太湖平原中石器,新石器时代人类文化的发展与环境

本文主要研究太湖平原中石器、新石器时代人类文化的产生、发展与地理环境的关系。旧石器时代末期,太湖平原气候凉干,为森林、草原环境。古人类以采集、狩猎为生,穴居于洞穴之中。新石器时代早期,太湖平原气候暖湿,人类开始以农业生产和渔猎为生,在平原地区建聚落。新石器时代晚期气候转凉干,人类开始挖井取水,农业生产发展,手工业生产随着发展。     

Analysis of sedimentary-geomorphologic variation and the living environment of hominids at the Shuidonggou Paleolithic site

Shuidonggou is one of the most important Upper Paleolithic sites in North China. Due to the presence of rich human remains, animal fossils, abundant sporopollen and unique geological sequence, it is the type site for Late Pleistocene to Holocene human occupation and environmental change in the Ningxia-lnner Mongolia region. Many scholars suggest that the site should be named the ＂Shuidong- gou Formation＂ of Late Pleistocene in North China. Dating results indicate that ancient human activities at the site took place 30-24 ka （Marine Isotope Stage [MIS] 3）. The climate at that time was warmer and moister than present day, and adequate precipitation led to the formation of water pack depressions where broad-leaf trees and sparse forest vegetations, as well as herbivorous animals flourished, making the area suitable for early human hunting, gathering and survival. The Neolithic human occupation happened 9-5 ka at the site, while similar environmental conditions with MIS3 occurred. The absence of human activity record in the region during the Last Glacial Maximum （MIS2） suggests that the environment was too harsh for humans to live there.     

Relations between man and nature reflected by the evolution of the Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River,China

The relations between man and nature reflected by evolution of Neolithic production tools in the Three Gorges region of Yangtze River is discussed in this paper.Our results show that there is a good correlation between the percentage vibration of cutting tool types and the environmental evolution indicated by the natural profile nearby.It is possible for ancestors from the Three Gorges region to learn the advantage of mortise and tenon in the early Neolithic Age because they used the stones as vital tools for processing woods.The hunting method in the early Neolithic is throwing,which was inherited in the mid-Neolithic Age when hunting with arrow and bow was developed.Fishing tools are found at the same period.Numbers of net sinkers and spinning wheels unearthed from the strata of the Western Zhou Dynasty from Zhongba Site reveal the fact of fishing with net,while a mass of fishbone pits indi- cate the powerful productivity brought by new production tools.Quantity of stone spades and stone hoes proves that cultivation agriculture by hoe is extremely attached importance by the ancestors in the Three Gorges region.Moreover,the developed agriculture in Daxi Culture at Zhongbao Island benefits from the landform,climate,traffic location,etc.Otherwise,the reason that the farming tools declined in the late Neolithic Age is related to the extreme flood during the early Xia Dynasty and the fishing hunting preference of some ancient settlements.This research shows that ancestors of the Three Gorges region during the Neolithic Age attached importance to fish hunting and cultivation, fought against the natural environment by production tools,constantly created and improved them, then comprehensively utilized them to evolve the relations between man and nature.     

Response of rice cultivation to fluctuating sea level during the Mid-Holocene

Archaeological analysis of a section of ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan for diatoms, seeds and phytoliths has shown that the highest local sea level in eastern China during the Holocene appeared before 7.0 ka BP. Entering the Mid-Holocene, as seawater regressed, a vast wetland plain appeared in the coastal area, where farmers of the Neolithic Hemudu culture cultivated rice. However, there were still several sea-level fluctuations in the Mid-Holocene, of which the biggest were from 6.4 to 6.3 ka BP and from 4.6 to 2.1 ka BP. In addition, in the period dominated by wetland grass vegetation, 6.3 to 4.6 ka BP, smaller fluctuations appar- ently pushed the coastline back on to the land. Even though the sea-level rises associated with these shoreline transgressions did not have the intensity of the highest sea level period, there still would have been profound impacts on the lives and production activities of people living in the region. Archaeological evidence from ancient rice fields at Tianluoshan shows that larger sea-level rise events pushed seawater onto the land and inundated large areas of rice fields, whereas weaker sea-level rise events resulted in the intrusion of seawater along rivers, causing an increase in soil salinity and a decrease in rice yields. The impact of sea-level rise on rice cultivation caused changes in local diet. In regions where rice production fell, the prevalence of gathering and hunting rose. High sea levels in the early Holocene imply that the origin of rice cultivation in the eastern coastal plain is likely to have been in small nearby mountain basins.     

