NiMnGa单晶应力作用下界面运动的金相观察和能量损耗

金相观察了Ni53.2Mn22.6Ga24.2单晶样品应力诱发马氏体相变和中间马氏体相变过程中微观结构的变化.实验发现,在单轴应力作用下,马氏体相变和中间马氏体相变的变体重取向的机制不同,马氏体相变生成的变体的重取向是通过孪晶界移动的方式实现的,而中间马氏体相变生成的变体是处于择优取向的变体以逐渐长大的方式完成的.依据应力-应变曲线计算了应力加载和卸载过程的储能、输出功和能耗,结果表明储能、输出功和能耗随形变温度的升高而增大,但在更高的形变温度能耗反而减小.     

Ni—Ti合金马氏体相变的位错模型

根据实验结果,建立了一个Ｎｉ－Ｔｉ合金马氏体相变的位错模型,认为该相变是以母相阵点到马氏体阵点的矢量ｂ１或ｂ２为Ｂｕｒｇｅｒｓ矢量的相变位错在母相（１１０）ｐ面上交替地运动,形成一对对（００１）Ｍ孪晶,马氏体以形成孪晶对的形式生长,这样的马氏体具有最小的弹性应变能。利用此模型提出了马氏体的热弹性行为和形状记忆效应的物理机制。     

Mechanisms of two-stage martensitic transformation in Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powder

The Ti-Ni-Hf shape memory alloy powders were prepared by plasma rotating electrode process. And the powders were featured with the perfect sphericity and smooth surface. Moreover, the grain size was refined in the Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders due to the rapid cooling rate during plasma rotating electrode process. It was found that the Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders had the typical self-accommodation configuration including spear-like, mosaic-like and lath-like martensite. Various twins, such as (001) compound twin, (011) type I twin as well as {111} type I twin, were observed in Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders. Differing from the bulk Ti-Ni-Hf alloy, two-stage transformation corresponding to B2⇌B19’ martensitic transformation was detected in the as-received Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders. In addition, the martensitic transformation behaviors were closely related to the annealing temperatures. The Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders with low annealing temperature of 500 ​°C still exhibited two-stage martensitic transformation, while two-stage martensitic transformation changed into single martensitic transformation in the Ti-Ni-Hf alloy powders with the higher annealing temperature of 900 ​°C. And finally the possible mechanisms for the evolution of martensitic transformation behaviors were discussed.     

Ni51Mn25．5Ga23．5单晶大的自发相变应变和磁感生应变

通过交流磁化率、电阻、有无磁场下的马氏体相变应变测量,研究了Ni51Mn25．5Ga23．5单晶的马氏体相变和磁感生应变特性。伴随马氏体相变,该单晶展现出一个应变量高达-1．62％的自发双向形状记忆效应。采用磁场下冷却的方法,在材料的马氏体相获得了一个量值高达-1．5％且可逆的磁感生应变,该值近似为零场下冷却测量得到的磁感生应变的2倍。根据单晶生长机制和NiMnGa合金形状记忆特性,对上述结果进行了讨论。     

Recent developments in crystallographic investigation of martensitic transformation

The results and new knowledge obtained in recent years by using an atom force microscope (AFM) to investigate the surface relieves and to reveal the lattice deformation characteristics in martensitic transformation (MT) are summarized. All-round analysis and research about crystallography and morphology of MT have been done based on our "displacement vector" theory. New viewpoints that the "invariant-plane-strain" criterion have no universality and that the large rotation of habit-planes takes place in {557} lath and {225} plate martensites are put forward. Thereby, the formation mode of {557} martensite is established, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, according to the self-accommodation principle between variants crystallographic calculations of twin and multi-variant martensites in shape memory alloys have been carried out. The calculation method greatly simplifies the crystallographic calculation process of phenomenological theory. And the calculated results are in good agreement with experimental ones.     

Ni51 Mn25.5 Ga23.5 单晶大的自发相变应变和磁感生应变

通过交流磁化率、电阻、有无磁场下的马氏体相变应变测量,研究了Ni51Mn25.5Ga23.5单晶的马氏体相变和磁感生应变特性。伴随马氏体相变,该单晶展现出一个应变量高达-1.62%的自发双向形状记忆效应。采用磁场下冷却的方法,在材料的马氏体相获得了一个量值高达-1.5%且可逆的磁感生应变,该值近似为零场下冷却测量得到的磁感生应变的2倍。根据单晶生长机制和NiMnGa合金形状记忆特性,对上述结果进行了讨论。     

