聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与表征

用原位缩聚的方法合成聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料(PTT／MMT)，所得的材料为剥离型纳米复合材料．通过DSC等测试手段研究了PTT／MMT纳米复合材料的结晶行为和热分解过程；测定了纳米复合材料的力学性能．结果表明，随着蒙脱土含量的增加，PTT／MMT的熔融结晶温度增高，其结晶过程为异相成核；纳米复合材料的力学性能有一定的提高．     

混炼插层法制备天然橡胶/蒙脱土纳米复合材料

采用有机改性蒙脱土和新型补强性促进剂，通过混炼插层法制备了天然橡胶／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征了纳米复合材料的结构和形态，用表观交联密度测定和红外光谱研究了蒙脱土与橡胶的相互作用，同时用X射线衍射法研究了混炼和硫化过程中天然橡胶分子链对蒙脱土的插层过程．结果表明，蒙脱土在橡胶基体中以纳米级厚度片层分散；补强性促进剂能加强蒙脱土与橡胶间的结合；天然橡胶分子链在混炼过程中便开始对蒙脱土进行插层，并主要在焦烧时间前的硫化诱导期内完成大部分插层过程，硫化开始后蒙脱土的纳米级分散进一步完善，直至硫化完成．添加2％～10％有机蒙脱土的天然橡胶／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的力学性能和动态力学性能优于40％N770炭黑补强的硫化胶．     

PET/蒙脱土纳米共混体系的结构与可纺性研究

采用熔融插层法制备了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）／蒙脱土（MMT）纳米复合材料，用广角X-射线衍射（WAXD）、透射电镜（TEM）等方法对其结构和形态进行了研究，并对PFT／蒙脱土纳米共混体系的可纺性、纺丝条件等进行了讨论。结果表明，通过提高共混的剪切效果和引入离子间相互作用可以有效地促进蒙脱土在PET基体中的插层和分散，制备出部分剥离的PFT／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，该材料具有良好的可纺性。     

蒙脱土改性聚丙烯共混体系的可纺性及染色性研究

用X-射线衍射仪研究了蒙脱土在聚丙烯中的插层情况；对蒙脱土改性聚丙烯的多组分共混体系的可纺性及染色性作了比较。结果表明，聚丙烯／马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯／有机蒙脱土复合材料的质量分数组成为78．5%／13．5％／1．5％，加入质量分数为6．5％聚酯离聚物的共混体系具有较好的可纺性，且蒙脱土与聚酯离聚物对聚丙烯纤维的染色性改善具有协同作用，较聚丙烯／聚酯离聚物体系的染色性更好。     

环氧树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与性能表征

以4,4′-二氨基二苯基甲烷(DDM)为固化剂,通过插层法制备了环氧树脂/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料。根据样品在丙酮中的溶胀度,确定了纳米复合材料的最佳制备条件,在此条件下,制备了一系列蒙脱土含量不同的纳米复合材料。用X射线衍射(XRD)表征了蒙脱土在基体中的分散状态,测定了纳米复合材料的氧气透过系数,并研究了纳米复合材料的动态力学性能。结果表明:当蒙脱土的含量较低时,可以形成剥离型纳米复合材料;环氧树脂与蒙脱土复合后,阻隔性能大幅提高;蒙脱土的加入使纳米复合材料的储能模量和玻璃化转变温度明显提高。     

聚丙烯/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料等温结晶行为

用光学解偏振法研究了聚丙烯及聚丙烯／马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的等温结晶动力学，结果表明，马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯及蒙脱土均对聚丙烯的结晶有促进作用，但后者对聚丙烯结晶的影响，既能充当成核剂，也会阻碍分子链的运动；当马来酸酐接枝物聚丙烯质量分数为13％，蒙脱土质量分数为5％时结晶速率最快。这与用偏光显微镜测定蒙脱土对晶体的径向生长速率的影响一致。     

聚丙烯/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的流变行为

以聚丙烯固相接枝共聚物为界面改性剂制备了聚丙烯／有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料．用透射电镜表征了纳米复合材料的结构,研究了接枝物对纳米复合材料动态流变行为的影响,以及流变行为与温度的关系．结果表明：与纯聚丙烯相比,纳米复合材料具有较高的动态弹性模量、损耗模量和复合粘度,力学损耗因子则降低,纳米复合材料的复合粘度对温度的敏感性略高于聚丙烯;界面改性剂的加入增强了有机蒙脱土与聚丙烯的界面作用,与聚丙烯相比,纳米复合材料的流动活化能提高约15％,结晶峰温度提高10K左右．     

尼龙66/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备及其电性能

用聚合物蒙脱土纳米复合材料的方法,首先,将尼龙66(PA66)和有机改性的Na-蒙脱土(OMMT)采用熔融共混,得到尼龙66/OMMT复合材料.在制备完成时,用X射线衍射仪研究PA66/OMMT中晶型变化与插层效果的影响.研究复合材料的热性能、微观结构、表面电阻和结晶行为,结果都表明OMMT对PA66有明显的影响.DSC显示出OMMT存在对PA66/OMMT复合材料非等温结晶行为的影响.OMMT的含量对OMMT在PA66基体中的分散以及材料的导电性质都有重要的影响.     

聚丙烯/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的非等温结晶研究

采用熔融插层法制备了聚丙烯／马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯／蒙脱土（PP／PP－MA／MMT）纳米复合材料，并用差示扫描量热法（DSC）对体系的非等温结晶动力学进行了研究。结果表明，蒙脱土和马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯的加入能够明显促进聚丙烯的结晶，提高聚丙烯的结晶温度及结晶速率，起到了异相成核的作用。     

尼龙6/蒙脱土纳米复合材料在不同温度下的拉伸性能

采用熔融共混方法制备质量分数为4%的蒙脱土尼龙6/蒙脱土纳米复合材料.X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜研究表明:蒙脱土均匀分散在尼龙6基体中,形成具有剥离结构的纳米复合材料;在室温～200℃,当相同的温度和拉伸比拉伸时,尼龙6/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶度均低于尼龙6,蒙脱土在此温度范围内对尼龙6均具有增强作用,这是由于蒙脱土和尼龙6分子间的相互作用限制了尼龙6分子链的运动,使尼龙6不易拉伸所致.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the