我国几种野鸭和家鸭遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用SSR技术分析我国几种野鸭和家鸭品种群体间及群体内的多样性.21对引物在群体间共扩增得到516条带,其中多态性条带410条.多态性位点比率在60%～96.7%之间.运用简单匹配系数法计算了品种(系)间的相似性系数和遗传距离,采用类间平均链锁法(Between-groups linkage method)构建了聚类图谱,并进行了系统发生分析.实验结果表明,群体间遗传多样性丰富,聚类图谱显示我国11个地方鸭品种(系)被划分为两大类,这与根据生产性能、经济性状划分的结果相一致.筛选12个多态性较好的微卫星标记,对群体内的遗传多样性水平进行检测.利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数(多态信息含量,平均杂合度以及有效等位基因数),结果表明:本实验所调查的鸭群体的平均杂合度在0.296至0.675之间,各品种(系)依照平均多态信息含量高低排列的次序与按群体平均杂合度排列的顺序基本一致,一些群体内的平均杂合度值较低,反映出群体内遗传多样性水平较低,这很可能与群体近交程度高有关.     

中国四个小型猪品种生长激素基因克隆测序及分子进化研究

研究对中国四个小型猪五指山猪、贵州香猪、滇南小耳猪和藏猪的生长激素基因(pGH,porcine growth hormone)进行了克隆测序及构建分子进化树,考察该激素对小型猪体型的影响。通过筛选合适的引物,采用PCR技术,扩增了四个小型猪品种的pGH基因全序列,并对其进行了克隆测序分析。4个小型猪品种pGH基因全长为2006bp,包括5个外显子和4个内含子,CDS全长为648bp。将4个品种小型猪和长白猪、雅南猪、内江猪进行了核苷酸序列比对,共有63处发生了变异,变异率为2.9%,其中外显子有12处变异,全部为转换;内含子有51处发生了变异,包括转换、颠换和缺失。聚类结果基本符合其地方猪种的地理位置分布原则。     

南充地区桃李资源初报

1988～1989年对南充地区12县(市)开展了全面地桃李资源调查。结果表明,该区桃李栽培历史近千年;桃李各有一个种,64个桃品种(地方品种27个,引进品种37个),30个李品种(地方品种23个,引进品种7个)发现最优良的地方桃品种有白花桃,岳池伏桃2号(伏桃)和红花桃;最优良的地方李品种有营山李、南充桐子李、王黄李、青皮李和黄蜡李。     

我国药用价值地方鸡种的遗传多样性研究

通过选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了9个药用价值地方鸡品种:郧阳白羽乌鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、腾冲雪鸡、余干乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、石棉草科鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、泸宁鸡的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算各群体平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离(Ds)。结果表明:30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在9个鸡群体中PIC均为高度多态,可作为有效遗传标记用于各鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析。在9个品种中,杂合度最低的是郧阳白羽乌鸡,为0.640;杂合度最高的是腾冲雪鸡,为0.690。因此药用价值地方品种鸡的H都偏高,据分析可能是这些药用价值地方品种鸡都产于交通闭塞的山区,形成了家禽品种的多种多型,而且杂合度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性;对Ds的计算表明:体格较大的泸宁鸡与萁它品种距离较远;用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果9个鸡品种被聚为3类:郧阳白羽乌鸡、沐川乌骨鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和腾冲雪鸡聚为一类;余干乌骨鸡、兴文乌骨鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡和石棉草科鸡聚为一类;泸宁鸡独自聚为一类。这与几个鸡品种的来源、分化、选育历史及地理分布是一致的。     

白菜型春油菜品种生态型鉴定

对国内外30份白菜型春油菜品种(Brassica campestris L)的一些质量性状进行了简单评比归类;对几个生理和数量性状用平均数、标准差和变异系数指标进行了单一性状变异度分析,揭示了在这些性状上品种的生态型特性。并综合生理、数量和质量性状31项,用模糊聚类的分析方法将其生态型聚为四类。结果表明,聚类与品种地理分布、生育时期,株高和单株产量密切相关。     