马氏体相变的一维金兹堡—朗道理论

改进了Falk提出的马氏体相变的一维金兹堡-朗道理论，在体系自由能中加入了马氏体周围母相的应变能，由此推出了一个4阶金兹堡方程，其中有约化温度t与约化母相弹性模量P两个重要参数。方程的两类解分别代表表面马氏体和孪晶马氏体的形核。两种马氏体的形成与参数t和P密切相关：当固定P而降低t时，表面马氏体将先于孪晶马氏体出现；当固定t而增加P时，孪晶马氏体形成的超始温度下降。按此修正G-L理论所得到的解比Falk的解更符合实际马氏体相变的形核过程。     

多晶 CuZnAl 合金马氏体变体群结构及其生长过程研究

利用金相动态观察及Ｘ－射线衍射研究了多晶Ｃｕ－１８．５２Ｚｎ－６．３７Ａｌ合金Ｍ１８Ｒ马氏体变体群组态及其生长过程。多晶Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金一个晶粒内多以一个变体群为主。每群由Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个变体组成，形成ＡＣ型矛头状、ＡＢ平行及ＡＤ分叉型三种组态。变体群形成过程中，马氏体变体的消长及变体内小孪晶结构的形成等动力学特征反映了马氏体的热弹性及相变应力、应变自调节。在相变热循环中，变体群内形成大量非常稳定的残留马氏体。     

CuZnAl合金中热弹性马氏体相变的体积效应

实验得到 CuZnAl 合金在热弹性马氏体相变时体积膨胀,但从点阵常数的变化来看应为体积收缩.应用马氏体相变晶体学表象理论(WLR 理论)并考虑到马氏体变态间的自协调效应,导出相变时体积变化率与点阵常数的数学关系.计算值与实验值能很好地吻合.     

Crystallographic similarity between the lath martensite and lower bainite in medium-carbon alloy steels

Progress in the crystallography of lath martensitic and lower bainitic transformations is briefly reviewed, followed by a presentation of the experimentally measured crystallographic characteristics of both lath martensite and lower bainite formed in mediumcarbon steels containing Si, Mn and Mo. It is found that the bainite plates relate to each other by a relative rotation of 54.7°or 60°about the normal to their common close-packed planes {110} b, which ensures a pseudo- {112}b twin relationship between two adjacent plates,and that all bainite variants formed in a single packet keep a unique G-T orientation relationship with the austenite matrix. These two types of OR of lower bainite are similar to that of the lath martensite, respectively. Furthermore, the measured habit planes of both the lower bainite and lath martensite are all {335} f type, which can verify the crystallographic similarity between the lath martensite and lower bainite.     

马氏体相变中的孤立子

在马氏体相变过程中引入孤立子模型,进一步揭示马氏体相变过程的物理本质。通过将马氏体和母相之间的相界面看作为一个拓扑型的孤立波,借助Ｐｅｙｒａｒｄ的一维一性原子链孤立子模型,从相界面运动的Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎｉａｎ量出发,导出马氏体相界面运动的孤立子方程,求解该方程的孤立解,获得马氏体相界面能量与界面运动速度之间的关系,以及界面宽度随相变速率的变化规律。结果显示,随着界面运动速率的提高,马氏体和母相之间     

Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4磁性形状记忆合金薄膜的磁性能研究

采用磁控溅射方法制备Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4磁性形状记忆合金薄膜。系统研究薄膜的马氏体相变行为、磁场增强相变应变特性以及温度对磁感生应变的影响。试验结果表明,经823 K退火1 h的Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4薄膜室温下处于奥氏体态,马氏体相变开始温度为271.5 K。当沿膜面方向施加0—0.8 T磁场时,Ni50.3Mn27.3Ga22.4薄膜的马氏体相变应变量随磁场强度的增大而增大,呈现出磁场增强马氏体相变应变效应。试验还发现,饱和磁感生应变显著依赖于测试温度。当测试温度低于拟马氏体相变结束温度时,饱和磁感生应变随温度的升高先缓慢增大,在马氏体相变开始温度附近磁感生应变值发生跳跃式增加,然后随测试温度的进一步升高而降低。     

Ga对β基Co-Ni-Al铁磁性形状记忆合金马氏体和磁性转变的影响

借助光学金相、示差热分析、振动样品磁强计和x-射线能谱分析等分析方法，研究Ga含量对Co41Ni32-Al27-xGax合金马氏体相变和Curie点的影响。研究结果表明：合金马氏体相变温度与Ga含量成正比，在1573和1623K淬火时，X增加1，马氏体相变温度提高25K，但Ga含量对Curie点影响不大；在1573K淬火时，具有高有序度的马氏体相比B2结构相的Curie点高32K，说明结构有序度对Curie点影响较大；淬火温度升高会显著提高合金的马氏体相变温度和Curie点，当淬火温度从1573K升高到1623K时，马氏体相变温度升高43～69K，Curie点平均升高41K；随着Ga含量的增加，合金的熔点降低，在1623K淬火时Co41Ni32Al18Ga9合金发生部分熔化。     

