前线轨道对环加成反应的择向效应──1,4;2,1规则的作用

Diels-Alder反应通常是以一些反应熵减少,通过协同机理进行的_π4_s+_π2_s的环加成反应。然而,这种环加成反应的择向效应却很少报道.本文根据前线轨道能量及其原子轨道系数的变化,首次提出了称之谓“1-4;2-1”的规则,使环加成反应的择向问题规律化,在实际应用中简便易用,一目了然。     

[2 + 2 + 1]反应合成2,3,5-三取代噻吩衍生物

噻吩骨架存在于替诺立定、西他生坦、莫他匹酮等生物碱中，可用作抗炎药、降压药、PDE3抑制剂. 对该骨架的修饰，一直是有机合成的热点. 在碱促进下，1,4-二羰衍生物和硫氰基芳酮经[2 + 2 + 1]反应，构建了噻吩骨架，同时实现了C-2位和C-5位的双芳酰基化、C-3位的芳基化. 分别从红外、核磁、质谱和单晶不同角度证实了产物的结构. 该反应机制涉及[3 + 2]环加成、原位开环、互变异构、S_N2反应等过程.      

Insight into a natural Diels-Alder reaction from the structure of macrophomate synthase

The Diels-Alder reaction, which forms a six-membered ring from an alkene (dienophile) and a 1,3-diene, is synthetically very useful for construction of cyclic products with high regio- and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. It has been applied to the synthesis of complex pharmaceutical and biologically active compounds. Although evidence on natural Diels-Alderases has been accumulated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, there has been no report on the structural details of the natural Diels-Alderases. The function and catalytic mechanism of the natural Diels-Alderase are of great interest owing to the diversity of molecular skeletons in natural Diels-Alder adducts. Here we present the 1.70 A resolution crystal structure of the natural Diels-Alderase, fungal macrophomate synthase (MPS), in complex with pyruvate. The active site of the enzyme is large and hydrophobic, contributing amino acid residues that can hydrogen-bond to the substrate 2-pyrone. These data provide information on the catalytic mechanism of MPS, and suggest that the reaction proceeds via a large-scale structural reorganization of the product.     

双缺位杂多化合物催化环己烯环氧化研究

制备了一种双缺位型杂多化合物[（C_4H_9）4N]_4[γ-SiW_（10）O_（34）（H_2O）_2],并应用于催化环己烯环氧化反应。研究了反应温度、反应时间、反应物料比和催化剂用量对反应结果的影响,确定了最佳的反应工艺条件。并通过对反应体系进行减压蒸馏研究了催化剂的回收。     

季磷盐支载手性咪唑啉酮催化不对称Diels—Alder反应研究

以（L）-酪氨酸甲酯盐酸盐为手性原料,制备了（s）-5-对羟基苄基-2,2,3-三甲基-4-氧咪唑烷,通过Mitsunobu反应将其支载到可溶性季磷盐载体上,得到新型的支载化可溶性手性催化剂,溶液中均相催化肉桂醛与环戊二烯的不对称Diels—Alder环加成反应,探讨其反应条件及回收重复使用性,发现该手性催化剂进行均相催化反应,具有良好的反应活性及立体选择性,方便分离纯化．     

The reaction cycle of isopenicillin N synthase observed by X-ray diffraction.

Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), a non-haem iron-dependent oxidase, catalyses the biosynthesis of isopenicillin N (IPN), the precursor of all penicillins and cephalosporins. The key steps in this reaction are the two iron-dioxygen-mediated ring closures of the tripeptide delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV). It has been proposed that the four-membered beta-lactam ring forms initially, associated with a highly oxidized iron(iv)-oxo (ferryl) moiety, which subsequently mediates closure of the five-membered thiazolidine ring. Here we describe observation of the IPNS reaction in crystals by X-ray crystallography. IPNS Fe2+ substrate crystals were grown anaerobically, exposed to high pressures of oxygen to promote reaction and frozen, and their structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction. Using the natural substrate ACV, this resulted in the IPNS x Fe2+ x IPN product complex. With the substrate analogue, delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-L-S-methylcysteine (ACmC) in the crystal, the reaction cycle was interrupted at the monocyclic stage. These mono- and bicyclic structures support our hypothesis of a two-stage reaction sequence leading to penicillin. Furthermore, the formation of a monocyclic sulphoxide product from ACmC is most simply explained by the interception of a high-valency iron-oxo species.     

