Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Celis of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride celis in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis, which grow in the same feeding conditions, are examined with a transmission electron microscope. These developed skin chloride celis were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride celis of euryhaline fish gill. They lo-cate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels. The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying net-work of tubules. The degeneration of skin chloride celis is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae. Skin chloride celis of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

非洲爪蟾蜍变态期变态异常个体的性腺发育

作者对16只变态期变态异常的非洲爪蟾幼体的性腺进行了解剖及细胞学的观察.实验结果表明,变态异常个体的性腺发育与同龄正常发育者完全一致,而与其身体的外形,即个体的大小及完全变态与否没有密切关系.     

耐温牙鲆分子标记辅助选育研究

应用分子标记进行耐温牙鲆的辅助选育.首先应用已知的与耐温性为极显著负相关的牙鲆微卫星引物Po42对50尾牙鲆亲鱼DNA进行PCR分析,根据PCR分析结果将其分成耐温组和非耐温组.经过人工催产,耐温组的产卵量明显大于非耐温组和对照组.耐温组繁育的子代仔鱼变态率明显比非耐温组和对照组子代高.在人工增温的条件下,耐温组仔鱼成活率比非耐温组和对照组的仔鱼显著提高.本研究结果证明,牙鲆微卫星引物Po42可用于耐温牙鲆的分子标记辅助选育,同时也进一步确认其与牙鲆耐温性状具有关联性.     

牙鲆fibrinogen β基因的克隆及表达分析

 通过mRNA差异显示发现一个鳗弧菌刺激后在牙鲆肝脏中表达量显著增加的片段,结合RACE技术得到了该差异片段1 856 bp的全长cDNA,包含一个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质含有fibrinogen β的C末端签名序列。同源性分析表明其氨基酸序列与鱼类以及哺乳类的fibrinogen β都具有高度的相似性,因此可断定此基因为牙鲆的fibrinogen β基因(GenBank登录号为EF581895)。RT-PCR分析表明,在注射鳗弧菌后,该基因在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、腮、肠、心脏中的表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势。推测其可能在鳗弧菌侵染中,起到了促进伤口愈合的作用,或通过和其他细胞因子结合在防御细菌的侵染中发挥免疫调节作用。     

牙鲆fibrinogen β基因的克隆及表达分析

通过mRNA差异显示发现一个鳗弧菌刺激后在牙鲆肝脏中表达量显著增加的片段,结合RACE技术得到了该差异片段1 856 bp的全长cDNA,包含一个1 479 bp的开放阅读框,编码的蛋白质含有fibrinogen β的C末端签名序列.同源性分析表明其氨基酸序列与鱼类以及哺乳类的fibrinogen β都具有高度的相似性,因此可断定此基因为牙鲆的fibrinogen β基因(GenBank登录号为EF581895).RT-PCR分析表明,在注射鳗弧菌后,该基因在肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、腮、肠、心脏中的表达量呈现逐渐增加的趋势.推测其可能在鳗弧菌侵染中,起到了促进伤口愈合的作用,或通过和其他细胞因子结合在防御细菌的侵染中发挥免疫调节作用.     

半滑舌鳎早期胚胎性腺原基分化的组织学

采用连续组织切片对半滑舌鳎胚胎及仔鱼进行了观察研究,首次描述了半滑舌鳎胚胎发育过程中原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells,PGCs)出现的部位及迁移特征,以及卵黄合胞体,鳔与性腺原基的发育分化.结果发现,PGCs出现于神经胚期的靠近卵黄囊的囊胚层.PGCs的特征为体积比周围细胞大,核大透亮,随后在肌肉期的脊索壁上出现.孵化前期的PGCs迁移到肠原基附近,肠系膜旁可见尚在移动的PGCs和10日龄的仔鱼中在肾管旁出现性腺原基,以后PGCs数量逐渐增多参与性腺的形成.本研究为半滑舌鳎的发育生物学以及养殖生产实践提供参考.     

寄主对丝带凤蝶幼虫和蛹发育和存活的影响

以丝带风蝶北京种群和武汉种群为材料,测定其取食马兜铃和北马兜铃后的幼虫及蛹的存活率、发育历期.研究结果表明,在25℃和28℃配合光周期16 L:8D h条件下,各处理幼虫和蛹存活率差异不显著.丝带凤蝶幼虫发育历期受温度、种群、寄主及其交互作用的影响显著.蛹发育历期显著受温度、种群及其交互作用的影响,寄主仅与种群问存在交...     

The Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 encodes a nuclear protein that forms a temporal developmental switch

During wild-type development, a protein product of the Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 is localized to nuclei of specific somatic cells in embryos and early larvae, but is absent in late larvae and adult soma. Gain-of-function lin-14 mutations cause the level of lin-14 protein to remain high throughout development, resulting in developmental reiterations of early cell lineages. The normal down-regulation of the lin-14 nuclear protein level encodes a temporal switch between early and late cell fates.     