Landau theory of martensitic transformation in Fe-Mn-Si based alloys

Considering the features of martensitic transformation in Fe-Mn-Si based alloys, the Landau theory is established by introducing the density of stacking faults as a new order parameter ηand the corresponding free energy function. By using such an order parameter, the stacking fault mechanism of the nucleation and growth for the γ(fcc)→ε(hcp) martensitic transformation can be reasonably explained, and a further detailed mechanism is proposed. The stacking faults are generated and overlapped in an irregular form at the beginning and then becoming regular to create some transition structures till a stable phase forms at a certain temperature. The importance of the interface soliton is to complete the transformations into various structures of martensite but not the twinned one. The thermodynamics of fcc→hcp transformation and those between different transition structures are described by the free energy function established in the present note.     

CuZnAl形状记忆合金马氏体相变内耗

研究了从高温淬火的ＣｕＺｎＡｌ合金的马氏体相变内耗；提出了新的内耗表达式： 认为马氏体相变内耗与整体模量 Ｇ 相对于发生马氏体相变的局部区域的模量Ｇ′的 比值有关，淬火缺陷影响局部模量软化；并研究了不完全转变对正、逆马氏体相变内 耗的影响。     

Au-Cu-Al合金中的马氏体转变

采用3种热处理工艺研究了Au-Cu-Al合金母相的有序化程度,分析了其A2→B2→L21的有序化转变对马氏体转变的影响,即其相变点、马氏体和母相的结构,以及400℃时效炉冷处理后没有生成马氏体的原因.结果表明,采用100℃时效1.5 h后淬火到冰水中(热处理工艺II)的热处理工艺,可以得到表面浮突的马氏体;采用从650℃直接淬火到液氮中(热处理工艺I)的热处理工艺,也会发生马氏体转变,且其均为bct结构,时效处理可使母相得到充分有序化,从而提高其马氏体转变点温度,并使马氏体转变更加充分;此外,采用400℃时效、炉冷处理并淬火(热处理工艺III)的热处理工艺,可以获得更高的母相有序度,且不会导致马氏体相变,其所产生的bct结构的新相可能是通过形核长大转变而来.     

Development of NiTiNb in-situ composite with high damping capacity and high yield strength

The shape memory alloys are well known to exhibit high damping capacity in martensite state,but possess low yield strength because of the reorientation or de-twining of the martensite variants.The high damping mechanism of shape memory alloys was introduced.The NiTiNb alloys with high yield strength and high damping capacity were designed and prepared.The microstructure evolution,martensitic transformation behavior,damping capacity and mechanical properties of series NiTiNb alloys were investigated.In vi...     

Ni46Mn35Ga19单晶中磁转变和马氏体相变的物理表征及形状记忆效应

NiMnGa是最早发现的铁磁形状记忆合金,是一种新型的形状记忆材料。自发现以来,许多学者对其进行了深入的研究,但对磁转交和马氏体转变共同发生的转变特性却缺乏系统的表征。本文采用多种测量手段,如相变潜热、电阻、交流磁化率和应变测量,对提拉法生长的Ni46Mn35Ga19单晶的磁转变和马氏体相变同时发生的转变行为进行了系统表征;根据合金形状记忆的特点和马氏体变体择优取向的机理,对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。应变测量结果表明,伴随该转变行为,材料展现出应变量达-0．89％的自发双向形状记忆效应和应变量高达-1．90％的磁控形状记忆效应。     

Ni3Ta合金的微观组织结构和相变特性

采用光学显微镜、背散射电子图像、X射线衍射、电子探针、差示扫描量热法和透射电子显微镜研究了Ni2Ta合金的微观组织结构和相变特性.结果表明:Ni2Ta合金在经过1 200 C保温4h的热处理后,主要由大量Ni2Ta相和少量Ni2Ta析出相组成,其中Ni2Ta相有单斜和四方两种结构.单斜Ni2Ta相为典型的细小板条状马氏体形状,其板条宽度为0.1～0.3μm,且存在以(001)晶面为孪品面的典型孪品结构.Ni3Ta合金在升温和降温过程中存在单斜Ni2Ta相和四方Ni3Ta相的可逆相变,相变开始温度分别约为310和245℃.另外,在升温过程中还存在单斜Ni3Ta相向正交Ni3Ta相的转变,其相变开始温度约为310℃,但降温过程中并不存在由正交Ni3Ta相到单斜Ni3Ta相的逆转变.