膏体增稠剂底流固相分数和屈服应力的循环变化行为

The trouble-free and efficient operation of paste thickeners requires an optimal design and the cooperation of each component. When underflow discharging is suspended, alleviating the vast torque that the remaining solids within the thickeners may place on rakes mainly lies in the circulation unit. The mechanism of this unit was analyzed, and a mathematical model was developed to describe the changes in underflow solid content and yield stress. The key parameters of the circulation unit, namely, the height and flow rate, were varied to test its performance in the experiments with a self-designed laboratorial thickening system. Results show that the circulation unit is valid in reducing underflow solid fraction and yield stress to a reasonable extent, and the model could be used to describe its efficiency at different heights and flow rates. A suitable design and application of the circulation unit contributes to a cost-effective operation of paste thickeners.     

Grain growth of Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment

The microstructure of an Al-4Cu-Mg alloy during isothermal heat treatment in the Strain Induced Melt Activation (SIMA) process was investigated and the kinetics of grain growth was analyzed. The grain growth during isothermal heat treatment of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy coincided with the Ostwald ripening theory. During isothermal heat treatment, both grain shape and the high volume fraction of solid phase have significant effects on grain growth. Therefore, a new grain growth model based on the Ostwald ripening theory was proposed taking into consideration the grain shape and the volume fraction of solid phase. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental results, it was confirmed that the present model could be applied to grain growth during isothermal heat treatment of the Al-4Cu-Mg alloy in the SIMA process.     

Modeling the effects of ore properties on water recovery in the thickening process

A better understanding of solid-liquid separation would assist in improving the thickening performance and perhaps water recovery as well. The present work aimed to develop an empirical model to study the effects of ore properties on the thickening process based on pilot tests using a column. A hydro-cyclone was used to prepare the required samples for the experiments. The model significantly predicted the experimental underflow solid content using a regression equation at a given solid flux and bed level for different samples, indicating that ore properties are the effective parameters in the thickening process. This work confirmed that the water recovery would be increased about 5% by separating the feed into two parts, overflow and underflow, and introducing two different thickeners into them separately. This is duo to the fact that thickeners are limited by permeability and compressibility in operating conditions.     

Artificial neural network approach to assess selective flocculation on hematite and kaolinite

Because of the current depletion of high grade reserves, beneficiation of low grade ore, tailings produced and tailings stored in tailing ponds is needed to fulfill the market demand. Selective flocculation is one alternative process that could be used for the beneficiation of ultra-fine material. This process has not been extensively used commercially because of its complex dependency on process parameters. In this paper, a selective flocculation process, using synthetic mixtures of hematite and kaolinite in different ratios, was attempted, and the adsorption mechanism was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) model (4-4-3) was used to predict the separation performance of the process in terms of grade, Fe recovery, and separation efficiency. The model values were in good agreement with experimental values.     

尾矿絮凝沉降的温度变化特征及其机理

Rapid flocculation and settlement (FS) of mine tailings is significant for the improvement and development of the filling process, whereas the settlement velocity (SV) of tailings in FS has been recognized as a key parameter to evaluate the settlement effect. However, the influence of temperature on the SV and its mechanism have not been studied. FS experiments on tailings with various ambient temperatures were carried out. The SVs of tailings with a solid waste content of 10wt% and an anionic polyacrylamide content of 20 g·t?1 were measured at different temperatures. The SV presented an “N”-shaped variation curve as the temperature changed from 5 to 40°C. The mechanism of these results can be explained from the perspective of the electric double-layer repulsive force, molecular dynamics, and the polymer flocculation principle, as revealed from the scanning electron microscopy of floc particles. The findings will be beneficial in the design of tailings dewatering processes and save costs in the production of cemented paste backfill.     

Solid fraction evolution characteristics of semi-solid A356 alloy and in-situ A356–TiB_2 composites investigated by differential thermal analysis

The key factor in semi-solid metal processing is the solid fraction at the forming temperature because it affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the thixoformed components. Though an enormous amount of data exists on the solid fraction–temperature relationship in A356 alloy, information regarding the solid fraction evolution characteristics of A356-TiB2 composites is scarce. The present article establishes the temperature-solid fraction correlation in A356 alloy and A356-x TiB2(x = 2.5wt% and 5wt%) composites using differential thermal analysis(DTA). The DTA results indicate that the solidification characteristics of the composites exhibited a variation of 2°C and 3°C in liquidus temperatures and a variation of 3°C and 5°C in solidus temperatures with respect to the base alloy. Moreover, the eutectic growth temperature and the solid fraction(fs) vs. temperature characteristics of the composites were found to be higher than those of the base alloy. The investigation revealed that in-situ formed TiB2 particles in the molten metal introduced more nucleation sites and reduced undercooling.     