异烟肼对斑马鱼幼鱼发育毒性及运动行为学的影响

以斑马鱼幼鱼为研究对象,研究异烟肼对幼鱼发育毒性和行为学的影响。 用不同浓度的异烟肼分别处理发育至72 hpf的斑马鱼幼鱼,观察幼鱼的死亡率、畸形率及形态变化,分析幼鱼行为学轨迹。 异烟肼（≥4 mmol/L）对斑马鱼幼鱼有致死作用,随着浓度的增加和作用时间延长而增强。异烟肼对斑马鱼幼鱼的发育过程有致畸作用,表现为脊柱弯曲、卵黄囊吸收延滞、心包水肿、鱼鳔缺失、体长发育延迟和器官空泡化等。随着给药浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,异烟肼组幼鱼行为轨迹减少,运动次数和运动速度显著降低。结果表明,异烟肼（≥4 mmol/L）对斑马鱼幼鱼具有致死和致畸作用,对幼鱼的运动行为有抑制作用,并且呈现时间和剂量依赖性。     

Subcellular localization and inductive expression of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) belongs to the eIF2α kinase family and plays a critical role in interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. Recently, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a PKR gene has been identified. In this study, we showed that PoPKR localized to the cytoplasm, and the dsRNA-binding motifs (dsRBMs) played a determinative role in protein localization. In cultured FEC cells, PoPKR was detected at a low level of constitutive expression but was highly induced after treatment with UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus, active SMRV and Poly I:C although with different expression kinetics. In flounder, PoPKR was ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues, and SMRV infection resulted in significant upregulation at mRNA and protein levels. In order to reveal the role of PoPKR in host antiviral response, its expression upon exposure to various inducers was characterized and further compared with that of PoHRI, which is another eIF2α kinase of flounder. Interestingly, expression comparison revealed that all inducers stimulated upregulation of PoHRI in cultured flounder embryonic cells and fish, with a similar kinetics to PoPKR but to a less extent. These results suggest that, during antiviral immune response, both flounder eIF2α kinases might play similar roles and that PoPKR is the predominant kinase.     

黑鲷化学感觉发育和摄食关系

研究了黑鲷（Ｓｐａｒｕｓｍａｃｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ）仔、稚、幼鱼嗅觉和味觉器官的基本结构及嗅觉、味觉与摄食的关系，初孵仔鱼的嗅囊很小、很浅，细胞没有分化。５ｄ的嗅囊细胞开始分化，２４ｄ嗅囊分化完毕，嗅觉开始功能化，参与摄食反应。初孵仔鱼味蕾没分化，５ｄ的仔鱼味蕾分化形成，参与摄食反应。随发育的进行，先后从口咽腔、头部、躯干、尾部、鳍等处依次出现味蕾。嗅觉和味觉是鱼类的化学感觉，嗅觉可以对远、近距离的食物发生反应，而味觉只能对接触的或几乎接触的食物发生反应。化学感觉对摄食的作用是对黑暗条件下视觉摄食的补充。     

海洋鱼类的生长与发育生物学研究与苗种培育

鱼类生长和发育生物学是海洋鱼类苗种培育的理论基础。近年来鱼类生长与发育生物学取得的研究进展为改善海洋鱼类苗种培育提供依据。主要的研究进展是：阐明调控鱼类生长的脑－脑垂体－肝脏轴的种激素分泌活动和作用机理,促进海洋鱼类生长激素释放和提高生长率;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育的形态学与生理学特征及对饵料的消化吸收;海洋鱼类幼苗生长发育所需要的营养物质;促进鱼类苗种对饵料摄取与消化吸收的饵料添加剂;环境条件对海洋鱼类苗种利用营养物质和生长的影响等。目前所取得的进展还只限于少数几种海洋养殖鱼类。许多基本理论问题尚未充分阐明。今后,为配合海洋鱼类养殖和增殖的发展,必需系统深入研究各种重要海洋养殖鱼类的生长与发育生物学,并在此基础上建立苗种培育新技术。     

Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation

Melanocytes are phenotypically prominent but histologically inconspicuous skin cells. They are responsible for the pigmentation of skin and hair, and thereby contribute to the appearance of skin and provide protection from damage by ultraviolet radiation. Pigmentation mutants in various species are highly informative about basic genetic and developmental pathways, and provide important clues to the processes of photoprotection, cancer predisposition and even human evolution. Skin is the most common site of cancer in humans. Continued understanding of melanocyte contributions to skin biology will hopefully provide new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of skin diseases.     

Oceanic biology: spawning of eels near a seamount

Discoveries of the larvae of the European and American eels, Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata, in the Sargasso Sea and of the Japanese eel, A. japonica, in the Philippine Sea indicate that these freshwater eels migrate thousands of kilometres into the open ocean to spawn. Here we pinpoint a spawning location for Japanese eels after genetically identifying newly hatched larvae that we collected from the site. The restricted size of this spawning area ensures that the eel larvae enter a particular current that transports them to the freshwater areas in east Asia where they mature, and it also prevents them from being carried southwards away from their species range by a different local current.     

条斑星鲽连续性鳍细胞系的建立与鉴定

为了建立条斑星鲽鳍细胞系,为其细胞工程及病毒学研究奠定基础,对经Ⅱ型胶原酶和透明质酸酶联合消化法所得鳍组织碎块分别用DMEM/F12、L-15和M199培养液(pH7.2)在18～26℃进行了鳍组织的体外培养,并在所筛选出的最适培养液和培养温度下通过添加羧甲基壳寡糖、碱性成纤维样生长因子(bFGF)和I型胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)启动了鳍细胞的原代培养。体外培养结果显示,条斑星鲽鳍细胞的最适培养液为DMEM/F12培养液,最适培养温度为22℃,原代培养鳍细胞的生长分裂状态旺盛,细胞形态主要为成纤维样,20d后便可形成汇合细胞单层,经过连续的继代培养已建立了条斑星鲽的连续性鳍细胞系,目前已传至第135代;生长特性检测结果显示,第60代鳍细胞系细胞的群体倍增时间为56.9h,其生长分裂状态依然十分旺盛;染色体分析结果显示,第60代鳍细胞系细胞虽然出现了染色体的非整倍性,但其特征性染色体数目仍为46条,并具有2sm+44t的正常二倍体核型,证明所建立的细胞系确为条斑星鲽连续性鳍细胞系。该细胞系为条斑星鲽的细胞工程育种和病毒-细胞相互作用提供了一个理想的体外研究体系,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

Ecdysteroids in the larvae of Opogona sacchari （Bojer）, a invasive alien pest

In order to understand the composition and quantitative variation of ecdysteriods in the larvae of Opogona sacchari (Bojer), a invasive alien pest, we analyzed the larval ecdysteroid composition and titers in this pest. The main component of ecdysteriods in the larvae of O. sacchari is 20-hydroxyecdysone, and also there is a little 26-hydroxyecdysone. The titer of ecdysteriods in the larvae from the 1st instar to the 7th instar was gotten higher gradually compared on ng ecdyster-oid/larva, but no regularity could be found about the titer if compared on ng ecdysteroid/g avoirdupois. There was only one peak of ecdysteroids (0.5475 ng/larva) showed at day 2 during the developmental time of the 6th instar larvae. However, there were two peaks appearing during the developmental time of the 7th instar larvae , one peak (0.29415 ng/larva) at day 3, another (0.214 ng/larva) at day 5.     

海胆早期神经发育及有机磷农药对其神经毒性作用的研究进展

 早期发育阶段是有机磷农药神经毒性作用最敏感的时期,海胆的胚胎和幼虫为研究有机磷农药对早期发育阶段的神经毒性作用提供了一种理想的模型。本文介绍了海胆的早期神经发育过程,综述了神经系统对海胆早期发育的调控作用,结合近年来国内外的研究,阐述了有机磷农药对海胆早期发育的影响及其神经毒性作用机制,并展望了该领域的研究方向。     

Synthesis dynamic and developmental profile of prothoracicotropic hormone between diapause-and nondiapause-destined individuals in Helicoverpa armigera

Biosynthesis and secretion of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of diapause-and nondiapause-destined individuals in Helicoverpa armigera were studied using whole-mount immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunocytochemistry revealed that PTTH is expressed in two pairs of lateral neurosecretory cells of the brain. The presence of immunoreactivity has not significant difference between the brains of the diapause-and nondiapause-destined 6th instar larvae. However,the obvious differences of expressional pattern from day 4 pupae were observed be-tween the two types. PTTH titers in hemolymph from the 6th instar larvae to pharate adults were measured by the ELISA. Although there were similar titer changes between the two types of individuals at the larval stage,a significant difference from developmental expression was detected at the pupal stage,suggesting that the expression and secretion of PTTH does play a crucial role in regulation of pupal diapause of H. armigera.     

苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆组织中硝基呋喃代谢物消除速率的作用初探

 采用投喂药饵的给药方式,研究了苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆体内呋喃唑酮和呋喃西林代谢物3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, AOZ)和氨基脲(Semicarbazide, SEM)消除的作用。总的来说,经过连续2个月投喂,苯扎溴胺和芳草中药均未显著改变大菱鲆体内AOZ和SEM的消除规律和趋势,消除185 d后,两种代谢物在大菱鲆组织中的含量仍高于检出限,与对照组相比差别不大。实验过程中苯扎溴胺不但未对AOZ消除速率表现出促进作用,而且产生一定的毒性,导致大菱鲆生理活性出现异常现象。比较而言,芳草中药在一定程度上不但能够增强大菱鲆的免疫力,还可以促进AOZ的消除,使其消除半衰期(t_1/2)缩短3~5 d;但芳草中药对SEM的消除并没有促进作用,甚至导致其半衰期延长。因此,苯扎溴胺不具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的作用,不应用于这类药物的消除;而芳草中药具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的潜在作用,但需要进一步的实验证实。     

Insecticidal activity of residual Bt protein at the second trophic level

Since the first commercial release of transgenic crop expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), there have been concerns about its potential impact on the environment. Research has focused on the ecological effects from second exposure to Bt prot…