废弃电路板回收技术与方法研究进展

随着电子制造业飞速发展,废弃电路板急剧增加,如何有效处理废弃电路板并提高它的利用率已成为大家所关注的热点问题。废弃电子线路板如果处理不当将会对环境造成严重的污染,综合利用好废弃电路板又可产生巨大的经济价值。本文阐述我国进行废弃电子线路板回收和处理的重要性和紧迫性,在此基础上,分别对废弃电路板机械处理法、化学法、生物湿法冶金技术、超临界流体技术等回收与处理技术与方法的研究现状进行了综述,并对其研究重点和发展趋势做出展望。     

波峰焊拉锡现象的产生以及消除

当前,在电子行业中,波峰自动焊接机已被广泛使用。随着电子工业的不断发展,对波峰自动焊接机的需求会不断地增加,然而在使用波峰自动焊接机的过程中,接插件在印刷电路板上的焊接在二次波峰焊时,往往会出现焊接点拉锡,即形成细长的圆锥形拉锡现象,致使接插件在印刷电路板上的焊接质量下降,同时造成焊锡浪费,增加了焊接成本。     

高压电脉冲技术对废弃电路板的破碎研究

利用高压脉冲技术对废弃电路板进行了破碎研究,并利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)对破碎产物进行了表征.结果表明,高压电脉冲技术可利用废弃电路板中金属和非金属的电学特性差异对其进行破碎,同时还能够将大部分的铜都富集在较窄的粒度范围中,实现对金属的富集,有利于后续的分选和回收.高压电脉冲能够使废弃电路板沿铜箔与基材以及铜箔与阻燃剂层之间的界面发生解离,而这种解离是从界面的边缘开始发生的,并随着脉冲个数的增加逐渐地向界面内部延伸,直至界面彻底分离.经过400脉冲作用后,铜箔与基材以及铜箔与阻燃剂层之间实现了完全分离,电路板中97.92%的铜富集于粒径<2 mm的颗粒中,而这部分颗粒仅占电路板总质量的39.71%.     

江汉油田废弃油基钻井液柴油回收技术

江汉油田页岩气钻井作业中使用柴油基钻井液,为减少废弃钻井液对环境的污染,通过室内实验研制了柴油回收剂配方:1%破乳剂OPP+800 mg/L混凝剂PAC+10 mg/L絮凝剂PAM.并优化了柴油回收工艺参数:最佳的破乳温度为55～60℃,破乳时间为60 min,离心转速为3 000 r/min,离心时间为5 min,废弃油基钻井液柴油回收率可达90%以上.回收柴油的品质达到了GB252-2000规定的-10号轻柴油技术要求和GB/T19147-2003规定的-10号车用柴油技术要求.根据现场油基钻井液的配方,再以回收柴油为基液配制油基钻井液,其性能与现场使用的油基钻井液性能相当.     

不同粒径的废弃电路板粉末对水泥砂浆基本性能的影响

废弃电路板作为危险废弃物,对环境污染十分严重﹒为了提高废弃电路板的利用效率,将2种不同粒径的废弃电路板粉末掺入砂浆中,探究其对水泥砂浆抗压强度、抗折强度、流动度和稠度、孔隙率、保水性等性能的影响﹒研究结果表明：废弃电路板粉末能够提高砂浆强度,且在同一龄期、同一掺量下,细粉改性砂浆的抗压、抗折强度均高于粗粉改性砂浆;废弃电路板粉末的掺入,能够在一定范围内提升水泥砂浆的强度和保水性,有利于发展环境友好型社会.     

废弃光盘中金属铝回收利用新方法

为回收利用废弃光盘反射层中的金属铝,基于化学侵蚀法采用NaOH与NaCl的混合溶液使光盘印刷层快速脱落,盐酸将光盘反射层金属铝快速溶解,在常态化的反应条件下使光盘中的铝以AlCl3的形式实现回收的酸碱联合新方法。同时考察了各个反应因素对反应的影响和碱性混合液的回用性能。研究结果表明,酸碱联合提铝方法可在15%NaOH与10%NaCl体积比为1∶2、70℃反应温度及300 r/min搅拌速度条件下使光盘印刷层在最短时间脱落,金属铝部分溶解,并在20%盐酸、70℃温度及300 r/min搅拌速度条件下可将反射层金属进行完全回收利用,且铝回收率可高达91.58%。     

稀土矿山废弃渣中稀土资源的回收研究

以冕宁县稀土废弃矿渣为研究对象,经随机采样,测定其废弃矿渣中稀土的含量.在不同浓度的硫酸溶液、温度和时间浸取条件下,对稀土废弃矿渣反复浸取寻找其最大浸取量的实验研究结果表明:当T=323 K,t=60 min,硫酸溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L的浸取条件下得到的浸取液中含稀土量最大,其含量为20.21 mg/g(La:7.20 mg/g,Ce:9.10 mg/g,Pr:1.07 mg/g,Nd:2.84 mg/g).用木纤维固化单宁吸附材料对矿渣浸取液进行吸附回收量实验得到:当T=303 K,t=3 h,pH=6.0时,单宁量为0.4 g的条件下,加入乙二胺,其最大吸附率为:98.51%.研究结果表明,该方法适用于废弃矿渣中稀土的回收利用.     

超临界CO2萃取废电路板中阻燃剂的研究

废印刷电路板(PCB)的处理是电子废弃物回收处理过程中的一大难题,传统的填埋或焚烧处理造成严重的环境污染,同时废印刷电路板中含有的各种金属及高附加值阻燃剂未能回收再利用,造成大量的资源浪费.本研究选取了4种有代表性的废电路板边角料作为原料,采用摇床法浮选分离金属与非金属树脂材料,再通过超临界CO2从树脂材料中萃取出其中含有的添加型有机磷系阻燃剂--磷酸三苯酯(TPP),同时采用在线高压紫外分光光度仪观测TPP的萃取行为,并对萃出物分别采用红外吸收光谱仪(IR)及气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)、气相色谱(GC)分析确定萃出物组成.初步考察了TPP的超临界CO2萃取效率,确定了萃取时间、温度、压力等参数条件.     

印刷电路板回收五水硫酸铜中氯离子电位测定

从印刷电路板回收的CuSO4·5H2O样品中Cl^-可通过电位滴定法定量．样品用2次蒸馏水溶解,溶液中的SO4^2-经Ba（NO3）2沉淀后,以AgNO3标准溶液为滴定剂,通过d^2 E／dV^2对V作图确定终点体积,可求出滤液中Cl^-含量．结果表明：标准加入法（n=3）的测定结果相对偏差≤4．0％,对2份样品分析的相对标准偏差小于3．0％．因此,电位滴定法能对印刷电路板回收五水硫酸铜中氯离子准确定量．     

基于碱性蚀刻液回收处理中对萃取液选择的研究

溶剂萃取法处理印刷电路板（PCB）碱性蚀刻废液是国外应用的主要处理方法,可以在回收铜的同时回用蚀刻剂。本论文研究的目的是论述基于碱性蚀刻液回收处理中所确定的最佳萃取液,采用的是定性定量比较试验分析法。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-