1660～1680年间的英国皇家学会

主要研究英国皇家学会在1660～1680年间的发展情况，皇家学会在此期间的发展并非一帆风顺，在经过短暂的快速发展之后，发展势头趋缓，会员数量大幅减少，从这一现象入手，基于皇家学会的会议记录，分析了当时皇家学会的实验活动，提出当时的皇家学会处于研究纲领竞争和转换的时期，并最终从培根主义研究纲领转向实验哲学研究纲领，最后从制度化的角度时皇家学会的案例进行了考察。     

科学洞察未来

 回首350年,从启蒙运动到工业革命,直至今天的信息时代,在人类发展的每个方面,科学无不举足轻重,而皇家学会无不引领科学前沿.值此皇家学会350年华诞之2010年,学会首先开通"拓荒"网站(trailblazing.royalsociety.org),通过回顾过去3个半世纪科学成就和文明快速发展的历程,拉开了纪念活动的序幕.临近岁末,我们展望未来,这个世界变化的脚步依然迅捷！     

17世纪下半叶英国科学研究方法的转变

第一次科学革命始自哥白尼,终于牛顿,并最终导致了近代科学的诞生.正因如此,17世纪的英国一直受到各国科学史研究者的关注.复兴于15世纪的新柏拉图主义,尽管于17世纪前期已经在欧洲大陆产生了重要影响,却对英国自然哲学研究者们影响甚小,他们依然按照培根式的经验主义哲学指导自己的研究工作.通过对成立于17世纪中叶的伦敦皇家学会进行考察,发现当时的英国自然哲学研究者群体经历了一个研究方法转变的过程:培根所倡导的实验哲学由于其自身存在缺陷无法满足实际的研究需要,于17纪70至80年代受到了数学主义研究传统的冲击,正是在这个时期,英国自然哲学家们的研究方法发生了转变,引力问题的研究是使得这种转变最终完成的契机.     

试析国际关系中权力内涵的演变

用研究纲领方法论作为分析工具,对国际关系中有关权力内涵的三大理论所进行的剖析,可以发现,从摩根索的传统权力理论到相互依赖理论,再到经过奈的进一步研究衍生出的软权力理论,这一演变与拉卡托斯所说的理论发展的进程是吻合的,因而构成了一个研究纲领.这一研究纲领揭示了战后世界政治中权力内涵的演变,经过研究纲领方法论的阐释,权力内涵的演变成为了逻辑上有序而统一、界定清晰、高度凝练的一个理论发展进步过程.     

世界主要国家的院士制度

英国皇家学会(又称伦敦皇家学会)正式名称为伦敦自然知识皇家学会,是世界著名的科学研究中心。创立于1660年,1662年领到皇家特许证。是世界上最古老而又从未中断过的科学学会。牛顿曾任该     

关于纳粹党及其上台原因讨论的述评

把四部从不同角度分析纳粹党上台的著作联系起来,作为一个整体从三个角度进行分析,考察几位作者是如何认识当时德国国内形势的、如何估计德国传统在当时起作用的、如何把纳粹党的纲领和其它政党的纲领区分开来的,以及如何评价纳粹党的种族主义理论的。     

人工智能研究纲领的发展历程和前景

本文主要介绍人工智能研究纲领的发展的历史,人工智能三个基本的研究纲领在经历了符号主义、联结主义和行为主义,这三大研究纲领对人工智能研究都发挥了很大作用,同时也遇到了自身无法克服的困难。最后对人工智能研究纲领困境进行了思考和展望。     

NSFC与RSE在管理科学领域合作取得进展

2008年10月30—31日,由国家自然科学基金委员会（NSFC）和英国爱丁堡皇家学会（RSE）联合组织的“管理科学与公共政策”双边研讨会在北京召开,这是继3月份国家自然科学基金委员会与英国爱丁堡皇家学会在爱丁堡召开管理科学领域双边研讨会后的又一次会议．     

科学发展中的艺术缩影

 2014 年末,英国皇家学会在网站上推出了一个新的页面“皇家学会打印商城”(Royal Society Print Shop),这个看起来颇具文艺气息的网页似乎与“推动科学传播,促进科技发展”的学会宗旨并不相符,但实际上,这正是一个契机,促使人们来反思科学中“视觉艺术”的历史。     

长江学者蒋向前教授荣获英国皇家学会Wolfson研究价值奖

近日,从英国皇家学会传来消息,华中科技大学长江学者蒋向前教授被英国皇家学会授予Wolfson研究价值奖.这一奖项的获得,也使得蒋向前教授成为英国年轻的Huddersfield大学里获得该项荣誉的第一人.Wolfson研究价值奖是由Wolfson基金会和英国科技部联合资助设立的,这个奖项旨在帮助大学吸纳具有巨大潜力的优秀科学家.皇家学会主席Lord Rees先生说:“科学无国界,今天的科学家有机会在全球范围内流动.让英国始终是这些最优秀科学家们工作的好地方,是我们提供这个奖项的目的.”蒋向前是我校长江学者特聘教授、英国Huddersfield大学教授.她多年从…     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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