Advances in mammalian spermatogonial stem cell transplantation

Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation is a novel technique by which testicular cells from normal, transgenic or mutant donor are introduced into the seminiferous tubules of recipient testes through microinjection. Subsequently, donor SSCs survive,migrate, anchor and proliferate in the recipient testis, furthermore, initiate spermatogenesis and even produce sperms capable of fertilization. This technique provides a new approach for the researches of spermatogenesis mechanism, regeneration of spermatogenesis in sterile individuals and reproduction of transgenic animals. This review focuses on the methodological breakthroughs and highlights the recent findings that have substantially increased understanding of SSC biology. The article provides a comprehensive overview of this technique and its multiple applications in basic science and medicine. And the perspective direction of this field in the near future is proposed.     

The future for stem cell research.

Stem cells have offered much hope by promising to greatly extend the numbers and range of patients who could benefit from transplants, and to provide cell replacement therapy to treat debilitating diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. The issue of stem cell research is politically charged, prompting biologists to begin engaging in ethical debates, and generating in the general public an unusually high level of interest in this aspect of biology. But excitement notwithstanding, there is a long way to go in basic research before new therapies will be established, and now the pressure is on for scientists and clinicians to deliver.     

家禽胚胎干细胞的研究进展

阐述了干细胞及胚胎干细胞的概念，它的发展历程，着重讨论了家禽胚胎发育的特点以及家禽胚胎干细胞的分离与体外培养方法及应用前景，将来的发展方向。     

Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research.

Much recent interest has focused on whether stem cell therapy could alleviate or even cure common degenerative diseases. This has been accompanied by debate on the ethics of destructive research on early human embryos. Stem cells derived from various sources raise different ethical issues, but their contribution to medical research could be immense. Any use of stem cells should be subject to appropriate scientific and ethical review.     

青光眼生物力学研究进展

 青光眼是全球第一位不可逆性致盲眼病,高眼压是视功能损伤的主要危险因素,降眼压是目前青光眼治疗的主要手段。生物力学问题是青光眼致病机制、预防和治疗研究的重要内容。小梁网房水外流阻力增大是眼压升高的主要因素,眼压升高将导致虹膜变形、瞳孔阻滞、眼前房房水流场改变、视神经纤维层及筛板厚度变薄、视功能损伤等。本文从眼压测量、房水流场测量、视功能损伤等方面综述了近年来青光眼生物力学的研究进展。     

Advances in studies on hepatic stem cells

The question whether hepatic stem cells exist or not has been debated for several decades. Current researches confirm that there are hepatic stem cells in the liver. Oval cells, putative bipotential hepatic stem cells, are probably located within canals of Hering, portal tracts or branches of biliary trees. Bone marrow is a potential source of oval cells, indicating that there exists a close relationship between liver and hematopoiesis in adulthood. Hepatic stem cells are able to proliferate in vitro and can be induced to differentiate into hepatocytes. This will provide a promising approach of cell transplantation, tissue engineering and gene therapy for liver diseases. In this review, the evidence of their presence, origin, identification, proliferation in vitro, differentiation by induction, application prospects of hepatic stem cells and future directions for the field are discussed.     

类黄酮类化合物电化学研究现状

类黄酮类化合物是一类天然存在并具有抗氧化性的物质 ,由于其潜在的药用价值 ,对其研究引起了人们极大的兴趣 .本文从电化学角度综述了类黄酮类化合物抗氧化活性、抗癌作用的电化学表征及其与结构之间的关系、电化学还原及其与结构之间的关系等方面的研究进展     

拓扑替康治疗卵巢癌的研究

拓扑替康(Topotecan,TPT)是新一代的半合成、水溶性的喜树碱衍生物.它是一种细胞核内DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅰ特异性抑制剂,化学名称为9-二甲基氨基10-羟基盐酸喜树碱.自合成以来已有大量临床报道显示TPT对卵巢癌有较好的疗效.现将TPT在治疗卵巢癌中的研究进展作一综述.     

Toll样受体2的研究进展

Toll样受体家族（TOU likereceptors,TLRs）是先天性免疫系统进化过程中形成的非常保守的模式识别受体家族,Toll样受体2（T011-likereceptors2,TLR2）是已经克隆的Toll样受体家族中表达范围最广,识别病原微生物种类最多的成员。它可单独或协同其他Toll样受体家族成员完成对病原体相关分子模式的识别,触发机体对致病微生物的级联免疫应答,尤其是针对细胞毒素的抗炎症反应具有重要的作用,已经成为多种疾病治疗的新靶点。文章对N-SL动物TLR2的分布,结构特征,配体识别,信号转导及其生物学功能的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

土壤分解者研究方法进展

对土壤分解者研究方法的进展进行综述与分析。土壤分解者研究方法在传统方法的基础上增添了一些改良方法和新方法,但这些方法还不够完善,各有其局限性。土壤分解者研究方法相对滞后,尚属薄弱环节,急需简便、高效、统一的标准化方法,增强不同研究结果之间的可比性,在更加精细的水平上揭示土壤分解者的结构和功能．     