成都麻羊与四川各地黑山羊品种(群体)mtDNA D-1oop序列多态性研究

采用mtDNA多态性标记对成都麻羊与四川各地黑山羊品种(群体)D-loop序列多态性进行分析.结果表明,供试山羊品种(群体)mtDNA片段长度为16kb左右,mtDNA D-loop片段长度为1210～1212bp,共检测到10种单倍型,群体间共有多态座位83个,单一多态座位23个,简约信息座位24个,平均核苷酸歧异度为0.001510,D-loop序列多态性较贫乏.经聚类,成都麻羊与四川各地黑山羊品种(群体)分为两大类,成都麻羊首先与金堂黑山羊(D=0.203)聚在一起后,再依次与乐至黑山羊(D=0.223)、建昌黑山羊(D=0.477)、白玉黑山羊(D=0.593)形成一大类;合江黑山羊与江安黑山羊(D=0.231)先聚在一起后,再与自贡黑山羊(D=0.337)聚为1类,营山黑山羊与嘉陵黑山羊(D=0.242)聚为1类,2类形成另一大类.最后两个大类聚在一起.聚类结果与供试山羊品种(群体)来源和生态地理分布相一致.     

青海省春小麦主要农艺性状及育种演化分析

为给青海省现有小麦品种的合理利用提供参考信息,对61份春小麦主要农艺性状进行了考察与分析。结果表明,供试材料穗长平均为10.8 m、千粒重平均为37.9 g、穗粒重平均为2.2 g、稀穗(平均10 cm19.4个)的高杆(平均株高104.6 cm)中熟(平均生育期112.0 d)品种。主成分分析显示的4个主成分(产量因子、穗密度因子、粒数因子、粒重因子)的特征向量累积贡献率达89.37%,可作为亲本选择的依据。聚类分析可将供试材料聚为高产类和密穗类两类,其遗传距离的远近与育种单位和育成地点无必然联系,而引进品种和含有较多地方品种遗传信息的品种与当地育成品种间的遗传距离较远。总体看来,青海省春小麦育种经历了起步、密穗育种、高产育种和品质育种四个阶段,使品种逐步由密穗型向高产型演化,再由高产型向优质型演化,其中,1994年是高产育种的顶峰时期,2001年以后进入品质育种期。     

云南木香花天然居群的表型多样性研究

在云南天然分布区选择5个有代表性的木香花居群为研究对象,应用居群生物学的原理和方法对木香花的15个表型性状进行多样性分析.结果表明:木香花表型性状在居群间和局群内存在广泛的变异,15个性状的F值范围为1.92～370.6,绝大多数性状在居群间和居群内均达到显著或极显著水平;平均表型分化系数为61.10%,居群间变异(35.92%)大于居群内变异(20.44%),说明居群间的变异是木香花的主要变异来源;对其地理因子与15个表型性状相关性分析表明经度对性状的影响较大;利用群体间欧氏距离进行的UPG-MA聚类分析结果显示,5个天然群体可以划分为2类.     

应用亲缘系数分析四川小麦种质资源的遗传多样性

对代表四川小麦优良种质的40个小麦品种进行了亲缘系数分析，探讨遗传多样性，结果表明，约60％品种组合间的COP值为0，所有供试品种COP值变异范围为0．00－0．75，平均值仅为0．08，表明大多数品种在系谱上的遗传关系很小或无遗传关系，通过COP聚类分析将供试材料聚为6个类群，2个引进品种各自聚为一个类群，其余38个品种分别以繁6，阿勃，绵阳11号，成都光头4个优势亲本聚为不同的大类群与亚类群，分析认为，供试品种间系谱上的遗传差异较大，遗传多样性较高，文中对不同育种单位及不同时期小麦遗传多样性进行了分析。     

波纹巴非蛤5个地理群体的遗传多样性分析

采用形态特征和微卫星分子标记对采自菲律宾(PH)、泰国(TH)、福建云霄(YX)、海南儋州(HN)和广西北海(BH)的5个地理群体的波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)进行遗传多样性分析.形态差异分析结果显示,国外群体和国内群体形态差异明显:2个国外群体(PH和TH)形态接近,聚为一支;国内支系中,YX和HN群体的形态较近,先聚为一支,而BH群体的外部形态与前两者差异较大.Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验检测到所有群体在5个位点上均出现不同程度地偏离平衡.5个群体间遗传分化指数(FST,0.000 5~0.183 1)、基因流值(Nm,2.230 46~1 066.23)以及分子方差分析(AMOVA,群体间的变异贡献率为10.21%,p0.000 1)结果表明,群体间存在中等程度的分化.基于遗传距离的非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析显示:2个国外群体和3个国内群体分别聚为一支,再聚为一个整体;国内支系中,YX和BH群体先聚为一体,再与HN群体聚类.研究结果揭示了波纹巴非蛤较高的遗传多样性水平和中等程度的遗传分化水平,同时也暗示其现有的遗传分化程度受到人类生产活动的干扰.     

