Earliest known crown-group salamanders

Salamanders are a model system for studying the rates and patterns of the evolution of new anatomical structures. Recent discoveries of abundant Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous salamanders are helping to address these issues. Here we report the discovery of well-preserved Middle Jurassic salamanders from China, which constitutes the earliest known record of crown-group urodeles (living salamanders and their closest relatives). The new specimens are from the volcanic deposits of the Jiulongshan Formation (Bathonian), Inner Mongolia, China, and represent basal members of the Cryptobranchidae, a family that includes the endangered Asian giant salamander (Andrias) and the North American hellbender (Cryptobranchus). These fossils document a Mesozoic record of the Cryptobranchidae, predating the previous record of the group by some 100 million years. This discovery provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the divergence of the Cryptobranchidae from the Hynobiidae had taken place in Asia before the Middle Jurassic period.     

Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China

With ten extant families, salamanders (urodeles) are one of the three major groups of modern amphibians (lissamphibians). Extant salamanders are often used as a model system to assess fundamental issues of developmental, morphological and biogeographical evolution. Unfortunately, our understanding of these issues has been hampered by the paucity of fossil evidence available to assess the early history of the group. Here we report the discovery of an extraordinary sample of salamander fossils, some with rare soft-tissue impressions, from the Upper Jurassic of China. With over 500 articulated specimens, this assemblage documents the morphological diversity of early urodeles and includes larvae and adults of both neotenic and metamorphosed taxa. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that these salamanders are primitive, and reveals that all basal salamander clades have Asian distributions. This is compelling evidence for an Asian origin of Recent salamanders, as well as for an extensive and early radiation of several major lineages. These discoveries show that the evolution of salamanders has involved phylogenetic and ecological diversification around a body plan that has remained fundamentally stable for over 150 million years.     

蒙古高原野豌豆属植物区系生态地理分布研究

由于蒙古高原位于亚洲温带地区,广布的北温带和温带亚洲成分（5种,占31.25％）构成了该属的基本成分,在蒙古高原的北部汉入欧洲－后利业成分（4种）,在东部渗入了东亚区系成分（4种）,分别占25％,反遇了该属植物区系成分与西伯利亚和东亚森林区植物区系的紧密联系,亚洲中部成分（3种,占18.75％）,特别是达乌里－蒙古种（2种）为蒙古原物有种,这是该属植物在蒙古高原长期适应演化的结果,蒙古高原野豌豆属植物与东西伯利亚、东北和华北地区联系较为紧密。     

河北省提灯藓科植物的初步研究

对采自河北省的１００余号提灯藓科植物标本的研究鉴定,整理出河北省提灯藓科植物４属１６种。其中有中国新记录１种：纤细毛灯藓（Ｒｈｉｚｏｍｎｉｕｍ ｇｒａｃｉｌｅ Ｔ．Ｋｏｐ．）;河北省新记录属１属：毛灯藓属Ｒｈｉｚｏｍｎｉｕｍ（Ｂｒｏｔｈ．）Ｔ．Ｋｏｐ．;记录种２种：疣灯藓Ｔｒａｃｈｙｃｙｓｔｉｓ ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ（Ｄｏｚ．ｅｔＭｏｌｋ．）Ｌｉｎｄｂ。和长齿匍灯藓Ｐｌａｇｉｏｍｎｉｕｍ ｄｒｕ     

安徽苔草属的研究之一——密花苔草组

本文报导了安徽省苔草属Carex密花苔草组Sect。Confertiflorae植物计8种,其中4种为安徽省地理分布新记录,即弯囊苔草C.dispalata,硬果苔草C.sclerocarpa,宁陕苔草C.oederrhampha和珠穗苔草C.ischnostachya;1种为新等级,即单蕊苔草C.subtumida(Kukenth.)S.W.Su,Kukenthal在1929年曾将该种作为珠穗苔草C.ischnostachya的一个变种var.subtumida.近几年来,笔者经过研究,发现后者与珠穗苔草之间的区别颇多,尤其雄蕊通常仅1枚,花丝扁平完全不同,因此认为有必要将其从珠穗苔草中分离出来提升为种。     

