Involvement of NO in fungal elicitor-induced activation of PAL and stimulation of taxol synthesis in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis> suspension cells

Elicitor prepared from the cell walls of Peni-cillium citrinum induces multiple responses of Taxuschinensis cells, including nitric oxide (NO) generation, se-quentially followed by the activation of PAL and synthesis oftaxol. NO scavenger cPITO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)inhibitor PBITU prevent the latter two reactions, all of whichare triggered in the absence of elicitor by NO donor sodiumnitroprusside (SNP). The elicitor-induced NO release ofTaxus chinensis suspension cells is strongly inhibited byPBITU. These results demonstrate a causal relationship be-tween NO generation and the latter two reactions of Taxus chinensis cells to the elicitor, and also indicate that NO, pro-duced via NOS in Taxus chinensis cells treated with fungalelicitor, might act as an essential signaling molecule for trig-gering the activation of PAL and synthesis of taxol.     

Obtaining transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease by controlled cell death strategy

The strategy of the two-component system,composed of Barnase and Barstar which encode RNase and a specific inhibitor to the RNase respectively, is adopted to obtain transgenic rice resistant to rice fungal blast disease. In this study, two chimeric promoters, induced by rice blast fungus pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea), are fused with Barnase respectively to construct two plant expression vectors, pWBNBS and pPBNBS together with the Barstar driven by CaMV 35S promoter. The resistance of the transgenic rice lines to rice blast fungus disease and rice blight disease are evaluated. The results show that (1) the expression of Barnase is induced in rice leaves when inoculated with the spores of Magnaporthe grisea; (2) the induced expression level of Barnase surpasses the level of Barstar, which elicits a similar hypersensitive response (HR) in the leaves, and the transgenic plant shows high resistance to the rice fungal blast disease; and (3) transgenic rice plants also show obvious resistance to rice bacterial blight disease. Taken together, these results suggest that the transgenic rice plants harboring this two-component system acquire relatively broad spectrum resistance against pathogens, especially high resistance to rice fungal pathogen.     

Nitric oxide mediates the fungal elicitor-induced Taxol biosynthesis of Taxus chinensis suspension cells through the reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent signal pathways

Taxol (paclitaxel, NSC-125973), a secondary me- tabolite of the Taxus species, has been recognized as one of the best anticancer drugs emerging in the last decade[1]. The production of Taxol by various Taxus spp. cells in culture has been one of the most …     

用RT-PCR技术研究水稻中抗病基因同源序列DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的功能

DFR-1、OsMlo-1分别是最近从水稻中克隆的玉米Hml和大麦中Mlo抗病基因同源序列，这两个序列与两个已报道的水稻抗稻瘟病数量性状位点（QTLs）有较好的对应关系，表明它们所在的基因可能参与抗病反应，为了进一步研究水稻DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的功能，在DFR-1、OsMlo-1假定的外显子上设计引物，通过RT-PCR技术，研究在接种白叶枯病（Xanthomanas oryza pv oryzae）菌株PX099以及接种稻瘟病（Magnoparthe grisea）菌株V86013前后，水稻品种IRBB13和水稻品种明恢63中DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在基因的表达．结果表明：在接种白叶枯病菌株PX099的水稻品种IRBBl3中与DFR-1对应的基因是诱导增强的；在接种稻瘟病菌株V86013的水稻品种明恢63中与DFR-1、OsMlo-1对应的基因是诱导增强的，进一步表明DFR-1、OsMlo-1所在的基因可能参与水稻抗病反应。     

Involvement of Jasmonate-signaling pathway in the herbivore-induced rice plant defense

The expression patterns of eight defense- related genes in the herbivore-infested and jasmonate- treated (jasmonic acid, JA and its derivative MeJA) rice leaves were analyzed using RT-PCR. The results showed that Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) herbi-vory induced the expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) and al-lene oxide synthase (AOS) genes that are involved in the jasmonate-signaling pathway. Moreover, S. litura damage resulted in the expression of farnesyl pyrophosphate syn-thase (FPS), Bowman-birk proteinase inhibitor (BBPI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and other rice defense- related genes that were also induced by aqueous JA treat-ment or gaseous MeJA treatment. These indicated that in rice leaves, the JA-related signaling pathway was involved in the S. litura-induced chemical defense. Mechanical damage and brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (St錶) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) damage induced the expression of LOX gene, but both treatments did not induce the expression of AOS gene. However, BPH damage induced the expression of acidic pathogen-related protein 1 (PR-1a), Chitinase (PR-3), and PAL genes, which is involved in the salicylate- signaling pathway. It was suggested that salicylate-related signaling pathway or other pathways, rather than jas-monate-signaling pathway was involved in the BPH-induced rice plant defense.     

