林为主,属滨海-内陆架环境,该阶段后期海水已退出本区,气候由温暖湿润渐渐转凉。结果显示杭州湾南岸气候-环境-海平面-沉积速率之间具有较好的对应。上述研究可丰富杭州湾南岸第四纪地层学、环境地质学研究内容,为邻区晚更新世生物地层对比以及古植被和古环境分析提供证据。     

泥炭记录的近2 200年吉林省敦化盆地的气候变化

根据典型泥炭剖面孢粉图示、粒度分布(纤维含量)、pH、沉积速率、吸湿水、C/ N、有机质含量等指标的综合分析,结合地层特征,研究了2 200 a B.P.以来的晚全新世敦化盆地植被和气候的变化.结果表明:敦化大桥泥炭地是从山地森林演替为草甸,继而经沼泽化形成;周围植被经历了以松林(Pinus)为主的温带山地针叶林,桦(Betula)、榛(Corylus)、胡桃(Juglans)等阔叶树和松林共生的针阔混交林,以榛、鹅耳枥(Carpinus)、松为主的针阔混交林和松、桦为主的针阔混交林之后,渐渐进入现代景观;相应地,该区气候经历了四个时期,即冷干((2 045±70)B.P.)～(2 195±70)a B.P.)、暖湿((1 745±70)a B.P.～(2 045±70)a B.P.)、温湿((705±70)a B.P.～1 745±70)a B.P.)和冷湿(公元1245-1950年)时期.     

临汾盆地陶寺遗址附近全新世黄土剖面的环境指标分析

在对临汾盆地陶寺遗址北城墙外全新世黄土剖面粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr值和CaCO₃含量等气候指标进行分析的基础上, 结合光释光测年结果和考古学资料, 探讨该剖面记录的环境信息及其与文化发展的相互关系。研究发现: 全新世早期(10.5~9.6 kaBP), 东亚冬季风较弱, 风化成壤作用增强, 气候由凉干转向暖湿; 全新世早中期(9.6~4.9 kaBP), 风化成壤作用最强, 气候最为暖湿; 全新世中后期(4.9~2.5 kaBP), 风化成壤作用较之前有所下降, 气候较之前温干, 但较现今暖湿; 全新世晚期(2.5 kaBP)以来, 东亚冬季风增强, 风化成壤作用较弱, 气候较为凉干。暖湿气候期与文化的繁荣发展时期有较好的对应关系, 凉干气候期植被的退化可能受气候和人类活动共同作用的影响。     

临汾盆地陶寺遗址附近全新世黄土剖面的环境指标分析

在对临汾盆地陶寺遗址北城墙外全新世黄土剖面粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr值和CaCO3含量等气候指标进行分析的基础上,结合光释光测年结果和考古学资料,探讨该剖面记录的环境信息及其与文化发展的相互关系。研究发现:全新世早期(10.5~9.6 kaBP),东亚冬季风较弱,风化成壤作用增强,气候由凉干转向暖湿;全新世早中期(9.6~4.9 kaBP),风化成壤作用最强,气候最为暖湿;全新世中后期(4.9~2.5 kaBP),风化成壤作用较之前有所下降,气候较之前温干,但较现今暖湿;全新世晚期(2.5 kaBP)以来,东亚冬季风增强,风化成壤作用较弱,气候较为凉干。暖湿气候期与文化的繁荣发展时期有较好的对应关系,凉干气候期植被的退化可能受气候和人类活动共同作用的影响。     

根据孢粉分析对黑龙港地区全新世地层及其植被演变的认识

根据孢粉分析资料和C~(14)测年数据,本区的全新世地层以三分为宜,即早全新世(距今10000—7500年),中全新世(距今7500—2500年)和晚全新世(距今2500年至今)。黑龙港地区全新世以来的自然环境也曾发生过较明显的演变。中全新世时,有过比现在高2—4℃的温暖气候,随后又变凉了。黑龙港地区的盐碱灾害,在早全新世时期可能就已存在,后来由于气候的变凉变干,加上人类活动的影响,又加重了这一灾害的程度。     

