A cytochrome c from the hepatopancreas ofSepia officinalis L.

Riassunto Una emoproteina è stata estratta e parzialmente purificata dall'epatopancreas diSepia officinalis. Essa è ossidata dal ferricianuro e ridotta dall'acido ascorbico; gli spettri di assorbimento delle due forme, ossidata e ridotta, sono quelli tipici del citocromo c di mammifero.In comune con quest'ultimo il citocromo estratto dall'epatopancreas di sepia ha diverse altre proprietà come per esempio quella di non dare un emocromogeno con la piridina e di non perdere il gruppo prostetico dopo trattamento con acetone acido. A differenza del citocromo c di mammifero, il pigmento di sepia non resiste al calore e agli acidi; è precipitato dal solfato di ammonio al 75% di saturazione e sedimenta dopo prolungata centrifugazione a 105000×g. Non è ossidato dalla citocromossidasi di mammifero.

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This work has been supported by a grant (RG-4548) of the U.S. Public Health Service.     

Nystagmus and related phenomena inSepia officinalis

Zusammenfassung Intakte Exemplare vonSepia officinalis zeigen nach Drehung um alle drei Hauptachsen Augen- und Kopfbewegungen vom Typus des «Nach-Nystagmus». Diese postrotatorischen Reflexe können nicht optisch ausgelöst sein; sie beweisen vielmehr das Vorhandensein eines echten Rotationssinnes. Es wird angenommen, dass dieser auch hier seinen Sitz in den Statocysten mit ihren hochdifferenzierten Cristae hat.     

The oxygen requirement of an NADH dehydrogenase fromSepia officinalis

Riassunto L'enzima dicumarolo-sensibile purificato da lobi ottici diSepia officinalis, una NADH-deidrogenasi, con notevole attività ossidasica, è stato saggiato in condizioni anaerobiche. La presenza dell'ossigeno, come delle sostanze riducenti, in particolare dei gruppi SH, è essenziale per l'attività dell'enzima che privato di questi fattori si inattiva facilmente, mentre con la ripristinazione delle condizioni ottimali (ossigeno e sostanze riducenti incubate), si può ristabilire in gran parte l'attività enzimatica.     

Cephalopod myocardial receptors: Pharmacological studies on the isolated heart ofSepia officinalis (L.)

Summary This paper presents a synopsis of the information available about the pharmacological action of various substances on the cephalopod heart, with special emphasis on the central heart ofSepia officinalis. Threshold concentrations, EC₅₀ values and maximum effective concentrations have been experimentally determined. Studies with various transmitter substances, analogous compounds and antagonists have led to the following picture: Acetylcholine is the natural inhibitory transmitter substance; it acts via receptors with nicotinic properties which can be blocked by d-tubocurarine and -bungarotoxin. The probable excitatory transmitter system is represented by a noradrenergic innervation. Noradrenaline has a positive inotropic and a positive chronotropic action on in vitro heart preparations. A positive inotropic response can also be evoked by serotonin (5-HT); this effect is not due to stimulation of the catecholamine receptor, as is shown by cross-over experiments with specific blocking agents. Furthermore, a peptidergic receptor system has been described which reacts with the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRF amide most effectively. It is assumed that cardioactive peptides may reach the central heart in the circulating blood; the sites of synthesis and release are still unknown. Possibly the NSV-layer of the vena cava is involved in hormonal cardiovascular regulation processes.     

Emblica officinalis reduces serum, aortic and hepatic cholesterol in rabbits

Emblica officinalis reduced serum cholesterol (p less than 0.001), aortic cholesterol (p less than 0.001) and hepatic cholesterol (p less than 0.001) significantly in rabbits. Emblica officinalis did not influence euglobulin clot lysis time, platelet adhesiveness or serum triglyceride levels.     

Emblica officinalis reduces serum,aortic and hepatic cholesterol in rabbits

Summary Emblica officinalis reduced serum cholesterol (p<0.001), aortic cholesterol (p<0.001) and hepatic cholesterol (p<0.001) significantly in rabbits.Emblica officinalis did not influence euglobulin clot lysis time, platelet adhesiveness or serum triglyceride levels.     

氧化酪蛋白对小鼠组织抗氧化能力及血液肽组成的影响

目的研究酪蛋白经过加热氧化和脂质过氧化物MDA氧化后,对小鼠体内氧化还原状态及小鼠血液中肽组成的影响。方法酪蛋白经100℃加热（0、30、60、90min）和丙二醛（MDA）氧化（MDA终浓度0、0．2、20、200mmol／L）处理,测定其羰基、巯基含量及表面疏水性的变化。小鼠分为四组,分别灌胃生理盐水、正常酪蛋白、加热90rain、MDA氧化酪蛋白,测定0、30、60、90、120、160min血液中自由基水平,并采用HPLC-MS分析灌胃后120min小鼠血浆肽组分的变化,测定小鼠的肝脏、空肠、十二指肠组织抗氧化能力指标（总抗氧化能力T—AOC、丙二醛MDA、还原型谷胱甘肽GSH）。结果酪蛋白经过两种氧化处理,羰基含量均随氧化程度呈显著上升,巯基含量呈下降趋势。加热氧化后酪蛋白表面疏水性比正常酪蛋白低,而MDA氧化导致疏水性上升。小鼠血液中自由基最高峰出现在灌胃后160min。灌胃两种方式处理的酪蛋白,血液中自由基的含量均显著高于灌胃正常酪蛋白组（P〈0．05）,肝脏、空肠、十二指肠还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）均低于正常酪蛋白组,丙二醛（MDA）含量显著提高（P〈0．05）。HPLC—MS分析显示,灌胃MDA氧化酪蛋白组血液中肽组成与对照组不同,出现c7H15N4O含羰基类的物质：结论氧化会导致酪蛋白理化性质的改变,摄入氧化酪蛋白引起机体的氧化应激,降低组织抗氧化能力。     

Isolierung eines neuen Guanidin-Derivates aus der Geissraute,Galega officinalis L.

Summary A new guanidine derivative has been isolated from the seeds ofGalega officinalis L., for which the structure 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-guanidine-(1) was proposed.     

Comparative cytochemical and pharmacological studies on the cholinergic innervation of the branchial heart of the cephalopodSepia officinalis (L.)

Summary The dense motor innervation of the obliquely striated muscle cells in the branchial heart of Coleoida is composed of activating and inhibiting parts. The inhibiting cholinergic system investigated in this study is characterized histo- and cytochemically by a high acetylcholinesterase activity (EC 3.1.1.7) in the glycocalices of the nerve fibers with transparent synaptic vesicles, the muscle cells and, to a lesser extent, the ovoid interstitial cells, the functions of which are endocytosis and storage of catabolic substances. The pharmacological results from the isolated organ indicate a more nicotinic type of Ach-receptor, which can be reversibly blocked by D-tubocurarine and -bungarotoxin, but not with the same intensity by tetraethylammonium or atropine.     

An indirect demonstration of the substructure of the lamina basalis in the branchial heart of Sepia officinalis L. by means of cholinesterase reaction

Summary Using a cytochemical cholinesterase reaction, a filamentous substructure of the lamina basalis of the peripheral epithelium in the branchial heart of Sepia officinalis L. can be demonstrated. The reaction product can be identified between the probable collagenous microfilaments, so that a form of negative staining is given.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeingemeinschaft.