高速轮轨瞬态滚动接触行为的研究

该研究建立了三维瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,用于求解速度高至500 km/h的轮轨瞬态滚动接触行为。该模型考虑了轮轨的真实几何形状,可引入任意接触面不平顺、黏着系数(或摩擦系数)沿钢轨纵向的波动及相对滑移速度对黏着系数的影响,并可考虑材料的非线性行为。不同的切向接触载荷,即不同运动状态下的车轮所承受的驱动或制动力,由施加于车轴的随时间变化的扭矩来控制。模型采用显式有限元方法,其条件稳定特性决定了计算时间步长需取值极小,这使得该模型适合于时域内求解轮轨高速滚动过程中的高频动态或瞬态现象,如分析轮轨接触表面短波长缺陷处(钢轨焊接接头、波浪形磨损和车轮扁疤等)的轮轨瞬态冲击响应。另外,模型中充分考虑了车辆转向架和轨道子系统的主要部件,数值重现了三维轮对的真实滚动行为,因此车辆—轨道的耦合作用、与高速滚动相关的自旋、陀螺仪效应等因素均包含于模型之中。过去一年多,应用上述三维高速瞬态滚动接触有限元模型进行了一系列研究。不同速度的模拟结果发现,500 km/h以下速度对光滑接触表面上压力分布的影响可以忽略,而相应的应变率随速度增加而增加。针对很多国家出现的钢轨表面塌陷现象,即钢轨接触带内出现的具有两瓣特征且第二瓣更大的局部滚动接触疲劳损伤,也进行模拟研究,结果显示其发生应该与轨下胶垫的刚度有很大关系。车轮滚过钢轨短波波磨的瞬态接触结果显示,轮轨接触力在波磨段呈现出明显的波动,且当波深足够深时,接触状态会在滚滑—滑动—滚滑间反复震荡,从而导致V-M应力与摩擦功的波动。跟传统的基于多体动力学的车辆—轨道耦合动力学结果相比,发现传统模型夸大了轮轨间的接触刚度。另外,随相对滑动速度变化的摩擦力模型被发现对轮轨间的切向滚动接触具有重要的影响。     

基于瞬态接触特性的科隆蛋扣件轨道波磨形成机理

为从轮轨瞬态接触黏滑振动角度探究地铁线路上钢轨波磨的形成机理,该文首先根据现场波磨情况建立了三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型并论证其有效性;然后,分析了车轮运行过程中的接触黏滑状态,并讨论了轮轨接触黏滑特性与波磨生成的关系;最后,研究了轮轨系统固有特性和钢轨纵向磨耗特征。结果表明：凹坑缺陷改变了轮轨滚动接触黏滑分布,导致轮轨界面发生滑移并诱发轮轨系统失稳,且滑移会进一步引起钢轨磨耗,以致最终可能形成波磨。综合轮轨接触黏滑特性和复模态分析的结果,可将钢轨波磨的形成机理归为轨面缺陷激励引发的轮轨系统的固有不稳定振动,且该不稳定振动表现为钢轨相对于轨道板的垂向弯曲振动。当车轮经过凹坑缺陷时,会产生瞬态纵向波动磨耗,且磨耗的特征波长为40～50 mm,这与实测线路上的波磨波长情况相符,从而进一步验证了钢轨波磨的形成机理。     

U75V焊接接头三维轮轨滚动接触有限元分析

由于焊接区材质的非均匀性,钢轨焊接接头一直是钢轨伤损的频发区域,通过分离式霍普金森压杆实验获得了U75V钢轨在不同应变率下的应力—应变曲线,确定了Johnson-Cook冲击动态本构模型材料参数,建立了含焊接接头的轮轨滚动接触有限元模型;对钢轨焊缝区、热影响区和母材区的接触压力、等效应力和等效塑性应变进行了有限元分析.结果显示:在轮轨滚动接触过程中,焊接接头热影响区最大接触压力相对于相邻区域较小,与其他区域交界处产生明显的应力集中,其等效塑性应变最大处位于钢轨次表层,焊接接头的等效塑性应变大于母材,轴重的变化对焊接接头最大接触压力和等效塑性应变的影响较小;随着行车速度增大,热影响区域最大接触压力和焊接接头等效塑性应变均逐渐增大.     

重载铁路焊接接头不平顺对轮轨动态作用影响

为研究焊接接头不平顺演变对车辆-轨道动态相互作用的影响,现场跟踪测试得到不同服役时期的焊接接头不平顺数据,并利用车辆-轨道垂向耦合动力学模型,从时域和频域两个角度,分析计算了不同服役时期焊接接头不平顺对车轮、钢轨振动加速度及轮轨垂向力的影响.分析结果表明:焊接接头不平顺演变分为马鞍形凹陷形成阶段及焊缝区域内磨损加速阶段;焊接接头不平顺几何形态的演变对时域内轮轨动态响应结果影响显著,随着焊接接头不平顺几何形态演变,轮轨动态响应结果呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势;焊接接头不平顺几何形态演变对轮轨动态响应的频域分布影响较小,轮轨动态响应功率谱密度图中存在明显两个频段,分别为低频段31~35 Hz及高频段530~610 Hz,高频段具体位置和焊缝区域内不平顺几何形态联系紧密.     