中亚石器文化研究综述--兼论中亚旧石器时代早期文化

中亚旧石器时代早期文化是指距今300—200万年至30—20万年前的史前人类文化遗址。这表明在很久以前原始人类就开始在中亚地区生息繁衍。在此期间，他们开始制作简单的打制石器，过着采集和狩猎的生活。     

安徽淮河流域新石器文化兴衰与自然环境变迁关系研究

安徽淮河流域是我国古文化相互交流、相互碰撞的一个重要区域,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。本文利用钻孔孢粉、海面变化及海岸线变迁等研究成果恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,利用田野考古资料和考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,并将环境演变研究和古文化研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变对古文化发展的影响。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5~5.5kaB.P.气候暖湿,受高海面、海侵及洪涝灾害的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5~4.0kaB.P.气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。     

Long-term trend and abrupt events of the Holocene Asian monsoon inferred from a stalagmite δ18O record from Shennongjia in Central China

The middle-Holocene was a period of profound cul- ture transitions: the Neolithic culture around Central China[1], Mesopotamia[2] and India[3] all mysteriously collapsed around 4 ka . It is plausible that this civiliza-tion collapse can be contributed to …     

浅说西藏新石器时代陶器

西藏新石器时代的陶器出土，主要见于昌都卡若遗址，拉萨曲贡遗址，山南贡嘎遗址，琼结邦嘎遗址，林芝红星、居木遗址等，最具代表性的是前两个遗址。陶器造型与那一时期的生活习俗紧密相关，卡若化与锄耕农业及猎狩生活联系密切。陶器的装饰艺术主要表现在刻纹、堆纹、压纹、磨光花上。制陶工艺包括对原料选择加工、成型与装饰、烧制方面。西藏新石器时代的陶器业受生产力的制约，落后于同一时期内地出土的许多新石器时代的化。它体现了西藏氏族部落社会的化风格，有强烈的高原特色。     

伏羲与大禹——基于信仰与民俗起源意义上的比较研究

中华民族历史上所造就的诸多先王圣祖中,伏羲和大禹的形象及其所负载的内容,显得最为丰富和完整,从原始信仰和民俗的角度讲,也只有他们两人几乎体现了全部的要素,将生殖神、图腾神、发明神、文化神和社稷神集于一身,可称之谓“全能型”始祖。其内涵乃是新石器时代整个历史文化积淀的浓缩与提炼。如此丰满而明晰的形象,其发生离不开核心文化区的依托。伏羲所依托的以大地湾为中心的渭河流域文化和大禹所依托的以河姆渡、良渚为中心的宁绍平原文化,分别被誉为我国南北两处新石器文化的光辉代表。“全能型”始祖的酿造过程比较复杂,存在着文化上的后果叠前和前果累后的“双向整合”现象。这个人物不一定受严格的时空限制,关键在于符合体现本民族发展足迹的需要,并能够在面向未来时成为新型共同体的精神寄托。     

Early agricultural development and environmental effects in the Neolithic Longdong basin （eastern Gansu）