零价钯催化下赤霉素A3衍生物A环的反应

在（Ph3P)4Pd(0)催化下,赤霉素A3（GA3）衍生物的A环在氢供体环己烯存在时发生氢解,形成1,3－二烯生产物;而在无氢供体时则发生A环的芳构化反应。通过选择适当的反应条件,可以得到不同主要产物。     

Zirconacycle-mediated synthesis of carbocycles

Direct transformation of five-membered zirconacycles to carbocyclic compounds is of great synthetic interest. The reaction of zirconacycles with electrophiles containing at least two reactive functional groups or an oxidant affords various carbocycles through cross coupling, addition, and/or oxidative coupling reactions. In this paper, we present our recent results on the zircona-cycle-mediated formation of carbocycles, including: (1) 1,1-cycloaddition of oxalyl dichloride with zirconacycles; (2) benzoqui-none-promoted coupling of zirconacyclopentadienes in the presence of CuCl; (3) cycloaddition of zirconacyclopentadienes to quinones; (4) cycloaddition of zirconacyclopentadiene with 2-bromoacrylate, 2-bromoacrylaldehyde and 3-bromofuran-2,5-dione in the presence of CuCl; (5) one-pot coupling of two alkynes and an alkene to form cyclohexene derivatives via zirconacyclopen-tadienes; and (6) dianionic cycloaddition of decatetraenes with esters or acyl chlorides to form nine-membered carbocycles.     

Structural basis for synthesis of inflammatory mediators by human leukotriene C4 synthase

Cysteinyl leukotrienes are key mediators in inflammation and have an important role in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in particular bronchial asthma. In the biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes, conversion of arachidonic acid forms the unstable epoxide leukotriene A4 (LTA4). This intermediate is conjugated with glutathione (GSH) to produce leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in a reaction catalysed by LTC4 synthase: this reaction is the key step in cysteinyl leukotriene formation. Here we present the crystal structure of the human LTC4 synthase in its apo and GSH-complexed forms to 2.00 and 2.15 A resolution, respectively. The structure reveals a homotrimer, where each monomer is composed of four transmembrane segments. The structure of the enzyme in complex with substrate reveals that the active site enforces a horseshoe-shaped conformation on GSH, and effectively positions the thiol group for activation by a nearby arginine at the membrane-enzyme interface. In addition, the structure provides a model for how the omega-end of the lipophilic co-substrate is pinned at one end of a hydrophobic cleft, providing a molecular 'ruler' to align the reactive epoxide at the thiol of glutathione. This provides new structural insights into the mechanism of LTC4 formation, and also suggests that the observed binding and activation of GSH might be common for a family of homologous proteins important for inflammatory and detoxification responses.     

环状碳酸酯的固载型离子液体催化合成

通过烷基化反应和简单的一锅法将醇胺离子液体(TEA)嫁接到氯甲基聚苯乙烯(PS-Cl)微球上,将形成的嫁接型离子液体催化剂(PS-[TEA]I)用于催化CO₂和环氧化物生成环状碳酸酯的反应. 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征催化剂的结构和形貌,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、元素分析(EA)和热重分析(TGA)研究了醇胺离子液体的嫁接量和热稳定性. 在环加成反应中,该催化剂无需溶剂和助催化剂,在催化剂用量为0.10 g、温度为120 ℃、CO₂压力为2 MPa以及反应时间为4 h的条件下,碳酸丙烯脂(PC)的产率达到93.30%,并且反应后容易分离,可重复使用. 最后提出了羟基形成的氢键可激活环氧化物和I-亲核进攻促进开环的反应机理.     