Influence of coarse tailings on flocculation settlement

The composition of tailings particles in mines plays a key role in the flocculation settlement of slurries. To study the influence of coarse particle tailings(CPTs) on the flocculation settlement of tailings slurries(TSs), static flocculent settling tests, scanning electron microscopy observations, and laser particle size analyses were conducted using the tailings obtained from a copper mine. The results demonstrate that(i) in the accelerated and free settling process, CPTs did not directly settle at the bottom of graduated cylinders; instead, they were netted by the flocculent structures(FSs) and settled together more quickly. The CPTs accelerate the rapid settlement of TSs; the acceleration effect is more obvious when the CPTs content is greater than 50 wt%.(ii) The most appropriate flocculant unit consumption(FUC) is 20 g·t~(-1), and no substantial increase is observed in the flocculant settling velocity with an increase in the flocculant because the effective FSs did not substantially change and thus did not lead to a notable increase in the settling velocity of the solid–liquid interface(SLI).(iii) In the effective settling space of the thickening facility, free water quickly flowed from the pores of FSs, which is reflected in the period from 0 to 1 min.     

Performance evaluation for selectivity of the flocculant on hematite in selective flocculation

Increased demand for iron ore necessitates the utilization of low-grade iron ore fines, slimes, and existing tailings. Selective flocculation can be an alternative physico-chemical process for utilizing these low-grade fines, slimes, and tailings. In selective flocculation, the most critical objective is the selection of proper reagents that will make floc of desired minerals. In present study, selective flocculation was applied to ultra-fine synthetic mixtures of hematite and kaolinite, and the Fe value was upgraded up to 65.78% with the reduction of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ values to 2.65% and 3.66%, respectively. Here, degraded wheat starch was used as a flocculant.In this process, separation occurs on the basis of the selectivity of the flocculant. The selectivity of the flocculant can be quantified in terms of separation efficiency. Here, an attempt was also made to develop a correlation between separation efficiency and major operating parameters such as flocculent dose, pH value, and solid concentration to predict the separation performance.     

Use of centrifugal-gravity concentration for rejection of talc and recovery improvement in base-metal flotation

The possibility of using a centrifugal-gravity concentrator to reject Mg-bearing minerals and minimize metal losses in the flotation of base metals was evaluated. Sample characterization, batch scoping tests, pilot-scale tests, and regrind-flotation tests were conducted on a Ni flotation tailings stream. Batch tests revealed that the Mg grade decreased dramatically in the concentrate products. Pilot-scale testing of a continuous centrifugal concentrator (Knelson CVD6) on the flotation tailings revealed that a concentrate with a low mass yield, low Mg content, and high Ni upgrade ratio could be achieved. Under optimum conditions, a concentrate at 6.7% mass yield was obtained with 0.85% Ni grade at 12.9% Ni recovery and with a low Mg distribution (1.7%). Size partition curves demonstrated that the CVD also operated as a size classifier, enhancing the rejection of talc fines. Overall, the CVD was capable of rejecting Mg-bearing minerals. Moreover, an opportunity exists for the novel use of centrifugal-gravity concentration for scavenging flotation tailings and/or after comminution to minimize amount of Mg-bearing minerals reporting to flotation.     

台面结构硅光电集成微电动机的设计

In order to increase the operation lifetime and expand the range of the velocity measured, development of a mesa structure wobble micromotor with optical-electronic IC was reported.The mesa flange bearing of the micromotor was made of single crystal silicon instead of polysilicon (1.1μm) in the salient flange bearing micromotor.As a result, the mesa flange motor shows superior performance, such as higher strength, smaller frictional coefficient, more difficult worn and solid in structure.A solid axle instead of the hollow-center axle whose thickness was 2μm in the mesa flange micromotor, so that the deformation of axle from wearing and force suffering was eliminated.The lifetime of the micromotor was improved.Moreover, an optical-electrical IC for measuring rotative velocity of the micromotor was integrated in the micromotor, which could also be used as close loop control system or chopper light.Therefore, it is possible to manufacture the proper microelectromechanical systems by this process, which is simple and compatible with IC process.     