Neolithic agricultural development and environmental effects in the Longdong area were reconstructed using a synthetic approach, investigating pollen, charcoal, and seed remains for two cultural layer sections and five flotation sites. Results show that Neolithic agriculture in the Longdong area had a simple organization and was dominated by the production of common millet, especially in the early and middle Yangshao age. After the late Yangshao age, Neolithic agriculture developed into a more complex structure, dominated by both common and foxtail millet and the cultivation of rice and soybeans. The production of foxtail millet gradually increased through the Neolithic period, reaching its highest point during the Qijia culture. Soybeans were first cultivated during the late Yangshao culture, approximately 5000 cal a BP. Rice production began no later than 4800 cal a BP, and continued to exist in the Qijia culture, approximately 4000 cal a BP. Agricultural production in Neolithic Longdong, specifically in the “Yuan” area of the loess plateau, developed as a shrub and grass dominated landscape. Vegetation in the river valleys was partly covered with Picea, Tusga, and Quercus coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests. Agricultural activity during the Neolithic period caused an increase in farmland on the loess tableland and a decrease in the abundance of shrub and grassland in the Longdong area. When farmlands were abandoned, vegetation recovered with Hippophae-, Rosaceae-, Ephedra-, and Leguminosae-dominated shrublands and Artemisia-dominated grasslands.     

Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China

The adoption of cereal cultivation was one of the most important cultural processes in history, marking the transition from hunting and gathering by Mesolithic foragers to the food-producing economy of Neolithic farmers. In the Lower Yangtze region of China, a centre of rice domestication, the timing and system of initial rice cultivation remain unclear. Here we report detailed evidence from Kuahuqiao that reveals the precise cultural and environmental context of rice cultivation at this earliest known Neolithic site in eastern China, 7,700 calibrated years before present (cal. yr bp). Pollen, algal, fungal spore and micro-charcoal data from sediments demonstrate that these Neolithic communities selected lowland swamps for their rice cultivation and settlement, using fire to clear alder-dominated wetland scrub and prepare the site for occupation, then to maintain wet grassland vegetation of paddy type. Regular flooding by slightly brackish water was probably controlled by 'bunding' to maintain crop yields. The site's exploitation ceased when it was overwhelmed by marine inundation 7,550 cal. yr bp. Our results establish that rice cultivation began in coastal wetlands of eastern China, an ecosystem vulnerable to coastal change but of high fertility and productivity, attractions maximized for about two centuries by sustained high levels of cultural management of the environment.     

The elemental carbon record in Weinan loess section since the last 21 ka

We studied the records of elemental carbon (EC) of the last 21 ka in the Weinan loess section, Shanxi Province. The variations of EC abundance and δ¹³C_EC value along with depth (or age) were presented. There are four large peaks of EC abundance around the following years: 20.16 ka, 17.76 ka, 11.97 ka and 4.49 ka. Climatic situation was changed rapidly during these periods. The peaks around 11.97 ka and 20.16 ka are particularly sharp, occurring over intervals of tens to hundreds of years, which could represent short-duration intense events. δ¹³C_EC values in the upper 4 m of the Weinan loess section vary between −11.71‰ and −21.34‰, which suggests that the vegetation pattern of the last 21 ka on the Loess Plateau is C₄-dominated grasses.     

Holocene climatic and environmental changes recorded in Baahar Nuur Lake core in the Ordos Plateau, Inner Mongolia of China

A 5.3 m lake core was drilled in Baahar Nuur Lake in the Ordos Plateau, and measurements of meangrain size, organic δ 13C (δ 13Corg), organic carbon content (TOC), C/N, carbonate content, carbonate δ 13C(δ 13Ccar) and δ 18O (δ 18Ocar) were conducted for retrieving the Holocene chronosequence of climaticchanges based on 15 AMS 14C dates. The record documented four major stages of climate change inthe Ordos Plateau: (IV) a cold and dry condition before ～7.65 14C ka BP; (III) a warm and humid stagebetween ～7.65 and ～5.40 ka BP; (II) a generally drier and cooler climate since ～5.40 ka BP with twohumid events occurring from ～4.70 to ～4.60 ka BP and from ～4.20 to ～3.70 ka BP, and (I) a dry climatecharacterized by complete desiccation of the lake after 3.70 ka BP. Stage III can be further divided intothree sub-stages: (IIIa) a warm and humid episode from ～7.65 to ～6.70 ka BP, (IIIb) a warm and relativelydry episode from ～6.70 to ～6.20 ka BP, and (IIIc) the magthermal and maghumid episode of the Holo-cene from ～6.20 to ～5.40 ka BP.     