2-(4-羟基苯基)[60]富勒烯吡咯烷衍生物的合成研究

利用1,3-偶极环加成反应,合成分离得到了一种C60吡咯烷衍生物:2-(4-羟基苯基)[60]富勒烯吡咯烷,通过单因素方法,探讨了反应条件对产物产率的影响,并得到了较适宜反应条件:反应物摩尔比(C60:4-羟基苯甲醛:甘氨酸)为1∶4∶6,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为18 h,此时产物的产率可达到53%(以消耗的C60计)。同时用UV-Vis、1H-NMR、FT-IR、MS等测试手段表征了产物的结构,并利用差热分析仪测试了产物的热稳定性,结果表明,产物在一定温度下,具有良好的热稳定性。     

不对称[5+1]串联合成螺[环己酮-氧化吲哚]衍生物

该文报道了一种具有结构复杂性和生物学特性的功能化螺旋吲哚酮的简便合成方法.以二苯乙烯基甲酮和氧化吲哚为原料,用结构上下对称的多氢键型催化剂轴手性胍-酰胺催化不对称串联[5+1]环加成反应,采用一锅法合成了15种螺[环己酮-氧化吲哚]衍生物,并对反应条件进行了优化.研究结果表明:在以物质的量分数20%的手性胍(1a)为催化剂、CH₂Cl₂为溶剂、在40 ℃下反应72 h的条件下,以91%的产率、93%的ee值获得螺环己酮吲哚啉酮.     

气相中二氧化铬与乙烯反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//6-311G(2d,p)法研究了CrO2(+2A1/4A″)+C2H4生成P1[Cr(OCH2)(+2A"/4A")+CH2O]和P2[CrO(+2Σg/4Σg)+C2H4O]的气相反应,重点对影响反应机理和反应速率的势能面交叉现象进行了讨论,并运用Hammond假设和Yoshizawa等的内禀反应坐标单点垂直激发计算的方法大致确定了势能面交叉点(crossing point(CP))或势能面交叉缝(crossing seam)的位置。研究结果表明,CrO2+活化乙烯C-C键是一个[2+2]类型反应,整个反应经历了重排过程。     

光引发阳离子聚合反应的研究——Ⅰ.鎓盐光引发剂的合成引发活性及活性中心浓度

合成了7种具有不同阳离子结构和不同配阴离子的芳基碘、硫(钅翁)盐,并测定了它们的光谱特征。其中以双[4-(二苯锍基)苯基]硫(钅翁)盐(BDS)在甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯光聚合中的引发活性最高。用苯酚钠终止氧化环已烯光聚合中的活性中心,从而测得活性中心浓度,发现至少在低转化率(10％)以内,活性中心浓度随聚合时间而线性增加;在相同转化率时,溶液聚合的活性中心浓度高于本体聚合者,表明溶剂可能参与引发作用。     

结构加成水解法合成二聚环戊二烯改性不饱和聚酯

制备了相关模型化合物 ,应用化学分析、NMR分析方法进行鉴定 ,提出结构加成水解法合成二聚环戊二烯改性不饱和聚酯的反应机理 .合成反应过程中 ,二聚环戊二烯降冰片环上的9、10双键与顺丁烯二酸的羧基在H+存在下发生加成反应 ,生成顺丁烯二酸—DCPD酯 .在合成反应过程中二聚环戊二烯是端基封闭剂 ,无Diels -Alder加成反应发生     

Structural basis for a [4Fe-3S] cluster in the oxygen-tolerant membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase

Membrane-bound respiratory [NiFe]-hydrogenase (MBH), a H(2)-uptake enzyme found in the periplasmic space of bacteria, catalyses the oxidation of dihydrogen: H(2)?→?2H(+)?+?2e(-) (ref. 1). In contrast to the well-studied O(2)-sensitive [NiFe]-hydrogenases (referred to as the standard enzymes), MBH has an O(2)-tolerant H(2) oxidation activity; however, the mechanism of O(2) tolerance is unclear. Here we report the crystal structures of Hydrogenovibrio marinus MBH in three different redox conditions at resolutions between 1.18 and 1.32??. We find that the proximal iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster of MBH has a [4Fe-3S] structure coordinated by six cysteine residues--in contrast to the [4Fe-4S] cubane structure coordinated by four cysteine residues found in the proximal Fe-S cluster of the standard enzymes--and that an amide nitrogen of the polypeptide backbone is deprotonated and additionally coordinates the cluster when chemically oxidized, thus stabilizing the superoxidized state of the cluster. The structure of MBH is very similar to that of the O(2)-sensitive standard enzymes except for the proximal Fe-S cluster. Our results give a reasonable explanation why the O(2) tolerance of MBH is attributable to the unique proximal Fe-S cluster; we propose that the cluster is not only a component of the electron transfer for the catalytic cycle, but that it also donates two electrons and one proton crucial for the appropriate reduction of O(2) in preventing the formation of an unready, inactive state of the enzyme.     

