植物的耐阴性评价

对近年来与植物耐阴性有关的部分研究工作进行了整理,综述了科研工作者们在评价植物耐阴性时常用的几种方法。国内的工作主要采用的评价依据是植物的形态特征和生理特征。常用的形态特征如比叶面积,常用的生理指标如光补偿点、光饱和点、最大光合速率、叶绿素含量等。经常用到的方法有统计学指标,如生长速率和死亡率;以及环境指标,即植物在自然界所偏好的生存环境的光照条件。     

Gating of the rapid shade-avoidance response by the circadian clock in plants

The phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptor proteins that control several adaptive developmental strategies. For example, the phytochromes perceive far-red light (wavelengths between 700 and 800 nm) reflected or scattered from the leaves of nearby vegetation. This provides an early warning of potential shading, and triggers a series of 'shade-avoidance' responses, such as a rapid increase in elongation, by which the plant attempts to overgrow its neighbours. Other, less immediate, responses include accelerated flowering and early production of seeds. However, little is known about the molecular events that connect light perception with increased growth in shade avoidance. Here we show that the circadian clock gates this rapid shade-avoidance response. It is most apparent around dusk and is accompanied by altered expression of several genes. One of these rapidly responsive genes encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIL1, previously shown to interact with the clock protein TOC1 (ref. 4). Furthermore PIL1 and TOC1 are both required for the accelerated growth associated with the shade-avoidance response.     

计算机绘制圆球及阴影水平斜轴测图

目前的绘图软件不能绘制斜轴测图。在工程图中,斜轴测图是很有用的。用传统的手工作图方法绘圆球及阴影的水平斜轴测图,只能在特殊光线方向下,用近似方法绘制,且作图非常麻烦。对于任意方向的光线,作图很难完成。给出了用计算机绘制在任定投影方向,任定光线方向下,圆球及其阴影的水平斜轴测图的方法;并讨论其阴线可见性的分界点和阴线可见部分的判断方法。     

嵩山侧柏（Platycladus rientalis）人工林恢复过程中物种多样性变化研究

采用空间代替时间的方法，通过样方调查对嵩山侧柏人工林恢复过程中不同群落的物种多样性变化进行了研究．结果表明，在侧柏人工林恢复过程中，灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度和多样性变化规律相似，物种丰富度（Margalef指数）和物种多样性（Shannon—Wiener指数及Simpson指数）都表现为“低→高→低→高”的变化趋势，在波动中逐渐增加；物种均匀度（Pielou指数）却没有明显的增加趋势．不同恢复阶段因人工林环境条件的改变导致林下不断出现因喜阳和耐荫物种的交替而出现的物种消亡和更新，个体数目分布的不均使物种均匀度显示出较大的波动性．总体来看，侧柏人工林在恢复过程中是朝着有利于物种多样性恢复的方向发展．     

嵩山侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)人工林恢复过程中物种多样性变化研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,通过样方调查对嵩山侧柏人工林恢复过程中不同群落的物种多样性变化进行了研究.结果表明,在侧柏人工林恢复过程中,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度和多样性变化规律相似,物种丰富度(Margalef指数)和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数及Simpson指数)都表现为“低→高→低→高”的变化趋势,在波动中逐渐增加;物种均匀度(Pielou指数)却没有明显的增加趋势.不同恢复阶段因人工林环境条件的改变导致林下不断出现因喜阳和耐荫物种的交替而出现的物种消亡和更新,个体数目分布的不均使物种均匀度显示出较大的波动性.总体来看,侧柏人工林在恢复过程中是朝着有利于物种多样性恢复的方向发展.     