Genetic analysis on 3′- terminal flanking region of uncoupling protein 3 in different pig breeds

The 3′-terminal flanking region of porcine uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) was cloned, the sequence data revealed 15 nucleotide substitutions among Landrace and three Chinese native pig breeds named Neijiang, Minpig and Erhualian. The continuous 9 polymorphic sites were checked by PCR-RFLP, the results indicatedthat Erhualian had extraordinary gene frequency, presented most significant difference by χ2 test compared with Landrace, Largewhite, Neijiang and Minpig respectively, significant level compared with Meishan; and Meishan also had significant difference compared with Landrace and Minpig respectively. These results canbe concluded that Taihu pigs have special genetic characteristics among pig breeds.     

Differential expression analysis and regulatory network reconstruction for genes associated with muscle growth and adipose deposition in obese and lean pigs

During the growth and development of skeletal muscle cells and adipose cells, the regulatory mechanism of micro-effect polygenes determines porcine meat quality, carcass characteristics and other relative quantitative traits. Obese and lean type pig breeds show obvious differences in muscle growth and adipose deposition; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenotypic variation remains unknown. We used pathway-focused oligo microarray studies to examine the expression changes of 140 genes associated with muscle growth and adipose deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle at six growth stages （birth, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months） of Landrace （a leaner, Western breed） and Taihu pigs （a fatty, indigenous, Chinese breed）. Variance analysis （ANOVA） revealed that differences in the expression of 18 genes in Landrace pigs and three genes in Taihu pigs were very significant （FDR-adjusted permutation, P 〈 0.01） and differences for 22 genes in Landrace pigs and seven genes in Taihu pigs were significant （FDR-adjusted permutation, P 〈 0.05） among six growth stages. Clustering analysis revealed a high level of significance （FDR-adjusted, P 〈 0.01） for four gene expression patterns, in which genes that strongly up-regulated were mainly associated with the positive regulation of myofiber formation and fatty acid biogenesis and genes that strongly down-regulated were mainly associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and positive regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation. Based on a dynamic Bayesian network （DBN） model, gene regulatory networks （GRNs） were reconstructed from time-series data for each pig breed. These two GRNs initially revealed the distinct differences in physiological and biochemical aspects of muscle growth and adipose deposition between the two pig breeds; from these results, some potential key genes could be identified. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR （QRT-PCR） was used to verify the microarray data for five modulated genes, and a good correlation between     

Mutation in the porcine SERPINA7 gene and its association with boar fertility

The porcine SERPINA7 gene is considered as a positional candidate gene responsible for testis size for its location on X chromosome and its biologically critical role in the development of testis. A nonsynonymous polymorphism (His226Asn or C678A) in the ligand-binding domain of SERPINA7 has been identified, which alters SERPINA7’s affinity to thyroxine and is closely associated with testis size. In this study, a primer mutagenesis strategy was developed to genotype this polymorphism in Chinese indigenous pigs and some western commercial pigs. The C allele existed in all tested Chinese indigenous and wild pigs, while the A allele is specific for western commercial breeds, indicating the occurrence of the mutation is of western origin. The correlation of this polymorphism with different boar fertility traits was assessed using a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross which included 110 F₂ mature boars. The results showed that the C678A polymorphism was closely associated with testis weight and epididymis weight (P＜0.0001 and P=0.0016, respectively) with significant heavier testis weight and epididymis weight in boars carrying the A allele than boars with the C allele. A significant correlation was also observed between this polymorphism and total sperm in the ejaculate (P＜0.01) as well as semen volume (P＜0.05). No statistically significant association of the C678A polymorphism with sperm concentration and sperm motility was found.     