Stalagmite-inferred Holocene precipitation in northern Guizhou Province,China, and asynchronous termination of the Climatic Optimum in the Asian monsoon territory

An absolute-dated, bi-decadal-resolution, stalagmite oxygen-isotopic time series from Shigao Cave reveals the evolution of summer monsoon precipitation over the past 9.9 ka BP in northern Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The  18O-inferred climate conditions are divisible into three distinct stages: (1) a maximum humid era from 9.9-6.6 ka BP; (2) a gradual declining precipitation interval between 6.6-1.6 ka BP; and (3) a relatively low precipitation time window after 1.6 ka BP. Consistency of contemporaneous stalagmite Holocene 18O records between Shigao and other caves in the Indian and East Asian monsoon realms support the effect of primary orbital solar forcings on monsoonal precipitation. However, statistical analysis shows a significant spatial asynchroneity of the Holocene Optimum termination in the Asian monsoon territory. The Holocene Optimum ended at 7.2-7.4 ka BP in Oman, located in the Indian monsoon region, and at 5.6-5.8 ka BP in Central China, in the East Asian monsoon zone. In Southwest China, the termination occurred between these periods, at 6.6-7.0 ka BP, and was influenced by both monsoon systems. We propose that this spatially asynchronous ending of Holocene Optimum in Asia may be attributed to sea surface temperature changes in the western tropical Pacific, which is a primary moisture source for the East Asian monsoon.     

Evolution of prehistoric agriculture in central Gansu Province,China: A case study in Qin’an and Li County

This study, based on environmental archaeological studies focused on Qin’an County and Li County in Gansu Province, China, shows that during 8–7.3 ka BP few cultivated crop seeds were found. After 6.4 ka BP, during the Banpo period, many crop seeds appeared, indicating the development of agriculture. Millet agriculture in this area appeared and flourished a little later than in the Central Plain of China. Climate change is an important factor that influenced the development of agriculture in this area. The rapid expansion of agriculture during late Yangshao and Changshan benefited from the humid and warm climate in the mid-Holocene, especially the emergence of rice. After 4 ka BP, climate became drier, and agriculture began to decline. So Siwa Culture is char-acterized by pastoral economy, until the Eastern Zhou period, agriculture began to recover, when wheat and barley appeared in Li County, indicating diversification of agriculture of this time.     

Southwest monsoon changes indicated by oxygen isotope of ostracode shells from sediments in Qinghai Lake since the late Glacial

The δ 18O records of ostracode shells in sediments of core QH-2000 from Qinghai Lake can be used as a better proxy to reflect monsoon changes. Low monsoon precipitation between 17.5 and 11 cal. ka BP is indicated by positive δ 18O values averaging 2.37‰. A fast shift in δ 18O from positive at 11 cal. ka BP to negative at 10 cal. ka BP indicates sharp increase of monsoon precipitation. An interval of generally high monsoon precipitation is observed between 10 and 6 cal. ka BP with δ 18O values averaging -2.15‰. Decrease of monsoon precipitation between 6 and 2.5 cal. ka BP is indicated by positive δ 18O values. δ 18O keeps positive values averaging 3.0‰ between 2.5 and 0 cal. ka BP suggesting low high monsoon precipitation. The climatic changes indicated by δ 18O records of ostracode shells in sedi- ments of core QH-2000 from Qinghai Lake and our broader regional comparison show that the climate in Qinghai Lake since the late Glacial is probably controlled by southwest monsoon other than southeast monsoon.     

