有限变形法在火山岩裂缝预测中的应用

利用有限变形法把物体在变形过程中的应变和转动分离开来 ,并建立了位移函数 ,计算了转动特征量平均整旋角 ,用平均整旋角的平面变化来表示构造裂缝的发育程度和延伸方向。应用此方法对苏北盆地内东台坳陷西部金湖凹陷东南部卞闽杨构造带东部的闵桥断背斜中闵桥油田闵 2 0块火成岩裂缝进行了研究。研究表明 ,闵 2 0块在古新统阜宁组第一段和第二段中含有多个顺层的火山岩 ,并已发现火山岩油藏 ,储层空间以裂缝为主。计算结果表明 ,闵 2 0块阜宁组火山岩裂缝发育区主要分布在断块的东部和西部。东部裂缝发育区的裂缝有东西向和南北向两组 ;西部裂缝发育区的裂缝主要分为东西向和北东向两组。构造活动、断层、火山岩岩相、成岩作用等是控制火山岩裂缝发育的主要因素。     

有限变形法在火山岩裂缝预测中的应用

利用有限变形法把物体在变形过程中的应变和转动分离开来，并建立了位移函数，计算了转动特征量－平均整旋角，用平均整旋角的平面变化来表示构造裂缝的发育程度和延伸方向。应用此方法对苏北盆地内东台坳陷西部金湖凹陷东南部卞－闽－杨构造带东部的闵桥断背斜中闵桥油田闵20块火成岩裂缝进行了研究。研究表明，闵20块在古新统阜宁组第一段和第二段中含有多个顺层的火山岩，并已发现火山岩油藏，储层空间以裂缝为主。计算结果表明，闵20块阜宁组火山岩裂缝发育区主要分布在断块的东部和西部。东部裂缝发育区的裂缝有东西向和南北向两组；西部裂缝发育区的裂缝主要分为东西向和北东向两组。构造活动、断层、火山岩岩相、成岩作用等是控制火山岩裂缝发育的主要因素。     

Space geodetic evidence for rapid strain rates in the New Madrid seismic zone of central USA

In the winter of 1811-1812, near the town of New Madrid in the central United States and more than 2,000 km from the nearest plate boundary, three earthquakes within three months shook the entire eastern half of the country and liquefied the ground over distances far greater than any historic earthquake in North America. The origin and modern significance of these earthquakes, however, is highly contentious. Geological evidence demonstrates that liquefaction due to strong ground shaking, similar in scale to that generated by the New Madrid earthquakes, has occurred at least three and possibly four times in the past 2,000 years (refs 4-6), consistent with recurrence statistics derived from regional seismicity. Here we show direct evidence for rapid strain rates in the area determined from a continuously operated global positioning system (GPS) network. Rates of strain are of the order of 10(-7) per year, comparable in magnitude to those across active plate boundaries, and are consistent with known active faults within the region. These results have significant implications for the definition of seismic hazard and for processes that drive intraplate seismicity.     

大型再制造机床运动结合部的热变形分析

在高速重载高精度机床切削过程中,多种热源的作用会使导轨运动结合部产生热变形,采用红外测温仪测定机床导轨面的温度分布,然后利用有限元软件ABAQUS,计算出结合部的热变形量,评估热变形对几何精度的影响,最后优化配置床身导轨结合部。结果表明:合理布置床身的导轨支撑,使得导轨运动结合部上的变形量得到抑制不致出现过大突变。因而必须考虑大型部件空间分布的温度场对机床结合部精度的影响,可为大型机床的再制造提供参考。     

冀西北地区(坝下)土壤侵蚀卫星遥感应用研究

利用Landsat-5TM图像,分别进行影响土壤侵蚀的各因素解译和基本侵蚀图斑的解译,然后,采用多因子多层次综合评判方法,确定出土壤侵蚀强度等级,进而分析了冀西北山间盆地土壤侵蚀现状以及土壤侵蚀发展趋势.     

基于中心城市经济扩散效应的卫星城市规划

科学规划卫星城市对引导中国城市化朝可持续方向发展具有重要意义。分析了中心城市对周边城镇经济扩散作用与热传导现象的相似性，引入了经济扩散通量的概念。参照热传导的傅立叶定律，建立了中心城市对周边城镇的经济扩散模型。模型表明中心城市对周边城镇的经济扩散通量与其间两城市间的产业梯度及交通通道的通过能力成正比，说明交通发展对中心城市在区域经济一体化中发挥带动作用具有重要意义。提出卫星城市规划应以经济扩散通量为依据，首先选择经济扩散通量大的城镇为卫星城市，对经济扩散通量小而与中心城市产业梯度高的周边城镇，可以通过交通通道建设来培育其向卫星城市发展。     

A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system

Anthropogenic aerosols are intricately linked to the climate system and to the hydrologic cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system by reflecting sunlight. Depending on their composition, aerosols can also absorb sunlight in the atmosphere, further cooling the surface but warming the atmosphere in the process. These effects of aerosols on the temperature profile, along with the role of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei, impact the hydrologic cycle, through changes in cloud cover, cloud properties and precipitation. Unravelling these feedbacks is particularly difficult because aerosols take a multitude of shapes and forms, ranging from desert dust to urban pollution, and because aerosol concentrations vary strongly over time and space. To accurately study aerosol distribution and composition therefore requires continuous observations from satellites, networks of ground-based instruments and dedicated field experiments. Increases in aerosol concentration and changes in their composition, driven by industrialization and an expanding population, may adversely affect the Earth's climate and water supply.     