郑州市行道树的调查及其树种的区域性选择

通过对郑州市行道树的调查,分析了郑州市行道树发展现状,并根据不同功能区特点对其行道树树种的选择提出了合理化建议。     

不同光照强度对萝卜种子萌发的影响

研究不同的光照强度对极品速生红丁、南韩白丁、宝石红丁3种萝卜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及胚芽、胚根长度和重量的影响.结果表明,暗光条件下南韩白丁的发芽率为100％,宝石红丁的发芽率和发芽势也相对较高,但是速生红丁则在半遮光条件下萌发状况较好.三个品种萝卜种子均适应于弱光条件,不同光照强度和不同品种选择的交互作用对种子萌发的影响显著,不同品种的萝卜种子萌发对光照的利用和分配具有差异.生产实践中根据品种不同而度遮光是十分必要的,品种的合理选择和合适的光照条件相结合具有重要意义.     

4种攀援植物光合作用对不同光照的适应

以4种攀援植物为材料,测定其阴生、阳生叶片叶绿素a,b含量,光反应曲线、叶绿素荧光及其在强光下的变化.最大光合速率阴生叶片较阳生叶片的下降幅度,华南和鸡蛋果较小,绞股蓝最大,白粉藤次之,表明4种植物耐阴性不同,华南和鸡蛋果的耐阴性较绞股蓝强.4种植物对高光照的适应性也不同,在饱和光条件下,鸡蛋果的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)值最低,不耐高光照的华南NPQ值最高.且4种植物在叶绿素含量上对光照的适应依种和光照条件的不同而有差异.并讨论了以饱和光条件下的NPQ值作为植物对强光照环境适应能力的一个指标的可能性.     

光照及种子大小对青藏高原东缘43种石竹目植物种子萌发特征的影响

以青藏高原东缘43种石竹目植物种子为对象,在自然光照和遮阴两种实验处理下研究了光照对种子萌发能力的影响以及不同实验处理下种子萌发能力与种子大小的关系.结果显示:整体上,全光照下的萌发开始时间和萌发持续时间显著高于遮阴下的,光照强度对萌发率和萌发速率指数没有影响;科分类水平上,不同科内萌发参数对光照强度的响应存在一定差异...     

茂兰喀斯特森林林隙树种更新及数量特征

通过对茂兰自然保护区喀斯特森林中林隙和非林隙林分的调查,分析了茂兰喀斯特森林主要乔木树种和幼苗、幼树在林隙内外的数量特征以及灌木对林隙的更新反应规律,根据树种在林隙内外的重要值位序差值把茂兰喀斯特森林主要乔木树种大致划分为5种生态种组:①对林隙有强烈正更新反应的树种;②对林隙有强烈负更新反应的树种;③对林隙有中等正更新反应的树种;④对林隙有中等负更新反应的树种;⑤对林隙更新反应不显著的树种.不同生态种组树种的幼苗在林隙与非林隙斑块中的更新表现出显著的差别.每种灌木在林隙内的密度都非常明显地高于非林隙中,但林隙内大多数灌木的平均高度小于非林隙的.林隙内的树木以幼苗、幼树和小径木为主,中、大径木较少,林隙外的对照林分中虽然也有一定的幼苗幼树和小径木,但与林隙内相比,中、大径木所占的比例相对较高.林隙内的幼苗幼树以阳性树种为主,而中、大径木则以耐荫树种为主.       

Experience with moving visual stimuli drives the early development of cortical direction selectivity

The onset of vision occurs when neural circuits in the visual cortex are immature, lacking both the full complement of connections and the response selectivity that defines functional maturity. Direction-selective responses are particularly vulnerable to the effects of early visual deprivation, but it remains unclear how stimulus-driven neural activity guides the emergence of cortical direction selectivity. Here we report observations from a motion training protocol that allowed us to monitor the impact of experience on the development of direction-selective responses in visually naive ferrets. Using intrinsic signal imaging techniques, we found that training with a single axis of motion induced the rapid emergence of direction columns that were confined to cortical regions preferentially activated by the training stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging techniques, we found that single neurons in visually naive animals exhibited weak directional biases and lacked the strong local coherence in the spatial organization of direction preference that was evident in mature animals. Training with a moving stimulus, but not with a flashed stimulus, strengthened the direction-selective responses of individual neurons and preferentially reversed the direction biases of neurons that deviated from their neighbours. Both effects contributed to an increase in local coherence. We conclude that early experience with moving visual stimuli drives the rapid emergence of direction-selective responses in the visual cortex.     

