从中国回来的耶稣会神父闵明我就所提问题对我的回答

编者按:1968年夏,莱布尼茨在罗马认识了正在欧洲逗留的闵明我神父.     

不确定性风险、事前投资与期货交易

基于事前专用性投资的套牢问题，建立了一个上下游企业的交易模型.运用最新的合同经济学理论，分析了企业可能面临的3种交易模式：市场交易，事后再谈判剩余的交易模式；合约交易，双边的合约交易模式；期货交易，多边的合约交易模式.结果表明：前2种交易模式，由于不能避免专用性投资的收益共享，造成了上下游企业的投资不足问题；第3种交易模式将专用性投资的一部分风险转移到了第三方，使上下游企业的期望收益仅依赖于各自的投资水平，即上下游企业与第三方分别签订了一份独立于自然状态的选择权合同，而此种交易机制可以消除事前投资的无效率；期货市场的存在有利于上下游企业的经济活动.     

事后道德风险下的保险合同模型

以博彝论为基础,建立了事后道德风险下的保险合同模型,给出了模型的最优解,分析了投保人的损失对投保人最终财富的边际效用以及赔偿额的影响,并得出了一系列结论     

稀有植物东京桐迁地保护研究

１９８４年始,在广西桂林雁山（中亚热带）酸性土壤上引种生长在广西龙州（北热带）石灰（岩）土壤的东京桐（Ｄｅｕｔｚｉａｎｔｈｕｓｔｏｎｋｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）种子和野生幼苗,１９９３年植株平均高４．１４ｍ,平均地径７．１ｃｍ,１９９４年开花结果,采集种子育苗,获１８０多株子代,目前子代生长正常。一年生苗在２℃并有北风时,部分叶脱落;没有北风,０℃以上不会受冻;定植多年的植株在－６℃以上时,部分叶受冻,在－２℃以上时,基本不受冻。在引种地,３月下旬开始萌芽,５月下旬开始现蕾,６月上旬开花,９月中旬果基本成熟落地。１５株三种土壤的盆栽试验初步表明,幼苗对石灰土有一定的依赖性。迁地结果还初步表明,东京桐的适应性较同一分布区类型的蚬木、肥牛树、金丝李强。     

白血病细胞的体外净化原理与方法

介绍白血病治疗的主要方法和基本原理，并对其进行比较，重点介绍光动力作用体外净化白血病细胞的原理和影响净化效果的基本因素及其研究发展趋势。     

中国生物多样性非原生境保护问题与对策研究

生物多样性非原生境保护是原生境保护之外的重要途径。国际立法与实践已经明确了非原生境保护必要性与紧迫性。我国受威物种形势严峻,非原生境保护面临着场所较少、资金缺乏等问题。在分析我国非原生境保护现状及问题的基础上,提出了加强非原生境保护的几点对策。     

苦苣苔科植物在上海植物园的迁地保育和展示应用

上海植物园的前身"龙华苗圃"(1954—1973年)即已开始培育和生产国外苦苣苔科的大岩桐,后期陆续有少量收集其他苦苣苔科植物,但是没有做系统的收集工作以及详尽的记录。在2015年,上海植物园扩大了苦苣苔科植物的系统收集工作后,至今已建成苦苣苔科保种温室2个,收集到涉及34个属,共计202个原生种,600余个园艺品种。每年在上海(国际)花展及植物园秋季花展中都会进行中大型苦苣苔科专类展,并在展览温室内进行造景展示方面的应用。这些工作对苦苣苔科植物在华东地区的迁地保育、展示和科普产生积极的正面影响。     

管壳式换热器法兰密封面泄漏问题探讨

从设计，制造，使用3个方面对引起换热器法兰与管板密封面泄漏的原因进行了分析，探讨了提高和保证同类换热设备密封性能的方法。     

Ex vivo expansions and transplantations of mouse bone marrow－derived hematopoietic stem／progenitor cells

