广西百色枫树岛旧石器早期石制品手斧技术类型学分析

本文是《贵州科学》2009年27卷第2期"广西百色枫树岛旧石器早期石制品石核石片技术学分析"一文的继续。将探讨枫树岛早期石制品重型工具手斧技术类型学及操作链分析。对与欧洲阿舍利(mode2)文化对比研究有重要意义。     

New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia

The timing of early human dispersal to Asia is a central issue in the study of human evolution. Excavations in predominantly lacustrine sediments at Majuangou, Nihewan basin, north China, uncovered four layers of indisputable hominin stone tools. Here we report magnetostratigraphic results that constrain the age of the four artefact layers to an interval of nearly 340,000 yr between the Olduvai subchron and the Cobb Mountain event. The lowest layer, about 1.66 million years old (Myr), provides the oldest record of stone-tool processing of animal tissues in east Asia. The highest layer, at about 1.32 Myr, correlates with the stone tool layer at Xiaochangliang, previously considered the oldest archaeological site in this region. The findings at Majuangou indicate that the oldest known human presence in northeast Asia at 40 degrees N is only slightly younger than that in western Asia. This result implies that a long yet rapid migration from Africa, possibly initiated during a phase of warm climate, enabled early human populations to inhabit northern latitudes of east Asia over a prolonged period.     

Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia

The timing of the earliest habitation and oldest stone technologies in different regions of the world remains a contentious topic in the study of human evolution. Here we contribute to this debate with detailed magnetostratigraphic results on two exposed parallel sections of lacustrine sediments at Xiaochangliang in the Nihewan Basin, north China; these results place stringent controls on the age of Palaeolithic stone artifacts that were originally reported over two decades ago. Our palaeomagnetic findings indicate that the artifact layer resides in a reverse polarity magnetozone bounded by the Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons. Coupled with an estimated rate of sedimentation, these findings constrain the layer's age to roughly 1.36 million years ago. This result represents the age of the oldest known stone assemblage comprising recognizable types of Palaeolithic tool in east Asia, and the earliest definite occupation in this region as far north as 40 degrees N.     

北京王府井东方广场古人类遗迹热释光断代

东方广场位于北京王府井地区。施工开挖中发现,在埋深大约10.5m和12m处分别有2层河流砂层,含化石、石器、灰烬等物。经热释光断代方法测定,上层约为距今1.5至1.9万年,下层约为距今2.2至2.6万年。     

泉州老君岩的宋代建筑构件

对泉州老君岩近年出土旧有石室建筑构件进行研究。比较泉州古代石建造一般手不料和造像分析，对认为老君造像凿于宋代的流行观点提出异议。     

Preliminary study on the living environment of hominids at the Donggutuo site, Nihewan Basin

The Donggutuo site, situated in the east margin of Nihewan basin, is one of the most important Paleolithic sites in China, characterized by the longest excavation seasons and the most abundant cultural remains recovered in the region. Based on well-constructed sporopollen, sediment grain size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and iron oxide analysis of the 2000--2001 excavated section, four stages of environmental change in the Nihewan Beds are identified by the authors. The results indicate four major stages of environment and climate change from 1） warm and humid forest grass to 2） temperate and humid forest grass to 3） temperate and dry forest grass to 4） warm and humid forest, which is suitable for hominid occupation. The changes correspond to the stages of lake transgression and regression. The environment after the lake died out away has been cold and dry boschveld. The hominid activities at the site took place in the Early Pleistocene （1.10 Ma）, which corresponds to the early three environmental stages. Therefore, it can be inferred that the early hominids adapted to the relatively low lake level episodes through activities involving sporadic stone tool making, procuring of raw materials for tools, concentrating stone artifacts, and hunting and butchering. In conclusion, the results will be of great significance to research regarding the relationship between hominid occupation and environmental changes as well as the adaptive behaviors of early humans at the Donggutuo site.     

滇西北三江并流带观赏石资源特征研究

观赏石是一种商品性旅游地质资源。滇西北三江并流带独特的地质地理环境造就了丰富多样的观赏石资源,但目前尚缺乏系统研究。为适应滇西北旅游开发的需要,文章对三江区观赏石资源的成因、分类、形态特征、地理分布、规模及开发利用价值等进行了研究。主要根据形态特征,把三江区观赏石资源划分为狭义观赏石、宝玉石和彩石、观赏石材及观赏矿石矿物四大类,重点研究了金沙江蛇绿岩地质事件石、三江石、宝玉石和彩石的成因、形态特征及地理分布,并新发现了两类造型石——金山石和麻花石。并就观赏石资源的保护、科研评估及旅游开发等方面提出了对策。     

Heat treatment and associated early modern human behaviors in the Late Paleolithic at the Shuidonggou site

Unearthed artifacts and cultural relics from the Shuidonggou site revealed extensive information and insights regarding the activities of early modern humans.A series of experimental research and physical analysis suggest that stone artifacts from Locality 2 and Locality 12 have undergone heat treatment.The utilization ratio and knapping properties of raw materials were consequently enhanced.Heat treatment technology reflects the production capacities and the survival strategies in the Upper Paleolithic period.This discovery indicates the earliest existence of this technology in the East Asia and thus confirms a wider geographic distribution of this technology which provides new perspectives and evidence for understanding the associated early modern human behaviors.     