A new fossil genus of Mesosciophilidae （Diptera, Nematocera） with two new species from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

A new genus within the family Mesosciophilidae,Jurasciophila gen.nov.,with two new species,J.curvula gen.et sp.nov.and J.lepida gen.et sp.nov.,are described and illustrated.They are established based on fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings.All of them were collected from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in southeastern Inner Mongolia,China.Comparing with two known genera,Mesosciophilina (Kovalev,1985) and Mesosciophilopsis (Blagoderov,1994),the new genus has transitional characters.The distribution pattern of Mesosciophilidae is briefly discussed.     

中国苦苣苔科植物的分类系统历史变化——兼论该科植物在我国合格发表的新分类群与国家级分布新记录情况分析

我国苦苣苔科植物的生物多样性十分丰富,且我国该科植物特有属和种的比率十分高。基于现代分子系统学,近年来对苦苣苔科分类系统的修订巨大而频繁。自2011年以来属一级水平上的撤销、合并、扩增等修订与再修订工作多次进行。到目前为止,我国苦苣苔科植物的最新系统分类已经基本能较好地反映出我国该科植物的自然演化。此外,近年来该科新分类群的大量发表,从另外一个侧面反映出我国苦苣苔科的物种多样性仍待进一步深入研究。本文将自2011年以来涉及我国苦苣苔科植物的属一级水平的修订进行归纳和整理,详尽解释介绍亚科水平上的系统新框架,修订前后属一级水平上的拆解、归并、迁移和撤销。专著《中国苦苣苔科植物》是对我国2005年之前苦苣苔科植物多样性研究的一个阶段性总结。基于这个基础,我们针对自2005年1月至2018年12月这14年内中国苦苣苔科植物新分类群和国家级分布新纪录发表情况进行分析,发现该时间段内我国的苦苣苔科植物比2005年报道的520种(含种下等级)新增194种(含种下等级,含国家级分布新记录)。截至2018年12月31日,我国的苦苣苔科植物物种数量已达714种(含种下等级)。     

New ommatids of Ommatinae (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Ommatidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China

Four new fossil species of the family Ommatidae from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China are described. Two of them belong to tribe Brochocoleini: Brochocoleus sulcatus sp. nov. and Brochocoleus angustus sp. nov. The other two refer to tribe Ommatini: Cionocoleus planiusculus sp. nov. and Cionocoleus cervicalis sp. nov. The diagnosis of Brochocoleus and Cionocoleus, respectively, are revised. A preliminary analysis of geographical distribution suggests a possible migration pathway of the genus Brochocoleus. The relationship between the genus Cionocoleus and the extant family Crowsoniellidae is briefly discussed.     

山东植物一新记录种——白花碎米荠

对济南九如山进行植物资源调查过程中,首次发现白花碎米荠Cardamine leucantha (Tausch) O. E. Schulz在山东省的分布,该种隶属于十字花科Brassicaceae碎米荠属Cardamine。基于野外调查和标本研究,描述了该种的形态特征,讨论了分布情况及新分布的意义,同时,提供了山东省碎米荠属植物分类检索表。     

New ommatids of Ommatinae(Coleoptera:Archostemata:Ommatidae)from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning,China

Four new fossil species of the family Ommatidae from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning,China are described. Two of them belong to tribe Brochocoleini:Brochocoleus sulcatus sp.nov.and Brochocoleus angustus sp.nov.The other two refer to tribe Ommatini:Cionocoleus planiusculus sp.nov.and Cionocoleus cervicalis sp.nov.The diagnosis of Brochocoleus and Cionocoleus, respectively,are revised.A preliminary analysis of geographical distribution suggests a possible migration pathway of the genus Bro- chocoleus.The relationship between the genus Cionocoleus and the extant family Crowsoniellidae is briefly discussed.     