超细粉碎设备的研究进展

综述了超细粉碎设备的类型、特点、性能、适用范围，着重阐述了机械冲击式粉碎机、MGZ－1型高幅振动磨、撞击板式气流粉碎机、湿式、干式塔式磨机的作用机理，并分析了信后发展方向及前景，最后指出开发高效、低耗、无污染、超细粉碎和表面改性相结合的多功能分级配套设备，研究与超细粉碎技术相关粒度控制和检测技术的工作势在必行。     

蚁群算法研究进展

人工蚁群算法是受到蚂蚁在觅食过程中能发现蚁巢到食物的最短路径这种搜索机制的启发而发展起来的一种群体智能算法、蚁群算法在求解一系列困难的组合优化问题上取得成效，成为解决TSP，VRP，QAP，JSP等典型问题的一种新型的强有力算法．对蚁群算法的起源和发展历史、算法理论研究的主要内容和方法、基于算法的改进以及应用范畴等，进行了系统的总结与综述，并对这一新型现代启发式算法的发展方向进行了展望．     

Advances in geochemical research on nanometer materials

Important advances have been made in the field of geochemistry since nanometer science and technology were introduced into the field of geoscience. The nanometer particulates have been discovered in naturally-occurring ore deposits, volcano-eruptive materials and geo-gases, and a more detailed exploration of the metallogenic mechanism of endogenic metallic ore deposits has been conducted. It is considered that some ore-forming metals may transport in the form of native particulates. Because they have very strong capabilities of adsorption, adsorption is always regarded as an important mechanism of metallogenesis under supergenic and low temperature conditions. Therefore, a new technology of ore exploration has also been developed. This paper attempts to review the new advances in geochemical research on nanometer materials, as well as its perspectivess.     

药物支架的研究进展

血管内再狭窄是冠状动脉支架植人术后存在的主要问题之一，为了解决这一难题，一些新类型的支架相继出现，而药物支架正在成为人们研究的热点，简要介绍了药物支架作用的机理以及发展现状和未来的发展趋势。     

Advances in the study on induced pluripotent stem cells

Recently, the study on ＂induced pluripotent stem cells＂ （iPS cells） has made a great breakthrough, and it is considered as a new milestone in the history of life science. This progress has updated our traditional concepts about pluripotency control, and provided people with a brand-new strategy for somatic cell nuclear reprogramming. In virtue of its availability and stability, this method holds great potential in both biological and clinical research. In order to introduce this rising field of study, this paper starts with an overview of the development of iPS cell establishment, describes the key steps in generating iPS cells, elaborates several relevant scientific issues, and evaluates its current restrictions and promises in future research.     

细胞凋亡的研究进展

凋亡是细胞内部发生的程序性解体。凋亡区别于细胞坏死的一个主要特征是不伴生炎症反应。胞质门冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶系参与细胞凋亡。凋亡的诱导及进展可被一组称为凋亡抑制剂的蛋白质所抑止     

微藻细胞破壁方法研究进展

微藻具有光合作用效率高、环境适应性强、生长快、生物质产率高和环境效益显著等优点,在体内还能积累虾青素、叶黄素、高不饱和脂肪酸、生物柴油等重要产物,近年来成为人们关注和研究的热点。微藻细胞破壁是提取这些产物的关键及困难环节。从3种常用微藻细胞壁的结构入手,分析总结了机械破壁法、基于波的细胞破壁法、热解破壁法、化学法以及生物法等微藻破壁技术的研究现状与发展趋势。认为从现实角度出发,将化学法与机械法结合使用,即先采用化学法进行预处理,再采用机械法破壁,可解决大部分藻细胞的破壁问题,是一种比较可行的产业化破壁技术路线;从发展前景来看,生物法破壁具有能量消耗较低、条件温和等优势,对于绝大多数藻类来说具有经济可行性和技术理论可行性,是一种最值得期待的破壁方法。     

植物代谢组学技术研究进展

 代谢组学对生物体或细胞中全部小分子代谢物进行定性、定量分析, 是继基因组学、蛋白组学之后又一门新兴的组学技术。植物代谢物在种类、含量、生理功能方面极具多样性, 因此植物代谢组学在代谢组学的研究中占据重要地位。植物代谢物是植物生理状态在代谢水平的反映, 从整体上研究植物代谢物的变化及其调控将为解析植物生长发育及其与环境因子的互作奠定基础。植物代谢组学已经被广泛的应用于代谢物积累模式及其遗传基础研究、代谢相关基因的鉴定及途径解析方面, 成为现代植物生物学研究中的热点领域之一。本文综述植物代谢组学分析技术的基本组成、发展状况及植物代谢组学应用于现代植物生物学研究的现状和趋势。     

酰胺荚醚类萃取剂的研究进展

酰胺荚醚类萃取剂因其易合成、分解产物易除去而不影响萃取工艺流程等优点,在核燃料后处理方面显示出很好的应用前景。综述了近年来关于酰胺荚醚类萃取剂结构一性能关系的进展情况。得出结论：在萃取能力上,酰胺荚醚萃取剂研究明显大于相应的二酰胺;不对称酰胺荚醚的萃取能力明显比对称酰胺荚醚的萃取能力强;研究其萃取性能有积极意义。