To examine the effects of co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on expansion of hematopoietic tem/progenitor cells and the capacities of rapid neutrophil engraftment and hematopoietic reconstitution of the expanded ells, we expanded mononuclear cells (MNCs) and CD34^ /c-kit^ cells from mouse bone marrow and transplanted the expanded cells into the irradiated mice. MNCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow and CD34^ /c-kit^ cells were selected from MNCs by using MoFlo Cell Sorter. MNCs and CD34^ /c-kit^ cells were co-cultured with mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under a two-step expansion. The expanded cells were then transplanted into sublethally irradiated BDF 1 mice. Results showed that the co-culture with MSCs resulted in expansions of median total nucleated cells, CD34^ cells, GM-CFC and HPP-CFC respectively by 10.8-, 4.8-, 65.9- and 38.8-fold for the mononuclear cell culture, and respectively by 76.1-, 2.9-, 71.7- and 51.8-fold for the CD34^ /c-kit^ cell culture. The expanded cells could rapidly engraft in the sublethally irradiated mice and reconstitute their hematopoiesis. Co-cultures with MSCs in conjunction with two-step expansion increased expansions of total nucleated cells, GM-CFC and HPP-CFC, which led us to conclude MSCs may create favorable environment for expansions of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. The availability of increased numbers of expanded ceils by the co-culture with MSCs may result in more rapid engraftment ofneutrophils following infusion to transplant recipients.     

一种快速有效提取微波场效应管模型参数的新方法

本文介绍了一种在大的微波系统优化中非常有效的方法——分离法.本文是将总的优化问题化为一系列子优化问题,在每个子优化问题中都用电路响应最灵敏的参数组成目标函数.这样就大大地提高了优化的精度和效率.本文运用分离法的基本原理自编了灵敏度分析程序MICSEN,并利用自编的优化程序MICBFGS,成功地提取了微波场效应管模型参数,其精度比传统方法大为提高,计算时间亦大大缩短.     

禾黑芽枝霉诱变体果胶酶的化学修饰

用乙基碳化亚二胺（ＥＤＣ）、二乙基焦碳酸（ＤＥＰＣ）、磷酸吡哆醛（ＰＬＰ）、过氧化氢（Ｈ２Ｏ２）、三硝基苯磺酸（ＴＮＢＳ）、对氯汞苯甲酸（ＰＣＭＢ）、Ｎ－经琥珀酰亚胺（ＮＢＳ）、碘乙酸（ＩＡＣ）和二硫基二硝基苯甲酸（ＤＴＮＢ）分别对禾黑 霉本的三种果胶裂解酶（ＰⅠ，ＰⅡ，ＰⅢ）进行了化学修饰，紫外可见光谱的实验结果证明，各种试剂都与果胶酶氨基酸特定残基共价结合，大多数氨基酸残基的化学修饰对果胶酶的     

珍稀濒危植物迁地保护与园林应用——以南宁植物园为例

为加强南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护及应用工作,通过实地调查和资料搜集,对南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物的种类、组成和多样性进行分析与评估,并对园林应用的可能性进行探索。结果表明,(1)南宁植物园共有珍稀濒危维管植物37科66属234种,均属于国家重点保护野生植物;其中属于《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)的有5科17属134种;属于世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录的有33科62属210种;属于极小种群的有10科13属32种;属于广西壮族自治区重点保护植物的有1种。(2)园林应用上可分为生长型(常绿乔木、落叶乔木、常绿灌木、多年生草本)、观赏型(观花、观叶、观形、观果、观茎和芳香植物)和生态型(喜阳、中性、耐阴)3种。(3)兰科(Orchidaceae)、苏铁科(Cycadaceae)和山茶科(Theaceae)种数最高,分别为126种、22种和12种。(4)南宁植物园中珍稀濒危植物花期集中在4-8月,果期集中在9-11月,能较好地应用于景观。总体而言,南宁植物园迁地保护植物偏向于裸子植物和受威胁植物种类。目前突出的问题是珍稀濒危植物数量仍较少,对区域性国家重点保护野生植物种质资源的搜集尚不全面,种类多样性仍有待提高。园中适应性较好和普通的种类达95.30%,在园林应用方面可进一步结合优势作出更为精细的管理。本研究为南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护、后期回归与园林应用提供了科学基础和参考。     

专业技能竞赛在应用型本科院校人才培养中的探索——以西昌学院动科类专业为例

专业技能竞赛是应用型人才培养的重要手段之一。结合应用型本科院校动科类专业人才培养的现状,以西昌学院为例总结凝练了动科类专业专业技能训练体系和三阶段竞赛模式。在应用型人才培养中,专业技能竞赛是激发学生学习热情,培养学生基础、综合、创新能力的重要途径。为确保动科类专业技能竞赛的顺利开展,在实际中应切实加强科学合理评价体系的构建,注重加强双师型师资队伍建设。经过多年探索,西昌学院动科类专业技能竞赛在实践过程中逐步完善,取得一定的成效。     