诺尔特断陷火山盆地石炭纪火山岩成因及火山作用机理

新疆阿尔泰诺尔特地区石炭纪火山岩属钙碱性系列 ,主要是酸性陆相火山岩 ,火山作用中爆发、喷溢、侵出 3种喷发形式均存在 ,产生了爆发 -喷溢相、降落相、侵出相及火山喷发沉积相等火山岩相 ,火山活动受断裂控制 ,呈喷发裂隙 -中心式 ,是构造演化过程中汇聚阶段向新陆壳阶段过渡时期火山作用的产物。火山岩岩浆起源于成熟度较高的中地壳位置 ,成岩物质来源于地壳 ,为部分熔融作用的产物     

华中地区近50年高温事件及大气环流成因分析

基于中国气象局信息中心整编的1960-2009年逐日地面最高气温的站点资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了华中地区85个站点的年平均高温日数和高温日平均最高气温的时间、空间变化,同时分析了高温日大气环流特征.结果表明:年平均高温日数和高温日年平均最高气温在时间分布上呈现增暖的趋势,在20世纪60-80年代中期呈降低趋势,之后呈现上升的趋势,尤其在2000年之后,表现得更加明显.年平均高温日数(＞35℃)和年平均高温日数(＞ 37℃)在空间分布上均呈现扩大趋势,部分地区年平均高温日数(＞ 35℃)增加10天,但是高温日(＞40℃)年平均气温呈弱下降趋势.从大范围高温事件的环流形势来看,7月与8月西太平洋副热带高压脊线北抬至25°～35°N之间.8月586线经向变化,西伸至90°E,100 hPa南亚高压发展强大.由此,在对流层中、上层两个高压系统相互配合,并且二者高度场均呈现强大的正距平,这便是形成华中大范围极端高温事件的大气环流形势场.     

交通发展对中心城市空间扩展的影响

针对中心城-卫星城间交通在大城市空间结构扩展中的作用机理及贡献程度的量化研究问题,采用改进的传统土地预测引力模型,并结合计算机模拟技术,构建了中心城-卫星城间交通对城市空间扩展影响模型,揭示了中心城-卫星城间交通在大城市空间结构扩展中的作用机理及贡献程度.应用实例表明,中心城-卫星城间交通普遍化费用的降低,导致了城市扩展单元在卫星城分配比例的增长,而建成区和边缘区的分配比例则会降低.可通过发展中心城-卫星城间交通来引导城市空间向卫星城扩展.     

黄河上游龙羊峡-寺沟峡段大型滑坡遥感调查

以黄河上游龙羊峡-寺沟峡段为研究区,应用不同的较高分辨率的遥感图像对区内大型滑坡进行遥感调查,确定滑坡灾害体的空间分布特征、发育规律及滑坡危险性。     

煤层底板变形与破坏规律直流电阻率CT探测

从煤层开采引起底板破坏的一般规律出发,探讨了底板岩层破坏与其电阻率的响应关系。介绍了直流电阻率CT探测技术的原理与方法,按照采动底板岩层活动规律设计了探测方案,进行煤层底板破坏深度的动态直流电阻率CT探测。通过在淮北某矿1028工作面风巷中底板位置施工2个钻孔,在孔中埋置一定数量电极,形成孔间探测剖面,并根据工作面回采进度探测不同时期岩层电场变化特征,反演其电阻率值,得出煤层底板采动裂隙演化过程中的岩层电阻率响应特征和1028工作面底板破坏深度为17 m,为煤矿安全生产提供直观有效的技术参数。试验结果表明:采用直流电阻率CT探测煤层底板采动破坏带演化过程效果明显,能显示出底板在回采过程中变化破坏情况,有利于煤矿底板突水预测和突水防治措施的制订。     

A resource for large-scale RNA-interference-based screens in mammals

Gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) has become a valuable genetic tool. Here, we report the construction and application of a shRNA expression library targeting 9,610 human and 5,563 mouse genes. This library is presently composed of about 28,000 sequence-verified shRNA expression cassettes contained within multi-functional vectors, which permit shRNA cassettes to be packaged in retroviruses, tracked in mixed cell populations by means of DNA 'bar codes', and shuttled to customized vectors by bacterial mating. In order to validate the library, we used a genetic screen designed to report defects in human proteasome function. Our results suggest that our large-scale RNAi library can be used in specific, genetic applications in mammals, and will become a valuable resource for gene analysis and discovery.     

