Bayesian mixed models and divergence time estimation of Chinese cavefishes(Cyprinidae: Sinocyclocheilus)

The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Sinocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed mo-lecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletic of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed diver-gence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago (Ma), which is older than what have been assumed.     

Bayesian mixed models and divergence time estimation of Chinese cavefishes （Cyprinidae： Sinocyclocheilus）

The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentaUon with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Slnocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b （cyt b） and NADH dehydrogenase subunlt 4 （ND4） of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed molecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletlc of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed divergence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago （Ma）, which is older than what have been assumed.     

分子系统学的理论、方法及展望

随着分子生物学理论的不断完善和技术的发展,系统生物学的一个分支学科--分子系统学也在不断地发展,并已成为进化生物学、古生物学、生态学等众多学科的一个极其重要的研究手段,并在诸多研究领域中取得了许多令人瞩目的成果.然而,相对于一些传统学科而言,它毕竟还是一门年轻的学科,在许多理论和方法的运用上还存在着一些问题.本文尝试对这门学科涉及到的一些问题作一系统评述,以期有助于更好地了解它,并利用它有效地开展相关研究工作.     

Molecular phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae）,with their implications for the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Molecular phylogeny of three genera containing nine species and subspecies of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are investigated based on the complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Meantime relationships between the main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes and the stepwise uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are also conducted using the molecular clock, which is calibrated by geological isolated events between the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Qinghai Lake. Results indicated that the specialized schizothoracine fishes are not a monophyly. Five species and subspecies of Ptychobarbus form a monophyly. But three species of Gymnodiptychus do not form a monophyly. Gd.integrigymnatus is a sister taxon of the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes while Gdo pachycheilus has a close relation with Gd. dybowskii, and both of them are as a sister group of Diptychus maculatus. The specialized schizothoracines fishes might have originated during the Miocene(about 10 MaBP), and then the divergence of three genera happened during late Miocene (about 8 MaBP). Their main specialization occurred during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene (3.54-0.42 MaBP). The main cladogenetic events of the specialized schizothoracine fishes are mostly correlated with the geological tectonic events and intensive climate shift happened at 8, 3.6, 2.5 and 1.7 MaBP of the late Cenozoic.Molecular clock data do not support the hypothesis that the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplifted to near present or even higher elevations during the Oligocene or Miocene, and neither in agreement with the view that the plateau uplifting reached only to an altitude of 2000 m during the late Pliocene(about 2.6 MaBP).     

存在退保情况时寿险风险分析

考虑在人寿保险中存在退保情况时的保费处理方法,即退保时死亡可得保额和不可得保额。引用Bayes方法,就寿命死亡率进行研究,并对保险经营中的盈亏进行了系统分析。     

雉科四种鸟类线粒体DNAR的分子进化

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法分析了4种雉科(Phasianidae)鸟类的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区基因(D-loop)415bp基因序列。4种鸟类遗传距离在5.90％--23．67％．变异位点数为116个,大石鸡和石鸡的遗传距离为5．90％,二者分歧时间大约是290万年．斑翅山鹑与环颈雉遗传距离为21．06％,分歧时间为1000万年,山鹑属与雉属的遗传距离为21．06％,与石鸡属的遗传距离为22．41％;雉属与石鸡属的遗传距离为22．85％．三者分歧时间在1000—1150万年间,与化石材料相符．在系统树中斑翅山鹑与环颈雉属同一枝,说明1)在雉科系统发生中,雉属与山鹑属是近缘属或2)环颈雉与斑翅山鹑的分化较晚,关系密切,也与Randi得出的斑翅山鹑称为小雉的结论相吻合。     

K,Cu,Rb,Ag和Cs原子第一离化势的相对论HFS计算

本文在相对论的Hartree-Fock-Slater(RHFS)近似中,考虑了原子中价电子和核实电子之间的极化效应,使用类似于“冻结核实”和“弛豫核实”近似的方法,对K,Cu,Rb,Ag和Cs原子的第一离化势分别进行了计算。计算结果与实验数据比较,偏差较小。     

数字钟——数字系统的一个逻辑设计

本文介绍了数字电路系统的逻辑设计过程,并且着重阐明异步计数器和译码器的功能,数字钟是这方面应用的一个实例。本文对大规模集成电路的设计也有一定参考价值。     

单变量多重定态转变体系中热传导-化学反应偶合诱发的温度-浓度振荡

以Schloegl模型为样本,分析了该类非恒温均匀的单变量多定态转变体系中因传热－化学反应诱发的热动力学振荡,分别借助小寄生参数法与线性化稳定性分析法,具体讨论了产生温度－浓度振汤的阈值,并计算了参数空间中的振荡区,论证了两种分析方法出现振荡的参数空间重叠区,是该类二变量体系出现吻合一致的极限环振荡的充分必要条件,丰富了三变量体系出现极限环振荡的判据体系。     