萨拉乌苏河流域DGS1层段主量元素记录的全新世气候变化

选取毛乌素沙漠东南部边缘萨拉乌苏河流域具有代表性的滴哨沟湾剖面全新统DGS1层段,通过测定样品的主量元素——Si O2、Al2O3、TOFE(全铁)、Ca O、Mg O、K2O、Na2O、Ti O2的含量并分析其特征,结合年代测定结果,探讨该地全新世气候演变.结果表明,主量元素表现出2个不同时期的不同波动方式:1CS~9P期间(0~3 760 a BP),Al2O3、TOFE、Ca O、Mg O、K2O、Na2O、Ti O2基本表现为在湖沼相中含量大于次生黄土,次生黄土中含量大于沙丘砂;10LS~21LS期间(3 760~11 000 a BP),Ca O、Mg O在湖沼相中出现峰值,尤其是在15LS(7 340~8 170 a BP)及其上下达到顶峰,其他主量元素表现为低值.通过分析发现,DGS1层段实际上是全新世以来多次东亚冬夏季风的交互演替过程下的堆积-风化产物,是气候地层的真实记录.依据CIA值与Si O2/(Al2O3+TOFE)比值,将DGS1层段主量元素信号记录的全新世气候可分为4个阶段:全新世早期气候好转、全新世鼎盛期、大暖期向寒冷期转变的波动期、降温不稳定和沙漠化频繁变化时期.     

Progress in studies of the climate of humid period and the impacts of changing precession in early-mid Holocene

Studies on the climate of humid period and the impacts of changing precession in the early-mid Holocene are reviewed in this paper. High-resolution proxy data indicated that the African Humid Period, strong summer monsoon from the Arabian Sea to South Asia, northward migration of ITCZ （Intertropical Convergence Zone） over the northern South America, and the humid period of China appeared in 10.5-5.5 kaBP, 10.0--6.0 kaBP, 10.5-5.4 kaBP, and 11.0-8.0 kaBP, respectively. Modeling studies proved that summer insolation over the Northern Hemisphere increased following the changes of precession in the early Holocene, which increased the land-sea temperature contrasts, intensified the summer monsoon circulation over the area under the influence of summer monsoon. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, and finally induced a humid climate modeling results underestimated the increase of precipitation and the degree of northward extension of monsoon rain belt compared with palaeo-environmental data. These discrepancies between the modeling results and the palaeo-environmental data may be associated with the changes of North Atlantic circulation, sea ice and vegetation covers. Moreover, climate of the humid period was not stable, in which several droughts were inlaid on centennial scale. In this review, perspectives for further studies of the climate change of the humid period in the early-mid Holocene are also proposed. demy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.     

洛阳盆地平原区全新世地貌环境演变

对洛阳盆地平原区典型剖面的物质组成、测年数据和考古遗址空间分布特点的综合分析显示,该地区全新世地貌环境经历了伊、洛河一、二级阶地形成、阶地面接受洪积冲积物质和风尘物质不断加积、伊、洛河夹河滩地不断扩大的演变过程.二级阶地形成于全新世初期,一级阶地形成于约3.1 ka BP,阶地形成的原因以气候变化为主,因此两级阶地为气候阶地;夹河滩地自晚全新世开始,因伊、洛河汇流点东移而不断扩大;引起滩地扩大的根本原因是人类活动的不断加强.     

High-resolution climate change in mid-late Holocene on Tianchi Lake,Liupan Mountain in the Loess Plateau in central China and its significance

According to a core from Tianchi Lake, Liupan Mountain in Loess Plateau sediment, fossil pollen assemblages, magnetic suscep-tibility (MS) and color scale were measured based on reliable Abies leaf macrofossils radiocarbon chronology. We recovered a very good high-resolution mid-late Holocene climate change achieve for the transition area of the East Asia monsoon region and northwest arid region. The results show that the basic climate background was in agreement with the records from cave records in monsoon regions in eastern China. Besides, it shows more detailed records in abrupt climate change.     

Holocene palynological records and their responses to the controversies of climate system in the Shiyang River drainage basin

The Shiyang River drainage basin is located in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon region. Previous studies reached different conclusions about Holocene climatic changes in the basin. Some studies suggested the Holocene climatic changes were mainly controlled by the Asian monsoon and that the climate was relatively humid during the early Holocene (11.6-7.1 cal ka BP). Other studies found the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum (7.0-5.0 cal ka BP), and this climate condition was similar to the Holocene westerly wind pattern in arid Central Asia. The modern climate is affected by the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, and the Holocene climatic records showed two different Holocene climatic patterns-a westerly wind pattern and monsoonal pattern. However, it remains unclear what caused the two different Holocene climatic patterns to co-exist in the region. The palynological records are the main evidence for the Holocene climatic changes in the basin. This paper focuses on palynological records for different parts of the drainage basin. Among them, QTH02, QTL-03 and Sanjiaocheng records are located in the terminal lake, and the Hongshuihe record is located in the middle reaches of the basin. In the terminal lake, the palynological records of QTH02 and QTL-03 are similar, but the Sanjiaocheng record differs. The difference is mainly affected by the variable pollen assemblages in the different locations of the lake basin. From comparison and synthesis of the four palynological records, we concluded that the millennial-scale Holocene climatic changes were affected by the combined effects of the Asian monsoon and westerly wind in the drainage basin, which show the complicated Holocene climatic pattern in the northwest margin of the Asian monsoon.     