试析“中国梦”

文中试图对“中国梦”作出理性的阐释。首先,对传统的“中国梦”作了历史的追溯,考察了“帝王梦”与“人民梦”之间的实质差距。继而,重点地透析当代“中国梦”的内涵与特点,阐发了“国家梦”与“个人梦”同行,相辅相成,融为一体。最后,瞻望“中国梦”实现的前景,论证了人民是实现“中国梦”所依靠的力量,建设有中国特色的社会主义是实现“中国梦”的道路以及成就“中国梦”的总体对策。     

MAP-WFRFT卫星信号星座隐蔽特性研究

针对卫星通信信号隐蔽性不足的问题,提出了一种基于多可变参数加权类分数阶傅立叶变换(muti-alterable parameter weighted fractional Fourier transform, MAP-WFRFT)的卫星隐蔽通信系统.新系统在传统调制方式基础上,利用MAP-WFRFT对卫星信号进行处理,使信号星座图分布发生旋转与发散,伪装成噪声或其他调制方式,从而实现信号的隐蔽.仿真结果表明,经过MAP-WFRFT处理后的卫星信号,通过改变加权项数M、变换阶数α、尺度向量V可以使信号星座图发生明显不同的旋转与发散.当3个参数满足文中推导的关系时,可以将QPSK信号伪装成16QAM信号.仿真分析误码率(bit error rate, BER)随M的变化规律,得到M值的增大会导致系统误码性能的下降.     

阳信洼陷火山活动在层序发育晚期对可容空间的影响

以阳信洼陷下第三系火山层序为例,探讨了火山活动等事件对层序发育晚期可容空间产生与分布的影响.阳信洼陷下第三系火山层序发育的特征及湖退时期的可容空间变化特征表明,火山锥在断陷湖盆中的堆积使得盆地中可容空间演化特征与常见断陷湖盆不同,局部可容空间的分配出现非均一性特征.研究表明,火山锥体使湖退时期可容空间分布复杂化,是可容空间分布呈现非均一性的直接原因.进而丰富了层序地层学的内容.     

汕头大学学生膳食营养调查与分析

以中国营养学会推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量标准和中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔为依据 ,对汕头大学 792名学生进行连续近一年的膳食消费结构调查与分析 .结果表明 :本校学生总热能摄入不足 ,男生热能摄入量只占供给量标准的 84.5 8% ,女生为92 .2 0 % ;三大产热营养素供能比例不合理 ,脂肪所占比率过高而糖类不足 .男女生中 ,由糖类提供的能量只占膳食热能摄入量的 5 2 .1 3 %和 5 1 .3 7% ,而脂肪所占比例男女生分别为3 4 .1 0 %和 3 3 .88% ;矿物质中 ,钙的摄入量不足 ,女生只占标准供给量的 6 0 .70 % ,男生为6 2 .45 % ;视黄醇、烟酸和维生素 C等维生素摄入充足 ,但男生普遍缺乏维生素 B2 .对此 ,提出汕头大学在校学生合理调整膳食结构的对策 .     

A correlation between the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure in the Universe

Observations of distant supernovae and the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicate that the expansion of the Universe may be accelerating under the action of a 'cosmological constant' or some other form of 'dark energy'. This dark energy now appears to dominate the Universe and not only alters its expansion rate, but also affects the evolution of fluctuations in the density of matter, slowing down the gravitational collapse of material (into, for example, clusters of galaxies) in recent times. Additional fluctuations in the temperature of CMB photons are induced as they pass through large-scale structures and these fluctuations are necessarily correlated with the distribution of relatively nearby matter. Here we report the detection of correlations between recent CMB data and two probes of large-scale structure: the X-ray background and the distribution of radio galaxies. These correlations are consistent with those predicted by dark energy, indicating that we are seeing the imprint of dark energy on the growth of structure in the Universe.     

Mechanism of antigen-driven selection in germinal centres

The high affinity of antibodies produced during responses to T-cell-dependent antigens is associated with somatic mutation in the variable region of the immunoglobulin. Indirect evidence indicates that: (1) this arises by a process of hypermutation, acting selectively on rearranged immunoglobulin variable-region genes, which is activated in centroblasts within germinal centres; and (2) centrocytes, the progeny of centroblasts, undergo selection on the basis of their ability to receive a positive signal from antigen. We have now performed experiments analysing this selection process, and found that, on culture, centrocytes isolated from human tonsil kill themselves within a few hours by apoptosis. This is not a feature of other tonsillar B cells. Centrocytes can be prevented from entering apoptosis if they are activated both through their receptors for antigen and a surface glycoprotein recognized by CD40 antibodies.