瓜环的缚酸行为及催化环己醇合成环己烯研究

文中以实验室合成的Q[n](n=5～8)与一定浓度的硫酸作用,形成瓜环硫酸盐晶体。运用酸碱滴定法,对该产物的酸度进行测定,通过计算得出不同瓜环的缚酸比例,进而总结出瓜环缚酸的规律。另采用该瓜环硫酸盐催化环己醇合成环己烯,既减少硫酸用量,降低了实验操作的危险性和实验室污染,又增加了瓜环的应用范围。对催化剂用量、反应时间对产率的影响进行了研究,收到了较满意的效果。     

石斛碱生物合成途径及萜类化合物CYP450酶的研究进展

为了对石斛碱生物合成途径进一步解析,对石斛碱生物合成途径研究进展、5 种药用萜类生物 合成的 CYP450 酶功能、CYP450 酶研究手段三个方面进行文献综述。 通过综述石斛碱生物合成研究进展, 提出 CYP450 酶在石斛碱合成途径中羟基化中间体的作用;总结对药用萜类青蒿酸、丹参酮、鼠尾草酸、人参 皂苷、甘草甜素等合成途径中 CYP450 酶的功能研究与鉴定,发现 CYP450 酶在萜类化合物中的主要功能为 羟基化、酮基化等氧化功能;总结 CYP450 酶的研究手段:一方面基因的筛选可以通过数据库检索或植物组 织、多因子诱导表达差异筛选,另一方面基因的表达和功能鉴定通过基因工程的多种手段,转入原核或真核 宿主细胞中表达出酶蛋白,然后加入底物鉴定其催化活性。 最后,展望下一步石斛碱生物合成 CYP450 酶的 挖掘,认为可以通过已有的转录组中筛选出差异 CYP450 酶基因并进行蛋白表达,然后通过上游酶催化或从 植物中分离纯化的方式获得底物,从酶蛋白与底物的催化挖掘与石斛碱合成相关 CYP450 酶类。     

Alternative modular polyketide synthase expression controls macrolactone structure

Modular polyketide synthases are giant multifunctional enzymes that catalyse the condensation of small carboxylic acids such as acetate and propionate into structurally diverse polyketides that possess a spectrum of biological activities. In a modular polyketide synthase, an enzymatic domain catalyses a specific reaction, and three to six enzymatic domains involved in a condensation-processing cycle are organized into a module. A fundamental aspect of a modular polyketide synthase is that its module arrangement linearly specifies the structure of its polyketide product. Here we report a natural example in which alternative expression of the pikromycin polyketide synthase results in the generation of two macrolactone structures. Expression of the full-length modular polyketide synthase PikAIV in Streptomyces venezuelae generates the 14-membered ring macrolactone narbonolide, whereas expression of the amino-terminal truncated form of PikAIV leads to 'skipping' of the final condensation cycle in polyketide biosynthesis to generate the 12-membered ring macrolactone 10-deoxymethynolide. Our findings provide insight into the structure and function of modular polyketide synthases, as well as a new set of tools to generate structural diversity in polyketide natural products.     

3-(4-羟基苄基)-8-甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢苯并吡喃[3,4-c]吡啶-5-酮的合成工艺

以3-甲氧基苯酚、4-酮-3-甲酸甲酯哌啶盐酸盐和对羟基苯甲醛为原料,通过分子间环加成反应和N-烷基化反应,合成了一种潜在的多巴胺D4受体拮抗剂3-(4-羟基苄基)-8-甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢苯并吡喃[3,4-c]吡啶-5-酮。采用红外光谱、质谱、氢核磁共振谱和元素分析等手段对中间体及产物进行表征。研究结果表明:在分子间环加成反应中,当反应物3-甲氧基苯酚、4-酮-3-甲酸甲酯哌啶盐酸盐与硫酸的物质的量比为1:1:30、反应时间为48 h时,最高收率为49.2%;在N-烷基化反应中,当反应物8-甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢苯并吡喃[3,4-c]吡啶-5-酮、4-羟基苯甲醛与三乙酸基硼氢化钠的物质的量比为2:4:5、反应时间为20 h时,最高收率为51.8%。