Analysis of porcine MHC expression profile

The porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also named swine leukocyte antigen, SLA) is associated not only with immune responsibility and disease susceptibility, but also with some reproductive and productive traits such as growth rate and carcass composition. As yet systematical research on SLA expression profile is not reported. In order to illustrate SLA expression comprehensively and deepen our understanding of its function, we outlined the expression profile of SLA in 51 tissues of Landrace by analyzing a large amount of ESTs produced by ““Sino-Danish Porcine Genome Project““. In addition, we also compared the expression profile of SLA in several tissues from different development stages and from another breed (Erhualian). The result shows: (i) classical SLA genes are highly expressed in immune tissues and middle part of intestine; (ii) although SLA-3 is an SLA la gene, its expression abundance and pattern are quite different from those of the other two SLA la genes. The same phenomenon is seen in HLA-C expression, suggesting that the two genes may function similarly and undergo convergent evolution; (iii) except in jejunum, the antigen presenting genes are more highly expressed in breed Erhualian than in Landrace. The difference might associate with the higher resistance to bad conditions (including pathogens) of Erhualian and higher growth rates of Landrace.     

苯二氮卓化合物等对雌性狼山鸡肌肉营养成分的影响

本研究表明在日常饲料中添加苯二氮化合物－Ｆ＿８９（剂量２ｐｐｍ）或２ｐｐｍＦ＿８９＋１ｐｐｍ克伦特罗（ＣＬ），对雌性狼山鸡的胸肌、腿肌的营养成分没有显著的影响。但其中添加２ｐｐｍＦ＿８９＋１ｐｐｍＣＬ能显著地降低雌性狼山鸡胸肌、腿肌的脂肪含量。     

藏猪起源和品种遗传独特性的研究

以采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法（ＰＡＧＥ）测定四川、云南两地藏猪血液蛋白多态基因座（Ｔｆ,Ｐａ,ＡｍＩ,Ｃｐ）所得的结果和收集的国内外相关资料为依据,计算了标准遗传距离和遗传独特性,并进行聚类分析和保护等级的划分．结果表明：（１）四川藏猪和云南藏猪属同一品种,均起源于亚洲野猪;（２）利用品种遗传独特性划分保种等级,四川藏猪排在第五位,且仅用４５．４％的品种,对最大基因频率的保护程度可达９８．９７％．     

二花脸猪的染色体分析

以二花脸猪为材料，采用外周血淋巴细胞短期培养及Ｇ－带、Ｃ－带和银以技术，对其体细胞染色体进行了分析研究。结果表明，二花脸猪二倍体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝３８。对１８对常染色体和１对性染色体。在Ｇ－带带型中，虽然不同细胞在带纹宽窄或染色强度上呈现出一定变化，但就每一对同源染色体而言，则都有其特殊的带型。在Ｃ－分带中，１号、１３－１８号染色体着丝粒区域呈强阳性，且范围较大，１６、１７和１８号同源染色体间     

9个地方鸡种MHC B-G座位多态性及其分子系统进化分析

以我国9个地方鸡为研究对象,对其MHC B-G座位全基因序列进行测序,以揭示这9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因的遗传多样性,并构建其系统进化树.结果表明,9个地方鸡种MHC B-G基因序列具有较高的遗传多样性,在9个地方鸡种中共存在666个突变位点,其中单一位点突变554个,简约信息112个,共缺失782 bp.核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.030 79±0.004 39,平均核苷酸差异(K)为182.639.9个地方鸡品种为9个单倍型,单倍型多样度为1.00±0.052.9个鸡种MHC B-G基因Kiumura双参数遗传距离范围为0.010～0.070,鹿苑鸡与新狼山鸡的遗传距离最小,为0.010;茶花鸡与东乡绿壳蛋鸡遗传距离最大,为0.070.根据9个鸡品种MHC B-G基因全序列构建的NJ树和ME树,茶花鸡单独聚为1类,其他8个品种被聚为2大类.Tajima's D值为-1.554 6,且差异不显著(0.10>P>0.05),说明MHC B-G基因为负向选择,不遵循中性进化理论,MHC B-G基因多态性不是遗传漂变的结果,而是自然选择和人工选择的结果.     

PIC猪饲养观察

PIC猪是国际优良猪种,汕头牧业公司猪场采用工厂化养猪技术,经57个月测试,全期全程料肉比3.78:1,其它各项生产指标均接近省内养猪先进水平,效果良好.