Microstructure evolution and thixoforming behavior of 7075 aluminum alloy in the semi-solid state prepared by RAP method

The effects of isothermal treatments on the microstructural evolution and coarsening rate of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy produced via the recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP) process were investigated. Samples of 7075 aluminum alloy were subjected to cold extrusion, and semi-solid treatment was carried out for 5–30 min at temperatures ranging from 580 to 605°C. A backward-extrusion experiment was conducted to investigate liquid segregation during the thixoforming process. The results revealed that obvious grain coarsening and spheroidization occurred during prolonged isothermal treatments. In addition, higher soaking temperatures promoted the spheroidization and coarsening process because of the increased liquid fraction and the melting of second phases. Segregation of the liquid phase caused by the difference in fluidity between the liquid and the solid phases was observed in different regions of the thixoformed specimens.     

Twinning,grain orientation,and texture variations in Mg alloy processed by pre-rolling

A pre-rolling(PR) process with a small pre-strain was applied along the transverse direction(TD) and the extrusion direction(ED) of non-basal and basal textured AZ61 Mg alloys at room temperature to investigate the induced twinning behavior. The microstructural evolution of the alloys was used to evaluate the grain-boundary effect in terms of the texture variation. The results demonstrated that■ extension twinning was introduced by the PR process and that the volume fraction of twins increased with increasing thickness reduction. The subdivision of grains via twinning induced grain reorientation that generated a prominent basal texture with the c-axis parallel to the normal direction(ND) after PR. The textured Mg alloy with this c-axis//TD feature can promote twinning activity. The twinning performance was critical to initiate plastic deformation, therefore to determine deformation behavior at room temperature. The deformation mechanism was also addressed related to the extension twin lamellae.     

低氧LiF–NdF3熔盐体系阳极过程的电化学行为研究

The oxidation of oxygen ions and the generation of an anode effect at a low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg were discussed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry tests were conducted to explore the anodic processes of LiF–NdF₃ melt after a lengthy period of pre-electrolysis purification at 1000°C (during which the oxygen content reduced from 413 to 150 mg/kg). The oxidation process of oxygen ions was found to have two stages: oxidation product adsorption and CO/CO₂ gas evolution. The adsorption stage was controlled by diffusion, whereas the gas evolution was controlled by the electrochemical reaction. In comparison with oxygen content of 413 mg/kg, the decrease in the amplitude of the current at low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg was much gentler during the forward scanning process when the anode effect occurred. Fluorine-ion oxidation peaks that occurred at about 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+ could be clearly observed in the reverse scanning processes, in which fluorine ions were oxidized and perfluorocarbons were produced, which resulted in an anode effect.     

Electrochemical investigation of the anode processes in LiF–NdF_3 melt with low oxygen content

The oxidation of oxygen ions and the generation of an anode effect at a low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg were discussed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry tests were conducted to explore the anodic processes of LiF–NdF_3 melt after a lengthy period of pre-electrolysis purification at 1000°C(during which the oxygen content reduced from 413 to 150 mg/kg). The oxidation process of oxygen ions was found to have two stages: oxidation product adsorption and CO/CO_2 gas evolution. The adsorption stage was controlled by diffusion, whereas the gas evolution was controlled by the electrochemical reaction. In comparison with oxygen content of 413 mg/kg, the decrease in the amplitude of the current at low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg was much gentler during the forward scanning process when the anode effect occurred. Fluorine-ion oxidation peaks that occurred at about 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+ could be clearly observed in the reverse scanning processes, in which fluorine ions were oxidized and perfluorocarbons were produced, which resulted in an anode effect.     

Numerical study on solid–liquid phase change in paraffin as phase change material for battery thermal management用于电池热管理的石蜡相变材料固液相变的数值模拟

With the large latent heat and low cost, the paraffin has been widely used in battery thermal management(BTM) system to improve the efficiency and cycling life of power battery. The numerical model of paraffin melting in a cavity has been established, and the effects on the solid–liquid phase change process have been investigated for the purpose of enhancing the heat transfer performance of paraffin-based BTM system. The results showed that the location of the heating wall had great effects on the melting process. The paraffin in the cavity melted most quickly when the heating wall located at the bottom. Furthermore, the effects of thermal conductivity and the velocity of the slip wall have been considered. The gradient of liquid fraction increased with the increase in thermal conductivity, and the melting process could be accelerated or delayed by the slip wall with different velocity.     