辽东半岛新石器文化经济形态转化与环境变化的关系

辽东半岛的小珠山、后洼文化遗址是新石器时期辽南地区重要的文化遗址.通过对考古文化特征与渔猎—农耕经济的兴衰发展的分析,并结合孢粉、黄土等古气候指标对中国北方地区全新世气候变化进行的研究,同时叠加辽东半岛地区的海岸地质地形条件等特征,探讨了辽东半岛地区古文化与全新世环境演变的关系,揭示了该地区新石器时期以来文化受生产力发展的影响机制.5000 aB.P的寒冷期,人类应对气候突变的响应不同,直接导致小珠文化的兴盛与后洼文化的衰退.     

Quaternary glacier development and the relationship between the climate change and tectonic uplift in the Helan Mountain

Isolated NE-SW stretching the Helan Mountain massif, separating the temperate grassland of the Ordos plateau from the Tenggeli Desert, is a key position of studying the glacier development in west China as well as the coupling conditions of climate change with tectonic uplift. The glacial landforms and deposits including cirques, peaks, knife-edge ridges, lateral moraines, and terminal moraines distribute above 2800 m a.s.l. in the middle part of the Helan Mountain. This distribution indicates that here was once glaciated during the late Quaternary. Morphology features show a clear sequence of landscape forming events took place throughout the Helan Mountain. Laboratory optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry radio-carbon dating (AMS 14 C) results indicate a late history of glacial advance. Late Pleistocene glaciers in the middle part of the Helan Mountain advanced to near their positions at least four times, and the glacial sequences can be assigned as the middle stage of last glacial cycle (MIS3b, 43.2±4.0 ka), last glacial maximum (LGM, ~18 ka), late glacial (12.0±1.1 ka) and neo-glacial (3.4± 0.3 ka) respectively. Adopting equilibrium line altitude ~2980 m of last glacial maximum and the modern theoretical snowline altitude ~4724 m as the maximum amplitudes, and the standard marine isotope curve (MIS) as the glacial equilibrium line change since the Gonghe Movement (150 ka), the relationship between the mountain altitude and glacier development is discussed herein. Compared with other environmental indexes such as the loesspaleosol and ice core, conclusions are made that glacier advances in the Helan Mountain during the late Quaternary obviously depended on the coupled control of tectonic uplift of mountain with the climate condition. It is at last glaciation that the mountain reached the altitude above snowline and coupled with the glacial climate. The glacial advances occurred in the early and middle stages of last glacial cycle after the Gonghe Movement.     

Orbital- and millennial-scale variability of the Asian monsoon during MIS8 from Sanbao Cave at Mount Shennongjia,central China

One stalagmite oxygen isotope record from Sanbao Cave, China, established with 7 230Th ages and 355 oxygen isotope data, pro- vides a continuous history of the East Asian Monsoon (EAM) intensity for the period from 284 to 240 thousand years before present (ka BP) with typical errors of 3―4 ka. This new record extends the previously published stalagmite δ18O record back to the marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 8. The MIS8 EAM record broadly follows orbitally-induced insolation variations and is punctuated by...     

High-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry dating of young volcanic rocks by using U-series method

A high precision thermal ionization mass spectrometric (HP-TIMS) technique is used to determine²³⁸U,²³⁴U,²³²Th,²³⁰Th concentrations and their ratios in whole rocks and minerals separated from Quaternary Maanshan, Dayingshan and Heikongshan volcanic rocks of Tengchong volcanic field, Yunnan Province, China. The²³⁸U-²³⁰Th isochrons are given, yielding four age values (227±20) ka (D-1, Dayingshan), (79.6±5.5) ka (D-7, Dayingshan), (21.9±3.0) ka (h-1, Heikongshan), and (7.5±1.0) ka (M-1, Maanshan). The result is not only consistent with but also preciser than those measured by the K-Ar method and the alpha spectrometry U-series method, indicating that the HP-TIMS method is reliable and has high precision. Besides, a procedure of HP-TIMS analysis of young volcanic rocks in China is set up preliminarily.