利用分子标记辅助选育优质香软水稻新品系“上师大22号”及试种

为培育适合上海市及其周边地区种植的优质香软水稻，以优质水稻“银香38”为母本，以抗稻瘟病水稻品系“13-2”为父本，进行杂交获得了F1种子；再以抗倒性较强的“武运29185”香稻为母本，与F1植株进行复交，然后多代自交，期间利用香味基因和抗稻瘟病基因分子标记辅助筛选，成功培育出优质香软水稻“上师大22号”.试种结果显示：“上师大22号”水稻全生育期比目前上海市主栽常规水稻“秀水134”短12 d，接近“银香38”水稻；“上师大22号”亩产量分别比“秀水134”和“银香38”增加2.84%和3.96%；“上师大22号”稻瘟病抗性及抗倒性都比“银香38”明显提高.“上师大22号”水稻新品系的成功培育，为上海市进一步推广优质稻品种奠定了基础.     

水稻悬浮细胞的固体表面培养及植株再生

报道了水稻根部悬浮细胞固体表面培养的试验结果。由水稻种子根部细胞诱导的愈伤组织,经两次继代培养后进行液体悬浮培养。除培养基成分外,愈伤组织的分裂活性及生理状态,是影响悬浮细胞迅速增殖的重要因素之一.在固体培养基表面培养悬浮细胞,对细胞团的出现和增殖有显著效果.再生小愈伤组织在再分化前进行一次固体继代培养,对再生愈伤组织的增殖和分化有明显的促进作用.     

H2O2诱导烟草悬浮细胞的凋亡

烟草悬浮细胞经不同浓度的过氧化氢处理发现 ,当用 6mmol L的H2 O2 处理时从形态学上可观察到明显的染色质凝聚 ,细胞质皱缩和细胞核解体等现象 ;DNA电泳结果显示发生凋亡的细胞基因组DNA被降解形成明显的DNA梯状条带 ,从而表现出典型的细胞凋亡特征 .其他高浓度的处理也有以上特征 ,但细胞坏死数目也相对增多 ,因此本研究认为 6mmol L的H2 O2 处理 2 4h能够非常有效地诱导烟草悬浮细胞的凋亡 .     

核黄素诱导番茄幼苗抗白粉菌机理研究

研究了2mmol/L核黄素诱导感病番茄品种Moneymaker对白粉菌(Oidium neolycopersici)的抗性及相关生理反应:叶片H2O2积累、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的变化.核黄素诱导后番茄MM对O.ne-olycopersici的抗性增强,诱发了过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR),番茄叶片内MDA的含量、O2-产生速率、PAL,POD活性均高于核黄素未处理,其变化趋势与抗病番茄品种G1.1560与白粉菌组成的非亲和组合相似.结果表明,H2O2的积累、膜脂过氧化、O2-,PAL和POD在核黄素诱导感病番茄对白粉菌的抗性反应中发挥重要作用.     

云南红豆杉细胞培养和紫杉醇生产

研究了在固体和液体培养条件下云南红豆杉 (Taxusyunnanensis)细胞系TY6生长和紫杉醇积累的动态及培养基中无机氮源形式对其生长的紫杉醇形成的影响 .结果表明 ,在固体和液体培养条件下 ,云南红豆杉细胞的生长和紫杉醇积累动态相似 ,但液体培养时细胞生长周期缩短了 7d,紫杉醇含量降低了 1倍 ;新形成的细胞需要经过一段时间生长后才有较高的紫杉醇合成能力 ;培养基中硝态氮浓度高有利于细胞生长 ,铵态氮浓度高有利于紫杉醇形成 ;在培养第 1 2d时用铵态氮培养基更换硝态氮培养基可使悬浮细胞的紫杉醇产量达到 8.5mg·L- 1 ,比对照高 1 .6倍     

两个稻瘟病菌假想蛋白的纯化和特性分析

稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe Grisea)引起的水稻稻瘟病是世界水稻生产最具毁灭性的病害之一,也是研究植物与病原物相互作用分子机理的模式系统之一.真菌分泌蛋白由于其本身所具有的分泌特性极有可能成为被宿主植物识别的作用病菌分泌蛋白,该研究到目前为止还比较有限. 文章证明了稻瘟病菌分泌蛋白的存在并且检验了其中几个蛋白在其宿主植物水稻中的诱导因子作用. 通过同源基因的时空表达技术,表明分泌蛋白在稻瘟病菌中大量表达.其中两个在稻瘟病菌中的未知蛋白被测试出具有诱导因子作用.     