Study on mechanisms of different sulfuric acid leaching technologies of chromite

The extraction of chromate from chromite via the sulfuric acid leaching process has strong potential for practical use because it is a simple and environmentally friendly process. This paper aims to study the sulfuric acid leaching process using chromite as a raw material via either microwave irradiation or in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The results show that the main phases in Pakistan chromite are ferrichromspinel, chrompicotite, hortonolite, and silicate embedded around the spinel phases. Compared with the process with an oxidizing agent, the process involving microwaves has a higher leaching efficiency. When the mass fraction of sulfuric acid was 80% and the leaching time was 20 min, the efficiency could exceed 85%. In addition, the mechanisms of these two technologies fundamentally differ. When the leaching was processed in the presence of an oxidizing agent, the silicate was leached first and then expanded. By contrast, in the case of leaching under microwave irradiation, the chromite was dissolved layer by layer and numerous cracks appeared at the particle surface because of thermal shock. In addition, the silicate phase shrunk instead of expanding.     

The Dissolution of the Cellulose in the N - ethylmorpholine - N - oxide (NMMO) - Water System with Hydrothermolysis

Tbe N - methylmorpholine - N - oxide (NMMO) - water solvent was used to dissolve the cellulose that was achieved by means of hydrothermolysis. Sample B, RS and WS used here were made from beech, rice straw and wheat straw respectively. They could be completely dissolved in the NMMO - water system. A commercial a - cellulose was employed in the comparative experiment. The entire dissolving process was Investigated. At a given temperature, the vacuum condition applied to the mixture of the cellulose and NMMO - water was very important in order to accelerate the dissolution of cellulose and shorten the dissolving period. After dissolution, degree of polymerization (DP) of all samples was measured by viscometry. Longer dissolving time and higher temperature could cause the degradation of the dissolved cellulose. N- propyl gallate could prevent the degradation of cellulose during the process of dissolution.     

Characteristics of microstructural evolution during deformation-enhanced ferrite transformation in Nb-microalloyed HSLA steel

Microstructure evolution during deformation of undercooled austenite at 760℃ was investigated in Nb-microalloyed steel by using SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope), and EBSD (electron backscattered diffraction). It is indicated that during deformation-enhanced ferrite transformation (DEFT) in Nb-microalloyed steel, the incubation period is prolonged, and the higher strain is needed to accomplish ferrite transformation. Therefore, the transformation kinetics curves move to high strain parallelly; and the transformation kinetics curves of Nb-microalloyed steel can be divided into three stages. At the fast stage, the solute drag effect of Nb and the consumption of strain energy for the dynamic precipitation of Nb(CN) led to a long incubation period, and at the second stage, ferrite transformation was accelerated significantly and fine Nb(CN) precipitates restrict the grain growth of ferrite effectively. The results also showed that DEFT in Nb-microalloyed steel is still a nucleation dominated process, and during the microstructure evolution the interchange of 〈001〉 and 〈111〉 texture was obtained.     

Simulation of jet-flow solid fraction during spray forming

A numerical model was developed to simulate the jet-flow solid fraction of W18Cr4V high-speed steel during spray forming. The whole model comprises two submodels:one is an individual droplet model, which describes the motion and thermal behaviors of individual droplets on the basis of Newton's laws of motion and the convection heat transfer mechanism; the other is a droplet distribution model, which is used to calculate the droplet size distribution. After being verified, the model was used to analyze the effects of parameters, including the initial gas velocity, deposition distance, superheat degree, and the ratio of gas-to-metal mass flow rates, on the jet-flow solid fraction. Finally, an equation to predict the jet-flow solid fraction directly and conveniently according to the parameters was presented. The values predicted by the equation show good agreement with those calculated by the numerical model.     

Compressive fatigue behavior and failure evolution of additive fiber-reinforced cemented tailings composites

The ordinary cemented tailings backfill(CTB)is a cement-based composite prepared from tailings,cementitious materials,and water.In this study,a series of laboratory tests,including uniaxial compression,digital image correlation measurement,and scanning electron microscope characteristics of fiber-reinforced CTB(FRCTB),was conducted to obtain the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),failure evolution,and microstructural characteristics of FRCTB specimens.The results show that adding fibers could increase the UCS values of the CTB by 6.90%to 32.76%.The UCS value of the FRCTB increased with the increase in the polypropylene(PP)fiber content.Moreover,the reinforcement effect of PP fiber on the CTB was better than that of glass fiber.The addition of fiber could increase the peak strain of the FRCTB by0.39%to 1.45%.The peak strain of the FRCTB increased with the increase in glass fiber content.The failure pattern of the FRCTB was coupled with tensile and shear failure.The addition of fiber effectively inhibited the propagation of cracks,and the bridging effect of cracks by the fiber effectively improved the mechanical properties of the FRCTB.The findings in this study can provide a basis for the backfilling design and optimization of mine backfilling methods.