禾黑芽枝霉诱变体果胶酶的应用研究

将突变菌株ＧＢＩＢＵ７发酵所得的粗酶应用于果胶降解，麻类脱胶和植物细胞原生质体制备等领域，并与Ｓｅｒｖａ进口的精制果胶酶进行了比较。实验结果表明，两者在上述实验中都有较好的效果，它们都能使果胶胶体的粘度大大降低，青麻处理后变软，色泽变白，纤维细绒；能制备出很好的原生质体，在果胶降解，麻类脱胶时，进口精酶的作用较优，在制备植物原生质体时，ＧＢＩＢ Ｕ７所产粗酶效果更佳。     

接骨木提取物对灰葡萄孢菌的离体抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法测定了接骨木叶不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇)粗提取物对灰葡萄孢菌菌丝生长的影响.结果表明,接骨木不同溶剂提取物对灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝生长表现出抑制和促进两种作用,其中乙酸乙酯顺序提取物的抑菌效果较好,各浓度都表现出抑制作用;2 000mg/L的乙醇顺序提取物的抑菌效果最好,抑制率为29.922 2%.本试验为开发新型植物源抑菌剂提供了理论依据.     

Identity of differentiation inducing factor and tumour necrosis factor

Human myelogenous leukaemic cells can be induced to differentiate into the monocyte/macrophage pathway by protein inducers called differentiation inducing factors (DIF) in conditioned media of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood leukocytes. However, human DIF has not yet been well characterized. DIF is known to be a T-cell lymphokine, as it can be obtained from the T-cell line HUT-102 and can be partially purified from medium conditioned by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes. We found that monocytes also produce factor(s) that induce differentiation of human myelogenous leukaemia cell lines to cells with macrophage-like characteristics. This factor(s) has activity different from that of colony-stimulating factor(s) or interferons. We have now purified a DIF to homogeneity from medium conditioned by PHA-stimulated leukocytes using a human myeloblastic leukemia cell line, ML-1, as target cells. The purified DIF has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of approximately 17,000, with an NH2-terminal sequence the same as that of human tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Recombinant human TNF (rHuTNF) induces differentiation of ML-1 cells and an anti-pDIF monoclonal antibody can neutralize both differentiation inducing activity and cytotoxic activity of DIF and rHuTNF. The findings indicate that one of the DIF(s) produced by leukocytes is probably TNF.     

因子分析法中因子得分的岭估计

从传统的因子分析模型出发，对其中的因子得分的回归估计运用了岭估计进行改进，从而有效增强了因子得分估计的稳定性．     

Identity of tumour necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin

In mammals, several well-defined metabolic changes occur during infection, many of which are attributable to products of the reticuloendothelial system. Among these changes, a hypertriglyceridaemic state is frequently evident, resulting from defective triglyceride clearance, caused by systemic suppression of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL). We have found previously that macrophages secrete the hormone cachectin, which specifically suppresses LPL activity in cultured adipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). When originally purified from RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cells, cachectin was shown to have a pI of 4.7, a subunit size of relative molecular mass (Mr) 17,000 and to form non-covalent multimers. A receptor for cachectin was identified on non-tumorigenic cultured cells and on normal mouse liver membranes. A new high-yield purification technique has enabled us to determine further details of the structure of mouse cachectin. We now report that a high degree of homology exists between the N-terminal sequence of mouse cachectin and the N-terminal sequence recently determined for human tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Purified cachectin also possesses potent TNF activity in vitro. These findings suggest that the 'cachectin' and 'TNF' activities of murine macrophage conditioned medium are attributable to a single protein, which modulates the metabolic activities of normal as well as neoplastic cells through interaction with specific high-affinity receptors.     

Variation properties of ionospheric eclipse factor and ionospheric influence factor

The concepts and calculation methods of ionospheric eclipse factor (IEF) and ionospheric influence factor (IFF) are further illustrated. The temporal an d spacial variation properties of IEF and IFF are studied, which shows that the properties are influenced by the geographic position and season. The possibility of improving the precision of using GPS data to determine ionospheric delay bas ed on the above variation properties is also analysed.