Palaeoclimatic evolution recorded by multidicipline in sediments in gahai lake, qaidam basin since late last deglacial

Based on the analyses of Loss-on-Ignition (LOI), carbonate content and sediment characteristics, this paper reconstructs the climatic and environmental evolution of the Gahai Lake area since the late Last Deglacial Period.The results cover the late Last Deglacial Period and the Holocene.The climate was very unstable and rather arid during the late Last Deglacial Period.The Holocene can be divided into three pe-riods:the early Holocene (11360-8240 cal aB.P.), which was dry but unstable and featured rising tem-peratttres, the mid-Holocene (8240-3200 cal aB.P.), which was warm and wet and the late Holocene (since 3200 cal aBP), which was cold and dry.Results also show a warm-wet event around 1500 cal aB.P.     

山西荒漠化类型与动态演变研究

＂荒漠化＂是指包括气候变异和人类活动在内的种种因素造成的干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱地区的土地退化。针对山西省荒漠化的动态变化,结合多年平均降水量、平均蒸发量、水蚀模数等因素,综合分析了山西省荒漠化动态变化的原因与现状。     

Pollen-inferred vegetation and environmental changes since 16.7 ka BP at Balikun Lake,Xinjiang

A high-resolution fossil pollen record from the sedimentary cores of Balikun Lake, northwestern China, combined with modern surface pollen data, is used to reconstruct the history of vegetation and climatic change since 16.7 cal. ka BP. Fossil pollen assem-blages and lithology indicate that the study area was dominated by desert. The desert had extremely arid climate and lower effective moisture during 16.7–7.9 cal. ka BP, especially from 16.7 to 8.9 cal. ka BP when the lake maybe dried up. During 8.9–7.9 cal. ka BP, the environment gradually recovered in this area. It was then followed by the optimum period from 7.9 to 4.3 cal. Ka BP, when the effective moisture obviously increased. It was characterized by the typical desert-steppe/steppe vegetation and was accompanied with several patch-birch woodlands around the lake. After that, a short but extremely arid climatic event occurred during 4.3–3.8 cal. ka BP, and the vegetation quickly changed from desert-steppe/steppe to desert. It was a relatively optimum period from 3.8 to 0.53 cal. ka BP showing typical desert-steppe/meadow-steppe landscape. Since 0.53 cal. ka BP, the climate has shown signs of deteriorating again. Furthermore, regional comparison shows that the characteristics of climatic and environmental evolution in this area were clearly different from East Asia monsoonal area during the last 16.7 cal. ka BP. It was characterized by the arid climate during the late-glacial and early Holocene, and relatively wet during the mid-late Holocene.     

Holocene abrupt climate shifts recorded in Gun Nuur lake core, northern Mongolia

A continuous 7.44 m lake core was successfully drilled at Gun Nuur Lake, northern Mongolia, and analyses on environment magnetic parameters, organic matter content and organic δ^13C were conducted in an attempt to retrieve the Holocene chronosequence of climatic changes based on 6 AMS ^14C dates. We found that the Holocene climate in northern Mongolia has been alternating between cold (or cool)/wet conditions and warm/arid conditions, and also punctuated with a series of abrupt climate shifts. The abrupt climate shifts occurred around 1750, 2800, 4000, 5200, 7200, and 9200 aBP (^14C age), being chronologically correlative to those abrupt climatic events recorded in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean. The correlation indicates that the climatic changes in northern Mongolia were linked with those in the North Atlantic Ocean probably via the North Atlantic Oscillation-affected westerly winds. The strength and position of westerly winds might have modulated the Siberian-Mongolian high pressure system (winter monsoon), directly influencing the climate in China.     

西风区湖泊沉积物中砷元素对气候环境变化的响应研究——以新疆巴里坤湖为例

巴里坤湖是我国西风区古气候环境演变研究的理想区域.根据BLK-1剖面多指标建立了巴里坤湖9 000 cal a BP以来的时间序列,了解其气候演变的过程.结合巴里坤湖古气候演变及砷元素含量的波动变化,发现砷元素变化响应气候环境的演变:气候冷干时期,砷含量较多;而暖湿时期则相对少.此外,砷含量的变化很好地指示了全新世的气候突变事件.巴里坤湖沉积物中砷元素主要来源于湖泊周边基岩受物理风化产生的碎屑,并经由风力带入湖中沉积.干旱的气候环境下,砷的沉积速率较湿润期变化明显.研究结果表明,砷对于我国西风区的古气候环境演变及气候突变事件具有指示作用;砷沉积速率的突变表明在干旱气候环境条件下,砷可能比其他元素更为敏感.不同气候环境下砷元素的来源及波动,也为砷污染的防治提供参考.