回火温度对1500MPa级直接淬火钢组织与性能的影响

设计了一种新型1500MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo多组元系低合金、超高强度工程结构钢,研究了回火温度对直接淬火钢组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而不断降低,屈服强度随回火温度升高先升高后下降,延伸率和冲击功均随回火温度升高呈现先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势.分析认为,回火过程组织演变的物理机制一方面包括板条马氏体和位错亚结构的回复、再结晶软化过程,另一方面包括残余奥氏体的分解与马氏体中过饱和碳的脱溶及析出第2相的强化机制综合作用.250℃回火后,板条马氏体内析出ε碳化物;400℃回火后ε碳化物明显粗化,产生回火脆性;600℃回火后部分析出相在奥氏体中形核,在马氏体基体内长大和粗化,最终形态为近似球形,另一部分析出相在马氏体内形核、生长,呈现椭球形或矩形.     

Coarsening behavior of MX carbonitrides in type 347H heat-resistant austenitic steel during thermal aging

In this work, the growth kinetics of MX (M = metal, X = C/N) nanoprecipitates in type 347H austenitic steel was systematically studied. To investigate the coarsening behavior and the growth mechanism of MX carbonitrides during long-term aging, experiments were performed at 700, 800, 850, and 900℃ for different periods (1, 24, 70, and 100 h). The precipitation behavior of carbonitrides in specimens subjected to various aging conditions was explored using carbon replicas and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The corresponding sizes of MX carbonitrides were measured. The results demonstrates that MX carbonitrides precipitate in type 347H austenitic steel as Nb(C,N). The coarsening rate constant is time-independent; however, an increase in aging temperature results in an increase in coarsening rate of Nb(C,N). The coarsening process was analyzed according to the calculated diffusion activation energy of Nb(C,N). When the aging temperature was 800–900℃, the mean activation energy was 294 kJ·mol-1, and the coarsening behavior was controlled primarily by the diffusion of Nb atoms.     

低碳微合金钢回火过程的组织演变规律

采用膨胀实验和差式扫描量热实验,结合SEM、TEM和显微硬度测试,研究了低碳微合金钢700L在回火过程中的组织演变规律。结果表明,700L钢回火过程包括5个阶段:渗碳体I的析出(50～200℃)、残余奥氏体的分解(200～300℃)、渗碳体II的析出(250～400℃)、合金碳化物的析出(450～580℃)和Mn的分配(580～650℃)。在2℃/min的升温速率下,钢中渗碳体析出、合金碳化物析出及Mn分配三个阶段存在明显的硬度改变,而且合金碳化物析出阶段试样的体积改变最显著,这可能是影响钢中残余应力演变的重要阶段。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析

为了控制TiN夹杂对材料性能的不利影响,对TiN在超纯铁素体不锈钢冶炼和凝固过程中析出的热力学条件进行分析。结果表明,在Cr含量为16%～23%的条件下,超纯铁素体不锈钢的最佳钛含量为0.1%～0.3%;当w（Ti）=0.3%时,将w（N）控制在0.004 6%以下才能避免在液相区中生成TiN夹杂;超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中钛的富集程度稍低于氮;凝固末期残余液相中[Ti]和[N]的浓度分别提高到其初始浓度的2.5倍和3.2倍;随着钢液的逐渐凝固,凝固前沿温度和凝固前沿钛氮平衡浓度积下降,凝固前沿钛氮实际浓度积升高;降低钢中氮含量能推迟TiN析出时间,使TiN夹杂在凝固末期形成,可减小TiN夹杂尺寸,减少其析出数量。     

409L铁素体不锈钢的热变形行为

采用热/力模拟实验研究409L铁素体不锈钢在950、1 000、1 050、1 100、1 150℃、应变速率为0.01、0.1、1.0 s-1,压下量为50%时的热变形行为,讨论热变形参数对流变应力的影响.结果表明,409L铁素体不锈钢的表观应力指数为4.06,热变形表观激活能为212 kJ/mol;409L铁素体不锈钢的热变形方程.ε=3.017.109[sinh(α.pσ)]4.06exp(-212 000/RT).其软化机制与Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数有关,随着Z值从6.11×105增加到1.15×109,热变形峰值应力相应从11.71 MPa增加到66.94 MPa.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

T122铁素体耐热钢析出相热力学模拟计算

采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,对T122铁素体耐热钢钒含量变化对平衡析出相及A3、A4点的影响进行了研究.结果表明,T122钢的主要平衡析出相为M23C6、MX和Laves相.当钒质量分数在0.15%以下时,将析出极少量的Z相,且其随着钒含量的增加析出量呈直线下降;当钒质量分数在0.28%以上时,将析出两种不同的MX相,随着钒含量的增加MN相的比例下降,而M(C,N)相的比例增加.钒含量的变化对M23C6和Laves相的影响甚小.钒作为封闭奥氏体元素,增加钒含量,铁素体与奥氏体的转变区域将变小.     

Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete

Dual-phase (DP) steels with different martensite contents were obtained by appropriate heat treatment of an SAE1010 structural carbon steel, which was cheap and widely used in the construction industry. The corrosion behavior of DP steels in concrete was investigated under various tempering conditions. Intercritical annealing heat treatment was applied to the reinforcing steel to obtain DP steels with different contents of martensite. These DP steels were tempered at 200, 300, and 400℃ for 45 min and then cooled to room temperature. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of DP steels embedded in concrete was measured every day for a period of 30 d based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of these steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. It was observed that the amount of second phase had a definite effect on the corrosion behavior of the DP steel embedded in concrete. As a result of this study, it is found that the corrosion rate of the DP steel increases with an increase in the amount of martensite.     

铁素体不锈钢热轧板材的拉伸行为和断裂特征

用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、SEM手段研究2种铁素体不锈钢热轧板材0.04C-16Cr、0.02C-12Cr在室温下的拉伸行为和断裂特征.结果表明,这2种铁素体不锈钢的强度高,但塑性较差;C、Cr含量较低的0.02C-12Cr钢的强度、硬度均较0.04C-16Cr的高,这是由于0.02C-12Cr在空冷过程中产生了大量的马氏体;2种钢室温下都为韧性断裂,其断口微观形貌主要为细小韧窝聚集,沿轧制方向分布的条带组织中存在细小的碳化物颗粒,成为韧窝的发源地;部分断口出现了分层和侧向开裂现象.分析其断口形貌、断裂过程和组织特征,可知沿着轧制方向分布的条带组织致使材料表现出上述力学行为和断裂特征.     

Ultra-high cycle fatigue behavior of high strength steel with carbide-free bainite/martensite complex microstructure

The ultra-high cycle fatigue behavior of a novel high strength steel with carbide-free bainite/martensite (CFB/M) complex microstructure was studied. The ultra-high cycle fatigue properties were measured by ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment at a frequency of 20 kHz. It is found that there is no horizontal part in the S-N curve and fatigue fracture occurs when the life of specimens exceeds 107 cycles. In addition, the origination of fatigue cracks tends to transfer from the surface to interior of specimens as the fatigue cycle exceeds 107, and the fatigue crack originations of many specimens are not induced by inclusions, but by some kind of "soft structure". It is shown that the studied high strength steel performs good ultra-high cycle fatigue properties. The ultra-high fatigue mechanism was discussed and it is suggested that specific CFB/M complex microstructure of the studied steel contributes to its superior properties.     

正火过程中V--N微合金化钢的第二相行为

采用物理化学相分析、高分辨透射电镜等手段研究V-N微合金化钢在正火过程中第二相行为,并进行相应的理论计算,讨论该行为对材料性能产生的影响.正火加热保温过程中,V-N钢有约32.9%的V( C,N)未溶解,阻止奥氏体晶粒长大.在正火冷却过程中,未溶解的V( C,N)诱导晶内铁素体形核,细化铁素体晶粒,而溶解的V( C,N)重新析出,起到析出强化作用. V( C,N)析出相行为的变化导致材料力学性能的改变.与热轧态V-N钢相比,正火态V-N钢细晶强化贡献值增加31 MPa,而析出强化贡献值减少45 MPa.     

回火温度对Q960钢析出物组织特征的影响

利用透射电镜、能谱仪(EDX)及多功能内耗仪系统地研究了在相同成分、轧制工艺、淬火工艺和不同回火温度条件下Q960钢组织中析出物的形态、分布和组成,给出了回火温度对析出物组织特征的影响规律.结果显示:回火温度低于400℃时,马氏体内固溶碳量下降趋势较剧烈;回火温度高于400℃时,马氏体内固溶碳量下降非常缓慢.此外,大量细小且平行析出的θ--碳化物溶解并最终被沿马氏体板条界析出的Cr的碳化物代替.随着回火温度的升高,Nb、V和Ti的复合碳氮化物长大,形状也由方形向椭圆形演变.     

回火温度对高Cr马氏体耐热钢组织与性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及电子探针(EPMA)等手段,系统研究了不同回火温度下9%Cr马氏体耐热钢的组织及力学性能变化.结果表明:回火后位错网络化、析出相形态、板条马氏体破碎化等是影响力学性能变化的主要因素.正火并760℃回火后在室温和550℃条件下抗拉强度分别达到657和556MPa,0℃冲击功达到285J,此回火温度下实验钢具有最佳综合力学性能.700, 820,850℃回火,韧性大幅降低.高温服役条件下不发生粗化的MX相弥散分布在铁素体和马氏体中,与马氏体高温回复形成的亚稳态多边形结构有效提升耐热钢抗高温蠕变性能.     