增长曲线模型关于共轭先验的BAYES分析

从贝叶斯观点利用共轭先验考查了增长曲线模型。得到了参数τ和协方∑的边缘后验分布,并在此基础上给出τ的后验估计、估计域和∑的后验估计。     

基于专利地图的原子钟技术现状分析

原子钟不仅是强国强军的核心器件,在日常生活中也发挥着日益重要的作用。结合专利地图法和文献调研法,对原子钟专利申请趋势和技术发展脉络,主要国家竞争力和专利战略,全球和主要国家技术布局特点,主要专利权人研发主题及创新活动等进行研究,以期为我国原子钟创新活动提供信息支撑,助力我国原子钟事业发展。     

雉科基部类群分子钟的标定

使用 10个细胞色素b蛋白质全序列对雉科基部类群的分子钟进行了顺序标定 .以鸡形目 /雁形目的分歧时间作为锚定点 ,估计雉科 /珠鸡科 林鹑科的分歧时间为 (46 .94± 7.2 7)× 10 6aBP ,Francolinus/Bambusicola Gallus,Bambusicola/Gallus和Gallusgallus/G .sonneratii的分歧时间为 (40 .36± 8.4 0 )× 10 6 ,(35 .5 3± 8.15 )× 10 6 和 (8.5 2± 3.89)× 10 6 aBP .基于生物地理格局 ,我们推测 :①雉科起源于同南美洲分离之后的非洲 ;②在Francolinus的分化过程中 ,该属的某些成员通过印度的漂移从非洲进入欧亚大陆 ;③侵入新的生境后 ,Bambusicola和Gallus的共同祖先迅速从地Francolinus分歧出来 ;④原始的Bambusicola被Gallus排挤到南中国地区 ;⑤Gallus的祖先种分裂为大陆型和岛屿型 2类 ,前者分化为Gallusgallus和G .sonneratii,后者则分化为G .lafayettei和G .varius.估计结果同前两点假设是一致的 .     

基于多阶段预报分布的贝叶斯多变量均值向量监控模型

针对现有质量控制方法中没有考虑数据信息连续应用及参数不确定性风险问题,通过贝叶斯方法引入多元质量控制模型的参数先验信息,根据模型预报分布,以及多元t分布与F分布之间的关系,构造基于F统计量的贝叶斯均值向量控制限;当生产过程处于稳定控制状态时,利用前一阶段参数后验分布作为下一个阶段参数先验分布,建立序贯贝叶斯均值向量控制...     

基于松弛强力的文胸肩带压力回归分析

采集了7种较具代表性的文胸肩带,分别通过定伸长5次反复拉伸试验和人台压力着装测试,获得肩带试样的弹性回复率、定伸长松弛强力,以及人台上各测量点的压力值.分别对弹性回复率、定伸长松弛强力和肩带各点压力进行回归分析,建立了肩带弹性回复率与压力的回归模型,以及肩带定伸长松弛强力与压力的回归模型,并对两组模型的拟合优度进行了讨论与分析.结果表明,肩带的松弛强力能够较好地反映其在拉伸时由形变产生的内应力对人体产生的束缚压大小,经检验利用松弛强力预测肩带的服装压力精度更高.     

安徽宿县朱仙庄晚侏罗世孢粉组合

这个孢粉组合是从安徽宿县朱仙庄钻孔岩心中获得的。组合特征:是裸子植物花粉占绝对优势,蕨类孢子含量很低。主要属种如下;小克拉梭粉,环圈克拉梭粉拟克拉梭克拉梭粉,网纹克拉梭粉,典型拟苏铁粉,整洁拟苏铁粉,亚颗粒拟苏铁粉,厚坦拟罗汉松粉,昆士兰拟罗汉松粉,松粉属,微细云杉粉,扁平云衫粉,有边四字粉,长方四字粉,不显四字粉,校形麻黄粉,圆形麻黄粉,无口器粉,小桫椤孢海金砂孢等。孢粉组合特征反映的地层时代属于晚侏罗世。     

系统地理学的研究及其在鱼类上的应用

介绍了系统地理学的研究内容、理论、方法,重点介绍了AVISE的5种物种分布模式、中性溯祖理论、mtDNA多态性分析的优越性以及TEMPLETON的巢式支系法。还从地理隔离、种群扩散、基因交流、区系划分、分子钟估算等方面阐述了系统地理学在鱼类的应用研究现况和应用前景。最后提出了系统地理学在鱼类应用时要注意的事项:1)要选择合适的基因DNA片段进行分析;2)mtDNA标记最好要与核DNA标记及形态学、细胞学、生化学标记结合使用;3)要提高分子钟估算的精确度。     

Revision of “Parahagla lamina” Lin, 1982 and two new species of Aboilus (Orthoptera: Prophalangopsidae) from the EarlyMiddle Jurassic of Northwest China

The Lower and Middle Jurassic insects are rather poorly known from Northwest China. Here we restudy Parahagla lamina Lin, 1982 and transfer it from “Parahagla” to Aboilus Martynov, 1925. On the basis of the female forewing, we described two new species of the EarlyMiddle Jurassic, Aboilus tuzigouensis sp. nov. caome from Badaowan Foramtion at Tuzigou, Kelamayi, Xinjiang, Northwest China and A. jiyuanensis sp. nov. from Ma’ao Group, Jiyuan, Henan Province, Central China. The differences of the new materials from the other known species and their systematic positions are also discussed.