舟山海岛主要造林树种幼苗的光合特性

【目的】比较舟山海岛主要造林树种对光的适应性和耐阴性,探讨树种在海岛植被恢复过程中的配置依据。【方法】使用Li-6400便携式光合仪对普陀樟(Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii)、舟山新木姜子(Neolitsea sericea)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii)、全缘冬青(Ilex integra)、滨柃(Eurya emarginata)、柃木(Eurya japonica)和厚叶石斑木(Raphiolepis umbellate)等7个树种幼苗叶片的光合日进程、光响应过程等进行测定,并对其光合特性和耐阴性进行比较分析。【结果】红楠净光合速率(P_n)日变化趋势呈双峰型,其他6个树种呈现单峰型,厚叶石斑木P_n显著高于其他树种(P<0.5),普陀樟P_n显著低于其他树种(P<0.5); 7个树种的气孔导度(G_s)与蒸腾速率(T_r)日变化趋势与P_n变化趋势相似,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)日变化趋势与P_n变化趋势相反; 在光响应过程测定中,7个树种的P_n都随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增强而增大,达到一定值后不同树种间的表现略有不同; 滨柃的光饱和点(LSP)最高,厚叶石斑木光补偿点(LCP)最高,普陀樟的光饱和点和光补偿点都最低; 对光饱和点和光补偿点进行聚类分析表明,滨柃属于强阳性树种,厚叶石斑木、全缘冬青、柃木、舟山新木姜子为阳性树种; 红楠、普陀樟为耐阴性树种。【结论】在舟山海岛植被恢复过程中,滨柃、厚叶石斑木应配置在全光环境下,全缘冬青、柃木应配置在疏林或灌丛下,红楠、普陀樟、舟山新木姜子应配置在弱光环境中。     

Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress

Plants can have positive effects on each other. For example, the accumulation of nutrients, provision of shade, amelioration of disturbance, or protection from herbivores by some species can enhance the performance of neighbouring species. Thus the notion that the distributions and abundances of plant species are independent of other species may be inadequate as a theoretical underpinning for understanding species coexistence and diversity. But there have been no large-scale experiments designed to examine the generality of positive interactions in plant communities and their importance relative to competition. Here we show that the biomass, growth and reproduction of alpine plant species are higher when other plants are nearby. In an experiment conducted in subalpine and alpine plant communities with 115 species in 11 different mountain ranges, we find that competition generally, but not exclusively, dominates interactions at lower elevations where conditions are less physically stressful. In contrast, at high elevations where abiotic stress is high the interactions among plants are predominantly positive. Furthermore, across all high and low sites positive interactions are more important at sites with low temperatures in the early summer, but competition prevails at warmer sites.     

三种攀援植物对光抑制的敏感性

以3种攀援植物为材料，测定其阳生、阴生叶片光反应曲线、比叶重、叶绿素荧光在中午自然条件下及人工强光照下的变化．结果表明：3种植物光抑制敏感性不同，阴生叶具有更高的光抑制敏感性；低比叶重虽然提高叶片对低光照的适应，但成为提高叶片对光抑制敏感性的一个重要因素。     

Regulation of flowering time by light quality

The transition to flowering in plants is regulated by environmental factors such as temperature and light. Plants grown under dense canopies or at high density perceive a decrease in the ratio of red to far-red incoming light. This change in light quality serves as a warning of competition, triggering a series of responses known collectively as the 'shade-avoidance syndrome'. During shade avoidance, stems elongate at the expense of leaf expansion, and flowering is accelerated. Of the five phytochromes-a family of red/far-red light photoreceptors-in Arabidopsis, phytochrome B (phyB) has the most significant role in shade-avoidance responses, but the mechanisms by which phyB regulates flowering in response to altered ratios of red to far-red light are largely unknown. Here we identify PFT1 (PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1), a nuclear protein that acts in a phyB pathway and induces flowering in response to suboptimal light conditions. PFT1 functions downstream of phyB to regulate the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), providing evidence for the existence of a light-quality pathway that regulates flowering time in plants.     