强磁场对高铬钢中碳化物低温回火析出的影响

借助透射电镜、维氏硬度仪及计算机模拟,研究了外加强磁场对高铬钢中碳化物低温回火析出的影响。结果表明,试验钢分别在无磁场及外加磁场强度为12T的条件下于200℃回火60min时均有M3C型碳化物析出;在外加磁场作用下,试验钢中析出的M3C型碳化物数密度相比无外加磁场作用时的相应值显著增加,但试验钢显微硬度未发生明显改变。     

回火温度对600MPa级低碳贝氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等实验方法,研究了不同回火温度对屈服强度600MPa级Fe-Mn-Nb-B系低碳贝氏体高强钢组织和性能的影响.结果表明:回火温度对屈服强度和抗拉强度均有较大影响.各回火温度下的低碳贝氏体钢性能与回火前相比,屈服强度均有不同程度的升高,而抗拉强度则均有不同程度的下降;600℃回火时屈服强度比回火前高出105MPa.随着回火温度的升高,屈服强度先上升后又略有下降并在600℃时达到最大值,抗拉强度下降明显,伸长率略有升高,屈强比升高.分析认为:回火前后力学性能的变化主要与回火后有更多弥散的尺寸在20nm以下的新的细小粒子析出以及马氏体占绝大多数的大块M/A岛的分解和发生位错多边形的回复有关.     

Structural refinement of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel during single-stage intercritical tempering

The 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel was first tempered at 570–730℃ for 2 h to observe the microstructure and hardness changes. The tempering temperature was set to 600, 650, and 700℃, which is below, equal to, and above the austenite transformation start temperature, respectively, for each holding period to investigate the effects of tempering time on the structure and properties of the steel. The microstructure of the specimens was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy, and the phase composition was detected by X-ray diffraction. As expected, lath refinement was observed in the steel tempered at 700℃, and the refinement degree significantly depended on the tempering time. Contrary to normal steel softening by tempering, the hardness performance of the steel was significantly enhanced primarily because of the refinement of martensite laths after single-stage intercritical tempering. It is believed that the reverse transformation of martensite (α′) to austenite (γ) is responsible for the refinement.     

热轧Nb微合金化TRIP钢高温区变形过程中Nb的析出行为

通过Gleeble热模拟实验研究了含0.038% Nb (质量分数)的热轧TRIP钢在高温奥氏体区的热加工工艺,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分析了组织演变和Nb的析出行为,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪定量分析了Nb的固溶/析出程度.在1250℃奥氏体化5 min后添加Nb有70%固溶于奥氏体.在1000℃以上的奥氏体再结晶区变形过程中Nb的析出量仅占总固溶量的3%,不能有效抑制静态再结晶,奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化.在900℃的奥氏体未再结晶区变形前析出Nb量已达到总固溶量的9%,再结晶被抑制而获得拉长状奥氏体.奥氏体未再结晶区变形可促进铁素体转变并细化铁素体晶粒.再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体状态下冷却至650℃时分别有占总添加量的48%和40%的Nb仍以固溶态存在.     

CSP流程钛微合金化高强钢的第二相粒子析出行为

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、物理化学相分析等方法并结合热力学计算,分析了CSP工艺生产的钛微合金化高强钢的析出物特征及析出规律.研究发现：屈服强度700 MPa级高强钢中存在大量球形的纳米级TiC和Ti( C,N)粒子及少量不规则形状、100 nm以上的Ti4 C2 S2粒子,TiN在连轧前完成析出,TiC主要在卷取和空冷时析出.不含钼钢和含钼钢(0.1% Mo)中MC相的质量分数为0.049%和0.043%,由于钼的加入,含钼钢中Ti的析出量较少,但析出粒子更为细小,并定量得到了不含钼钢和含钼钢的析出强化效果分别为126 MPa和128 MPa.     

低碳含硼钢中BN的析出行为

以硼质量分数为0.0045%、氮质量分数为0.0039%的低碳含硼钢为研究对象,通过对实验钢在凝固过程中BN析出和长大的热力学与动力学进行分析,并结合实验研究了冷却条件对BN析出与长大行为的影响.结果表明：由于溶质元素B和N在凝固前沿的微观偏析,只有当凝固前沿的固相率大于临界值0.981时,BN才能在凝固前沿析出;在凝固前沿随着固相率的增加,B和N均具有明显的偏析.当固相率接近于1时,硼在剩余液相中的实际含量远高于氮元素的含量,氮的扩散是BN长大的限制性环节;钢液冷却速率的变化对B和N元素的偏析无显著影响,而生成BN的尺寸随着钢液冷速的增加而显著减小.     

低碳低硫钢中MnS析出行为分析

本文研究铝含量、硫含量、冷却速率等对低碳低硫钢中MnS夹杂物的成分、形貌和析出量的影响,并利用Scheil凝固方程及FactSage 6.1软件对MnS析出行为进行了理论计算。结果表明,冷却速率较低(5K/min)时,钢中夹杂物为双层结构,核心氧化物为Al2O3-SiO2和Al2O3-SiO2-MnO,MnS在氧化物表面局部或包裹析出;冷却速率较高(900K/min)时,钢中夹杂物主要为Al2O3-SiO2-MnO,高铝钢样中没有MnS析出,而低铝钢样中有极少量MnS析出;MnS在夹杂物上的析出率随着冷却速率的降低、钢中铝含量的减少(硫含量随之增加)而提高;复合氧化夹杂中的MnO+SiO2对MnS的析出影响较大,MnO+SiO2含量越高,MnS越容易在氧化物上析出;在低硫(w[S]0.0050%)条件下,MnS不能在液相中单独析出,但能在夹杂物上复合析出。