考虑轨道几何不平顺的钢轨裂纹萌生与磨耗共存预测

在钢轨裂纹萌生和磨耗发展共存预测方法的基础上,考虑了轨道几何不平顺对轮轨接触位置分布、磨耗和疲劳损伤的影响,引入轮轨接触点在钢轨上的分布概率,分散了钢轨的磨耗和疲劳累积.分析结果表明:考虑轨道几何不平顺的情况下,轮轨接触点的分布范围和概率随着磨耗和型面变化而变化,钢轨表面磨耗和内部疲劳损伤分布范围均加宽,而损伤速率降低.预测得到800 m曲线半径外轨在裂纹萌生前的平均磨耗发展率为3.813 1μm·万次~(-1),相较未考虑不平顺的结果降低了15.92%.裂纹萌生寿命预测结果为318 292次,相较未考虑不平顺的预测结果增大了14.66%.裂纹萌生点的位置比未考虑不平顺时略远离钢轨中心.     

基于瞬态接触的地铁直线轨道波磨特性分析

为阐明地铁直线轨道上的异常波磨现象,从轮轨滚动接触层面研究钢轨波磨特性。首先,调研实测线路波磨特征,并建立三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型;然后,分析轮轨黏滑特性以及轮轨接触和钢轨磨耗特征,以期从微观瞬态角度解释钢轨波磨的演化过程;最后,结合系统稳定性分析,从宏观上表征钢轨波磨的发展趋势。研究结果表明,在无波磨工况下,轮轨接触未出现黏滑过程,因而钢轨波磨不会形成;在波磨工况下,轮轨接触出现了轻微的黏滑运动,进而促使初始波磨继续发展。对于轨面接触区域中的固定节点,其所在断面的应力和应变最大值会随着车轮运行逐渐从次表面转移至表面,由于断面损伤易发位置与应力和应变最大值密切相关,因此,损伤易发位置也会在次表面首先形成并逐渐转移至表面,这从微观角度说明波磨断面波峰/波谷的形成是一个由下而上的损伤累积过程;在车轮单次运行后,波磨区域发生了明显的不均匀相对滑移,进一步说明初始波磨仍处在发展过程中;轮轨系统不稳定振型对应频率与实测波磨通过频率相近,表明初始波磨将随着车轮运行逐渐加剧。     

拟发表论文预报：轮轨滚动接触问题的研究现状综述

随着高速铁路的不断发展,轮轨滚动接触问题愈加突出,因此,倍受国内外学者的关注。轮轨滚动接触问题涉及的范围较广且较为复杂,并在一定程度上引发轮轨的疲劳损伤和波浪形磨损等破坏形式。基于理论分析和试验研究两个方面,着重对轮轨滚动接触的发展历史和研究现状进行了总结和分析,并综述了轮轨滚动接触疲劳和钢轨波浪形磨损的研究现状。从现有的研究成果来看,轮轨滚动接触理论已相对较为完善,而对于高速铁路轮轨滚动接触疲劳损伤的形成机理研究仍未形成系统的理论体系。     

轮轨滚动接触问题的研究现状

随着高速铁路的不断发展,轮轨滚动接触问题愈加突出,因此,倍受国内外学者的关注。轮轨滚动接触问题涉及的范围较广且较为复杂,并在一定程度上引发轮轨的疲劳损伤和波浪形磨损等破坏形式。基于理论分析和试验研究两个方面,着重对轮轨滚动接触的发展历史和研究现状进行了总结和分析,并综述了轮轨滚动接触疲劳和钢轨波浪形磨损的研究现状。从现有的研究成果来看,轮轨滚动接触理论已相对较为完善,而对于高速铁路轮轨滚动接触疲劳损伤的形成机理研究仍未形成系统的理论体系。     

地铁线路轨距对轮轨接触行为的影响

为揭示地铁线路轨距对轮轨接触特性的影响,基于轮轨接触几何关系、Kalker三维非Hertz弹性体滚动接触理论及其数值程序CONTACT,利用我国地铁车辆常用的LM型面与CHN60钢轨,计算轨距对轮轨接触几何参数和力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:轨距加宽引起相同横移量下轮轨接触点偏向钢轨中心位置;轮轨接触滚动圆半径和接触角减小,增大了滚动圆半径和接触角剧增的横移量,导致轮缘不易产生贴靠;与标准轨距相比,轨距变窄引起轮轨接触斑横向分布变窄,纵向分布变宽,接触斑面积减小;轨距加宽至1 437 mm后接触斑开始出现黏着区,加宽至1 439 mm时接触斑内黏着区面积显著增大,其接触斑面积增大77%,减小轮轨的滑动行为;轨距在1 433～1 439 mm之间变化,轮轨接触斑内正应力和切应力显著降低,轮轨体内最大等效应力显著减小,且等效应力沿纵向分布范围变宽,沿深度方向影响范围增大,可避免等效应力的集中作用。轨距加宽有利于地铁线路轮轨关系的匹配,减轻轮轨间的磨耗和疲劳伤损。     

基于轮轨接触特征的转辙器区钢轨廓形设计

针对道岔转辙器区钢轨容易出现伤损及寿命短等问题,根据轮轨接触理论,提出了以滚动圆半径差函数和轮轨间接触点均匀分布为主要的设计目标,以轮轨接触点的位置为边界条件,利用欧拉积分方法求解微分方程,从而获得钢轨打磨的目标廓形的方法,并编制了相应的计算程序,进行了实例验证.结果表明,优化后的钢轨与车轮有更合理的匹配性,改善了车辆通过道岔时的动力学性能,减小了轮轨间的接触应力,使得接触分布和磨耗更加均匀,从而能延长钢轨使用寿命.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that