兼顾下游航运要求的向家坝水电站枯水期日发电优化运行方式

向家坝水电站短期日发电调度与坝下游航运间矛盾冲突严重,为缓解航电矛盾,该文提出一种兼顾下游航运要求的向家坝水电站枯水期日调节优化方法。综合考虑向家坝水电站水库运行方式、电站出力特性和大坝下游通航水力条件要求,以日发电量最大为目标,建立向家坝日发电精细化模型,运用一维水流模型实时验证下游航运水力条件,可实时保障下游航运安全,同时提出免疫差分进化算法进行求解。最后以向家坝历史径流数据进行仿真模拟分析,优化结果表明:运用本文所提优化方式及求解方法能够在满足下游航运水力条件和电网要求的同时使日发电量达到4 705万kWh,在时效性方面是动态规划计算时间的1/50,具有较大优势。可用于兼顾航运和调峰功能的水电站日调节方案制定,具有一定的理论与工程实用价值。     

基于西霞院反调节补偿作用的小浪底水电站短期调峰运行研究

在分析水电站调峰运行方式的基础上,探讨西霞院水库运行前后小浪底不同的调峰运行方式,建立基于西霞院反调节作用的小浪底水电站调峰模型,由模型计算结果得到小浪底水电站的综合调峰能力,制定小浪底日常规调峰计划和日联合调峰计划。分析比较结果表明,联合调峰运行明显增强了小浪底的调峰能力,在同时满足电调和水调指令的基础上优化了调峰电量的丰枯结构,提高了水资源利用率和发电企业的经济效益。     

水电站生态发电多目标优化调度模型及应用

为了能够使水电站开发运行与生态和谐发展,研究满足生态需要的水电站优化调度.通过对水电站生态调度内涵的探讨,建立了生态发电多目标优化调度数学模型.模型以水量指标量化水电站调度的效益函数,在处理多目标时采用权重系数法进行转化.以蒲石河抽水蓄能电站为例,利用遗传算法进行求解验算,通过综合考虑年均发电量及各方案中下游河道生态用水的需求,选择出较优的方案.研究结果表明文中构建的模型是合理的,对生态环境起一定的改善作用.     

梯级电站日负荷最优分配问题研究

本文提出了给定梯级电站日总出力过程条件下最优分配各电站出力的数学模型、最优性条件和实用寻优算法.本文的方法充分考虑了电站间的流水滞后时间的影响和水库中回水的影响,保证使用水库中水量最少并能避免或最大限度地减少因日调峰而造成的弃水.     

虎跳水电站ZD760-200机组技术改造

龙门县虎跳水电站已经运行了20多年,由于原来设备的效率低,加上汽蚀和磨损,发电效益逐年下降。根据电站特点进行优化设计,专门研制改造转轮,并更新定子线圈绝缘,大大提高了电站出力,每年可增加发电收入近40万元,不到2年就可以收回改造投入。     

基于模糊理论和遗传算法的梯级水电站短期优化调度

电网负荷需求量随着气候、环境的变化而变化,在很大程度上存在着不确定性,而目前制定的发电计划都是根据以往的经验进行制定的,给出的计划出力与实际负荷水平存在较大的偏差.由于存在偏离发电计划的偏差,如果单纯地按照发电计划发电,会导致电能的不平衡,从而影响电网的正常运行.为了描述这种偏差,采用模糊集理论来描述负荷的不确定性,构建了一个基于模糊负荷的梯级水电站发电耗水量最小的短期优化调度数学模型,利用模糊区间的概念来研究不同模糊置信水平下梯级水电站的优化调度问题.同时研究入库径流量、发电耗水量、弃水量、水头变化等因素,全面考虑蓄水量、弃水量、发电流量、发电水头之间的关系及其对水电站正常运行的影响,以及各级水电站间的相互影响,用二次曲线表达式描述水电站水头特性关系,既能准确描述水电站水库特性,又能减少优化问题的决策变量个数,提高求解效率.最后以一个三级水电站为例,通过遗传算法求解所建模型,利用置信区间的概念分析负荷在不同置信水平下的优化情况,结果表明了所建优化调度数学模型的正确性和可行性.     

电力市场环境下水电站中长期运行优化调度

电力市场环境下水电站优化运行的目标发生了重大改变。以发电效益最大为目标,建立了单一水电站中长期运行水库优化调度数学模型,并以某一水电站为例进行优化调度,取得了较好的效果。与传统的以发电量最大为目标的调度方法相比,该调度方法可以实现水电站发电效益最大化,增加发电收益。     

溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库汛末蓄水时间与目标决策研究

针对梯级水库运用过程中蓄水与排沙之间矛盾,本文以溪洛渡-向家坝梯级水库为例,考虑上游修建白鹤滩水库条件,对两座水库汛末蓄水时间进行了优化研究.首先讨论两库蓄水时间调整对梯级水库发电、航运以及泥沙淤积的影响;然后构建梯级水库水沙联调多目标决策模型对两库蓄水时间进行优化决策,得到溪洛渡—向家坝梯级水库蓄水时间与多年平均发电量和库容淤损率之间的非劣解集;最后应用加权理想点评价模型对非劣解进行评价,给出不同目标权重下满足发电和减淤要求的梯级水库最佳蓄水方案.结果表明,(1)增加梯级水库发电量,势必要提前水库汛末蓄水时间,这必以增加库容淤损率为代价;(2)各目标权重不同,最优方案不同.当泥沙目标权重较大时,溪洛渡水库9月21日蓄水比9月11日蓄水好,且泥沙目标权重越大,最优方案对应的向家坝水库蓄水时间越晚;当发电目标权重较大时,溪洛渡水库9月11日比9月21日蓄水好,且发电目标权重越大,最优方案对应的向家坝水库蓄水时间越早.研究成果可为溪洛渡—向家坝梯级水库正式建成后制定合理的调度运用方案提供科学的依据.     

计及深度调峰辅助服务与多典型日的年度发电计划优化模型

在调峰市场背景下,机组调峰成本与辅助服务费用对发电企业影响较大,据此,提出了计及深度调峰辅助服务与多典型日的年度发电计划优化模型。在场景获取方面,提出了考虑负荷与风电耦合的典型场景聚类方法,有效解决了月内多个典型日场景的模拟问题。在模型方面,考虑了深度调峰成本、辅助服务补偿费用、售电利益与碳交易成本,建立了发电企业参与深度调峰辅助服务市场的收益约束,确保市场各主体能从中获利。考虑到该模型属于非线性混合整数规划模型,结合线性化策略和CPLEX求解器实现了高效求解。最后,基于修正算例系统进行了仿真分析,验证了所提模型的有效性。     

大藤峡水利枢纽发电调峰反调节分析

为减小大藤峡水利枢纽发电调峰过程中下泄流量变幅过大造成对下游河段航运的影响,考虑在其下游兴建羊栏滩反调节水库,根据河段处在三江汇合口及地形限制等问题制定了反调节调度方式,对反调节过程进行了模拟计算,比较了不同调节库容、正常蓄水位方案下羊栏滩反调节水库的反调节效果、发电效益等.结果表明,羊栏滩水库1.1×107 m3调节...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that