基于物理模型的多普勒信号模拟方法

提出了一种基于物理模型的超声多普勒信号模拟方法,它可以适用于分层,脉动,非均匀的血流情况,这种方法直接以血流情况,仪器参数等作为输入,产生同时反映正反向血流信息的解析多普勒信号。实验,和这个方法生成的信号能够较好地模拟实际多普勒信号的各种特性,因此这个方法是有效而可行的。     

三种不同花色品种非洲紫罗兰的耐阴性研究

非洲紫罗兰(Saintpaulia ionantha)具有较高的观赏价值,适宜在阴处生长,但其耐阴性研究还很少见。本文对非洲紫罗兰进行遮荫处理,研究光强对叶绿素含量以及生物量等方面的影响。通过人为控制光强,对非洲紫罗兰在温室内全光照100%、50%、30%、10%条件下的叶绿素含量以及生长性状进行了研究。结果表明,非洲紫罗兰适合的光强为全光照的30%,叶面积和叶片数增长较快,其他生物性状没有太大变化,所以非洲紫罗兰适合生长在背荫处,但在开花季节需要一定的散射光的照射。     

桂西南岩溶植被演替过程中的植物多样性

2001年10月至2002年8月,以“空间代替时间”方法对(?)岗自然保护区及其周边区域的岩溶植被进行调查,采用物种丰富度(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)、Margalef’s指数(E)分别从乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及整个群落分析桂西南岩溶植被各演替阶段的物种多样性特征。结果表明:随着演替进行、草本层由种类较少的阳性草种发展到种类丰富的耐荫草种,物种多样性随着演替的进行而增加,在灌草丛阶段存在一个较小的峰值。灌木层物种多样性在藤刺灌丛阶段达到最大,随后到先锋阶段明显下降,至亚顶极、顶极阶段灌木层的物种多样性又略有回升,但不及藤刺灌丛阶段,亚顶极阶段与顶极阶段的灌木层物种多样性差异不大。乔木层由于亚顶极阶段既存活有阳性树种,又存活有阴性树种,物种多样性基本上是先锋群落阶段〈亚顶极群落阶段、亚顶极群落阶段〉顶极群落阶段。桂西南岩溶植物群落物种多样性并非随着演替发展而增大,而是在亚顶极阶段达到最大值;不同群落演替阶段各层次物种多样性表现为灌木层〉草本层、灌小层〉乔木层的规律。     

利用阴线确定凸立体投射阴影方法的研究

在一光源照射下,立体的受光面和阴面之间必存在一条分界线,即立体的阴线,仑的轨迹直接决定立体的投射阴影.这里分别针对单个的平面凸立体和曲面凸立体两种不同情况,提出了求解凸立体表面阴线,并在此基础上确定投射阴影的不同方法.     

濒危植物天目铁木和羊角槭的光合及蒸腾特性日动态比较

分别对浙江西天目山濒危植物天目铁木(Ostrya rehderiana)和羊角槭(Acer yangjuechi)进行叶片气体交换参数日动态测定,探讨其光合与蒸腾作用的影响因素,比较光能利用效率和水分利用效率.结果显示,天目铁木的净光合速率日动态有午休现象;当光合有效辐射没有显著差异时,天目铁木的净光合速率显著大于羊角槭(p0.05),与其林冠层阳生环境相适应;二者光能利用效率日变化无明显差异,但弱光条件下,羊角槭的光能利用效率高于天目铁木(p0.05),与其林下层耐阴植物的特性相符;二者的水分利用效率日动态不同,羊角槭高于天目铁木(p0.05),表明羊角槭蒸腾活动降低而导致.