沙棘果硫酸化酯多糖HR_3SL的制备与分析

从沙棘果皮分离提取了相对分子质量较均一的杂多糖ＨＲ３ ．用氯碘酸吡啶法对ＨＲ３ 进行硫酸化修饰后,相对分子质量明显增大,ＨＲ３ＳＬ的紫外光谱与红外光谱分析表明,在２０８ ｎｍ ,２６８ ｎｍ ,２８６ ｎｍ 和１ ２４０ ｃｍ －１ ,６２０ ｃｍ －１ 有硫酸酯键的特征吸收峰．紫外光谱法与硫酸钡质量法测定ＨＲ３ＳＬ中ＳＯ２－４ 含量约为２１ ％ ．     

水稻悬浮体细胞胚胎发生及其特异蛋白

以水稻优良品种吉农大８号成熟种子为实验材料,建立了悬浮体细胞胚胎发生体系,并获得再生植株,对其发生过程中特异蛋白的变化,以及诱导中胚性与非胚性愈伤组织的差异等问题进行了探讨,为将来深入研究体细胞胚胎发生机理奠定了基础,实验结果表明,不同培养偌上诱导的胚性愈伤组织的发生频率是不同的,基本培养基ＮＭＢ诱导形成的愈伤组织在适当激素浓度下,可由悬浮培养产生体细胞胚,转移到固体培养基上后,得到再生植株,对这一过程进行的组织学观察证实该形态发生途径是单细胞起源的体细胞胚胎发生,利用ＳＤＳ－聚合烯酰胺凝胶电泳比较体细胞胚胎发生中不同时期可溶性蛋白组分的差异,发现相对分子质量为５９０００的蛋白组分存在于分化初期的球形胚中,相对分子质量为５６０００的蛋白组分仅在早期成熟胚中出现;在分化出幼叶的晚期成熟胚中具有相对分子质量为３２０     

用抑制差减杂交技术分离烯丙异噻唑诱导水稻特异表达的基因

烯丙异噻唑(PBZ)处理水稻根能使其产生对稻瘟病的系统获得性抗性,因此在东南亚稻区被广泛用于防治稻瘟病,然而关于其作用的分子机理还知之甚少．运用抑制差减杂交技术,试图通过分离鉴定受PBZ诱导调控的关键基因,探索其作用的分子机理．以PBZ处理后的水稻叶片cDNA为目标群体(tester),以未处理水稻叶片cDNA为对照群体(driver),用经过对照cDNA差减的、烯丙异噻唑处理的cDNA群体构建了一个含260个重组子的差减文库．通过差示筛选鉴定出了26个。PBZ诱导水稻特异表达和增强表达的候选克隆．对26个cDNA克隆进行了双向测序和同源性比较,发现其中3个克隆：rJAB1,rTAB2和蛋白磷酸酯酶2Aδ调节亚基同型物基因,位于抗病相关信号转导途径上,它们与哺乳动物和人类免疫途径上的信号因子有明显相似之处,因此推断可能与诱导抗性有关．另外8个克隆与已知基因同源性为70％～99％．经Northern杂交分析,其中rJAB1(编码c-jun激活区结合蛋白1)受烯丙异噻唑和稻瘟菌诱导表达;膜糖蛋白同源基因及肌动蛋白(actin)α1受烯丙异噻唑诱导表达,部分克隆为低丰度转录本．     

水稻悬浮系细胞的建立及植株再生

水稻（辽盐9）种子在LS＋2,4－D（2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸）2．0～3．0mg/L的培养基上进行诱导培养,经3～4次继代后,即可得到淡黄色颗粒性愈伤组织;将该种愈伤组织在LS＋2,4－D2．0～3．0mg／L＋LH（水解乳蛋白）300mg/L的液体培养基上进行振荡培养,经4～5次继代后,即可建立起良好的细胞悬浮系;培养基中附加2．0～2．5mg／LKT,使愈伤组织和悬浮细胞均可再生,其再生率分别为15．9％～17．9％和18．1％～20．8％。     

水稻悬浮细胞系的建立

 对包括广亲和材料、恢复系、花培后代在内的30个水稻不同基因型的品种(系)在MS培养基中的培养能力进行了调查.根据出愈率的高低和愈伤组织培养能力,把它们分成Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ3种类型.从Ⅰ类型中挑选CPSLO17和IR21820-154-3-2-2-8用N₆液体培养基进行液体培养,CPSLO17建立了悬浮细胞系,证实基因型的差异是决定建立良好悬浮细胞系的关键因素之一.此外还考察了低锌胁迫对水稻悬浮细胞系和幼胚愈伤分化率的影响.