Virus-specific effects of interferon in embryonal carcinoma cells

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are susceptible to infection by a variety of viruses, but do not become resistant to infection by Semliki Forest virus or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on treatment with interferon. These observations have led to the conclusion that interferon does not induce an antiviral state in EC cells. We report here, however, that EC cells treated with interferon become resistant to infection by two picornaviruses and two ts mutants of VSV, whereas they remain sensitive to wild-type VSV, Sindbis and influenza virus infectin. These results suggest that a partial antiviral state is induced in EC cells by interferon and that the induced antiviral protein(s) interferes with the replication of specific viruses. A significant common feature of these viruses is their replication through structures containing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).     

Sequential activation of HOX2 homeobox genes by retinoic acid in human embryonal carcinoma cells

RETINOIC acid had been implicated as a natural morphogen in chicken and frog embryogenesis, and is presumed to act through the gene regulatory activity of a family of nuclear receptors. Homeobox genes, which specify positional information in Drosophila and possibly in vertebrate embryogenesis, are among the candidate responsive genes. We previously reported that retinoic acid specifically induces human homeobox gene (HOX) expression in the embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/D1. We now show that the nine genes of the HOX2 cluster are differentially activated in NT2/D1 cells exposed to retinoic acid concentrations ranging from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Genes located in the 3' half of the cluster are induced at peak levels by 10(-8) M retinoic acid, whereas a concentration of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M is required to fully activate 5' genes. At both high and low retinoic acid concentrations, HOX2 genes are sequentially activated in embryonal carcinoma cells in the 3' to 5' direction.     

过量表达脯氨酸的转基因烟草细胞对毒性重金属的抗性增强

脯氨酸(Proline)在植物对环境胁迫的耐受性中发挥了非常重要的作用。本文中,我们将来自飞蛾豆(V igna acon itifolia L.)的△1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(△1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS)基因转化烟草(N icotiana tabacum cv SR I.),经PCR扩增及Southern杂交分析证实飞蛾豆p5 cs基因已整合到烟草细胞基因组中,并在转基因烟草中得以表达。与野生型细胞相比,转基因烟草细胞中脯氨酸含量提高了80%;在毒性重金属镉(Cd,浓度50-100μM)的胁迫下,转基因细胞的生长速度更快,与镉结合的能力也提高近4倍。还原型/氧化型GSH之比和丙二醛水平分析表明,转基因细胞脯氨酸的增加与GSH的氧化还原状态和丙二醛水平是有关的。     

Natural occurrence of 2-5A in interferon-treated EMC virus-infected L cells.

Until now the interferon-mediated 2'-5' adenine oligonucleotide inhibitors (2-5A) of cell-free protein synthesis have not been detected in intact cells. Here we report their natural occurrence in interferon-treated, EMC virus-infected mouse L cells in amounts consistent with the idea that they play a part in the inhibition of virus growth.     

Epidermal growth factor receptors increase during the differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells.

Mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells (embryonal carcinoma, or EC cells) bind very small amounts of mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the latter hormone seems to have no stimulatory effect on the growth of two cloned lines of EC cells. However, when EC cells are induced to differentiate into large flat endodern-like cells (END cells), EGF receptors increase in number reaching a plateau in 6 to 8 days. At 8 to 10 days after induction, END cells multiply very slowly, but when EGF is added (3 x 10(-10) M) to the medium, cell division is stimulated and a further change in morphology occurs. This letter describes the binding characteristics and numbers of the EGF receptors on EC and END cells and shows that exogenous retinoic acid increases the numbers of EGF receptors on END cells. We were unable to find endogenous competing factors produced by EC cells. Such factors could account for the lack of detectable binding of EGF on these cells. As EC cells differentiate to END cells, so the ability of the cells to form tumours is reduced. Since this change is accompanied by an increase in the number of EGF receptors there may be a relationship between these two events.     

Non-function of a Moloney murine leukaemia virus regulatory sequence in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells

Moloney murine leukaemia virus (M-MuLV) infection of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells results in the integration of proviral DNA into the host cell genome, but not in virus production. One suggested explanation for the lack of viral gene expression in EC cells has been methylation of the integrated viral DNA. However, subsequent reports indicated that integration of the M-MuLV DNA occurs soon after infection, but that viral DNA methylation occurs considerably later. Nevertheless, viral gene expression is not observed even at early times. One possible explanation is that certain M-MuLV regulatory sequences do not function in EC cells. We now present evidence which supports this hypothesis.     

新法合成1,1-二氯-2-甲氧基-2-(5-羧甲氧呋喃-2)乙烯

提出了一种有效的、新的合成1.1-二氯-2-甲氧基-2-(5-羧甲氧呋喃-2)乙烯的方法.     

2-甲基-3-氨基-5-硝基吡啶的合成研究

硝基吡啶类化合物广泛用于有机合成,特别是杂环药物及细胞因子抑制剂的合成。本文以粘溴酸为原料,分别经与亚硝酸钠反应、与3-氨基巴豆酸乙酯环合、水解、与DPPA反应、脱保护等五步反应最终得到目标产物2-甲基-3-氨基-5-硝基吡啶。此方法仅需要最后一步进行柱纯化,操作简单,后处理方便,总收率为9.1%。     

Radioimmune, radiobinding and HPLC analysis of 2-5A and related oligonucleotides from intact cells

The enzyme (2-5A synthetase) which synthesizes ppp(A2'p)nA where n=2 to 4 (collectively referred to as 2-5A) is widely distributed in a variety of cells and tissues in amounts which increase response to interferon and vary with growth and hormone status. 2-5A activates a nuclease which inhibits protein synthesis. The non-phosphorylated 'core' of 2-5A ((A2'p)nA, n=2 to 4) can inhibit DNA synthesis and cell growth. Here we describe convenient and sensitive radioimmune (RI) and radiobinding (RB) assays for core and 2-5A. In combination with more satisfactory high performance liquid chromatography (HPCL) methods using reverse-phase C18 columns, these assays have been used to detect core and 2-5A in crude extracts from interferon-treated cells. The novel 2-5A synthetase products NAD2'p5' A2'p5'A and A5'p45'A2'p5'A2'p5'A (ref. 13), which can also be detected using the RB assay, were not found in significant amounts. The natural occurrence of core has not been described previously.     

Constitutive expression of (2'-5') oligo A synthetase confers resistance to picornavirus infection

Study of the mechanisms by which interferon (IFN) treatment of cells induces resistance to virus infections has been complicated by the multiple biochemical changes induced. Over 20 proteins are increased by IFN, including the double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase, (2'-5') oligo A synthetase, surface proteins such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, and various proteins with unknown functions. The availability of cloned complementary DNAs for several IFN-induced proteins now allows us to probe their roles in IFN action. For instance, the murine Mx protein has been shown to confer resistance, to influenza virus. We studied chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clones expressing high constitutive levels of (2'-5') A synthetase as a result of transfection with the cDNA encoding the enzyme form which has a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 40K. Elevated enzyme correlates directly with resistance to infection by a picornavirus such as Mengo, but does not make the cells resistant to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).     

微波辐射条件下合成2-芳基-5-[5＇-（4＇＇-氯代苯基）-2’-呋喃基]-1，3，4-噁二唑

在微波辐射条件下，5-(4’-氯苯基)-2-呋喃甲酸与取代的芳甲酰肼通过环合剂POCl3作用可一步得到2-芳基-5-[5’-(4k氯代苯基)-2’-呋喃基]-1，3，4-噁二唑．该法与传统方法相比较具有反应速度快、产率高和后处理简单等优点．