山西运城硝池藻类植物区系组成的研究

对山西运城硝池中的藻类植物进行了研究,鉴定出藻类6门,25科,50属,102种(包含两个变种).其中蓝藻门6科16属32种,绿藻门10科20属35种,硅藻门6科9属21种,裸藻门1科3属11种,隐藻门1科1属2种,甲藻门1科1属1种.大部分为喜盐种类和随遇种类.优势种类多为蓝藻门和硅藻门种类.     

赣南师范学院黄金校区木本植物多样性特点分析

赣南师范学院黄金校区木本植物种类丰富,有70科150属237种。根据各科所含种数统计,划分为4个等级:大型科(≥20种)、小型科(10～19种)、寡种科(2～9种)、单种科(1种),校园木本植物中寡种科所占比例最高,单种科次之,分别占总科数的57.1%和35.7%。各属所含种数进行统计,将其分为3个等级:多种属(≥6种)、寡种属(2～5种)、单种属(1种),单种属所占比例最高,寡种属次之,分别占总属数的64.3%和33.3%。从长势看,以蔷薇科Rosaceae、棕榈科Palmae、桑科Moraceae、榕属Ficus、含笑属Michelia等类群所含种类多且生长较好,是校园栽培最成功的类群。另外,本校区木本植物区系地理成分复杂,热带性质显著,热带成分共79属,占总属数的52.8%;间断成分有32属,占总属数的22.1%。中国特有分布植物有8属,比例较低,仅占该类型中国特有属数的3.1%。热带、亚热带成分在校园生长较好,少部分东亚成分和温带成分在校园表现出较适应的生长势。     

山西省的卵囊藻属植物

对山西省的卵囊藻属植物进行了鉴定，共得该属植物８种，除波吉卵囊藻ＯｏｃｙｓｔｉｓｂｏｒｇｅｉＳｎｏｗ外，均为山西省新记录，其中不规则卵囊藻Ｏ．ｉｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｓ（Ｐｅｔｋｏｆ）Ｐｒｉｎｔｚ为中国新记录。     

以培养和非培养技术研究文昌红树林土壤中疣孢菌的多样性

目的:以培养和非培养的方法研究文昌红树林土壤中疣孢菌的生物多样性.方法:通过疣孢菌特异性PCR和克隆文库的方法对样品中非培养的疣孢菌进行生物多样性分析;用九种选择性培养基对样品中可培养的疣孢菌进行生物多样性分析.结果:非培养方法发现文昌红树林土壤放线菌的多样性指数Shanno-Wiener index和Chao1物种多样性指数(Schao1)分别为2.3217和74.5;培养方法分别获得3株疣孢菌和74株疣孢菌类似菌.结论:文昌红树林土壤环境中蕴藏着丰富的疣孢菌多样性资源,其中大部分为目前未培养菌.     

A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders

The origin of extant amphibians (Lissamphibia: frogs, salamanders and caecilians) is one of the most controversial questions in vertebrate evolution, owing to large morphological and temporal gaps in the fossil record. Current discussions focus on three competing hypotheses: a monophyletic origin within either Temnospondyli or Lepospondyli, or a polyphyletic origin with frogs and salamanders arising among temnospondyls and caecilians among the lepospondyls. Recent molecular analyses are also controversial, with estimations for the batrachian (frog-salamander) divergence significantly older than the palaeontological evidence supports. Here we report the discovery of an amphibamid temnospondyl from the Early Permian of Texas that bridges the gap between other Palaeozoic amphibians and the earliest known salientians and caudatans from the Mesozoic. The presence of a mosaic of salientian and caudatan characters in this small fossil makes it a key taxon close to the batrachian (frog and salamander) divergence. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the batrachian divergence occurred in the Middle Permian, rather than the late Carboniferous as recently estimated using molecular clocks, but the divergence with caecilians corresponds to the deep split between temnospondyls and lepospondyls, which is congruent with the molecular estimates.     

杭州市区苔藓植物区系初报

在野外调查的基础上,报道了浙江省杭州市区苔藓植物51科,92属,201种．其中苔类20科,24属,46种;藓类31科,68属,155种,中国新纪录种1个,浙江省新纪录属1个、新纪录种4个．该地区苔藓植物区系成分以东亚成分、北温带成分为主,其次是热带亚洲成分,分别占39．52％,24．55％和14．37％,具有从亚热带向北温带过渡的特征．比较杭州市区与上海、无锡市苔藓植物组成,发现杭州市区苔藓植物物种最为丰富,这可能与该地区多丘陵的地形特点有一定关系．     

Phylogenetic positions of some genera and species of the family Buccinidae (Gastropoda: Mollusca) from China based on ribosomal RNA and COI sequences

A phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Buccinidae was conducted using 18S rRNA gene, 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Ⅰ gene. We studied 18 species of Buccinidae that belong to eight different genera and inhabit the China coastal seas. We analyzed the patterns of divergence between an outgroup and basal ingroup taxa, the monophyly of the genus Neptunea, and the position of one unnamed species within the Buccinidae. A phylogenetic tree (neighbor-joining (NJ) method) was reconstructed based on the sequences of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI, with Rapana venosa as outgroup. The NJ tree indicated that the 18 species could be divided into five groups. The genus Buccinum was monophyletic, whereas Neptunea was shown to be paraphyletic since it included Siphonalia subdilatata and Neptunea sp., a new species. This novel species otherwise clustered consistently with Neptunea cumingi in three other phylogenetic trees, showing a low genetic distance and divergence percentage of sequences belonging to the genus Neptunea. A smaller genetic distance and a smaller difference of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI sequences between Neptunea cumingii and Neptunea arthritica cumingii confirmed them to be the same species.     

伯象瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini（蜡蝉总科：瓢蜡蝉科）区系分类研究

伯象瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini隶属于半翅目Hemiptera,蜡蝉总科Fulgoromorpha,瓢蜡蝉科Issidae,目前全世界包括12属29种。本研究对伯象瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini的分类概况进行了系统回顾,编制了该族的分属检索表,给出了该族所有属、种的名录及地理分布,并绘制了伯象瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini全部种类的地理分布图,深入讨论了该族的分类特征、共有衍征和地理分布格局,结果表明伯象瓢蜡蝉主要为东洋界种,共28种,占96.55%,东洋-古北界共有种1种,占3.45%,我国西南地区物种丰富度最高,共有13种,占44.83%,因此,该地区可能为伯象瓢蜡蝉昆虫的物种分布中心和起源地。     

天漠嗜盐和耐盐细菌产淀粉酶活性及菌株多样性

采用平板水解圈法对分离自张家口天漠沙土的嗜盐和耐盐细菌（含放线菌）进行淀粉酶活性筛选,运用基于16S rRNA基因序列的分析方法对活菌株进行系统发育多样性分析.结果表明,76个受试菌株中,有34株淀粉水解酶活性呈阳性（44.7%）,其中有6株具有较强的淀粉水解酶活性;系统发育分析显示34个阳性菌株类群多样性和物种多样性较高,可以归为18个物种,分属于细菌域（Bacteria）的2门（Actinobacteria,Firmicutes）2科（Streptomycetaceae,Bacillaceae）8属（Streptomyces,Bacillus,Gracilibacillus,Halobacillus,Oceanobacillus,Piscibacillus,Thalassobacillus,Virgibacillus）;产淀粉酶活性较强的6株菌均属于厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）芽孢杆菌科（Bacillaceae）,分属于该科的3个属.其中菌株JSM 1684012,JSM 1684041和JSM 1685098属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;JSM 1684067和JSM 1685082属于纤长芽孢杆菌属（Gracilibacillus）;JSM 1685081属于喜盐芽孢杆菌属（Halobacillus）.以上结果说明分离自张家口天漠沙土的嗜盐和耐盐菌中存在较高比例的产淀粉酶菌株,且这些菌株具有较高的类群多样性和物种多样性.