An engraved artifact from Shuidonggou, an Early Late Paleolithic Site in Northwest China

Cognition and symbolic thinking are viewed as important features of modern human behavior.Engraved objects are seen as a hallmark of cognition and symbolism,and even as evidence for language.Accumulated evidences including engraved bones,ochre,ostrich eggshells and stone artifacts were unearthed from Africa,Europe,Levant even Siberia Paleolithic sites.But the archaeological evidence for this,including beads,ornaments,burials,performed objects and engraved objects,is rarely discovered in the Pleistocene of East Asia.The present paper reports an engraved stone object unearthed in the Early Late Paleolithic levels about 30 ka BP at the Shuidonggou site(SDG) in northwestern China.It was unearthed in the 1980’s excavation from Lower culture unit of SDG1 but was identified in 2011 when the first author of this article observed the collection from the 1980’s excavations stored in the Institute of Archaeology of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for further detailed lithic analysis.This lithic artifact is the first engraved non-organic object of the Paleolithic period found in China.In order to clarify the details of the incisions and to document the human intentional modifications,we used a KEYENCE VHX-600 Digital Microscope to measure and observe all the incisions in 3-dimensional perspective.Comparing the natural cracks and analyzing many details of the incisions,we argue that incisions on this stone artifact are the result of intentional behaviors by ancient humans.Also,we exclude the possible other causes including animal-induced damages,post-depositional phenomenon and unintentional by-products.Combining all these features,we suggest that the incisions were made by an intentional behavior and were probably of a non-utilitarian character.Because the nature of most other engraved objects in China is debate,we cannot get a clear scenario of the emergence and progress of modern human behavior in North China.But we infer the possible existence of a counting or recording system,or other symbolic behaviors,which reflect considerably evolved cognitive capacities or modern human behavior in the Early Late Paleolithic of East Asia.     

红土洞遗址石制品的初步研究

本文报道贵州省红土洞史前遗址出土的石制品,共有56件,包括石锤(7件)、石核(7件)、石片(13件)、石器(29件)等类型。石器类型简单,只有砍砸器、刮削器、盘状器3种。石器尺寸相对穿洞出土的石器大,石器修理较细致,器形精美。     

贵州普定穿洞史前遗址试掘中的石制品

本文报道贵州省穿洞史前遗址试掘出土的石制品,共有453件,包括石锤、石核、石片、石叶及石器等类型。石器类型简单,只有砍砸器、刮削器、尖状器等几种;石器小型者少,大、中型者较多;石器修理细致,器形精关者多,尤其是尖状器、刮削器,形制多甚规整。     

Research on the relationship between site function and environment at the site of Zhongba,Chongqing City,China

The Zhongba site has been demonstrated to be a location of salt production based on multi-disciplinary research including salt archaeology,environmental archaeology,zooarchaeology,paleobotany,and other natural science examinations.The continuity of salt production from the Han Dynasty to the present day as understood primarily from ancient texts can now be traced back to even earlier times. Based on the characteristics of cultural layer deposits,features,and artifacts,Zhongba can be clearly distinguished from known settlements,and from bronze,iron,pottery and porcelain workshops.According to various natural science examinations,the major impurities in local salt brine are also found in floor features,brine troughs,and rounded bottom pots at the site even though NaCl itself was not preserved.These traces were left over from the salt production process rather than being naturally deposited.Zhongba and its constituent features and artifacts share many common characters with other salt production sites around the world.Consequently,the Zhongba site can be confidently identified as a salt production site where activity continued for several thousand years.The formation of the site cannot be separated from salt production,and it is also highly related to its natural environment.     

南极-艾肯盆地Th异常的富集特征和机理

遥感探测表明月表Th元素分布存在全球不均衡性,形成分别以雨海-风暴洋和南极-艾肯（SPA）盆地为中心的Th异常区.研究认为雨海-风暴洋的Th主要来源于对其下覆KREEP物质的开掘,但对SPA盆地的Th来源有各种不同的认识.本文通过对SPA盆地的地形、盆地构造、撞击坑分布、火山作用和地球化学特征的分析,以及对Th富集机理的探讨,认为SPA盆地内Th更可能来源于撞击作用对富Th下月壳物质的开掘;Th的弧形富集特征与盆地构造有很大相关性,并可能受到Apollo盆地形成的影响.     

n维理想玻色气体的内能和热容量

给出了Ｔ〉Ｔｃ和Ｔ〈ＴＣ情况下不同能谱的ｎ维简交理想玻色气体的内能及热容量的普遍表达式，应用于三维极端相对论理想玻色气体时则在Ｔ－ＴＣ处热容量ＣＶ出现跃变，这与通常玻色气体的ＣＶ在ＴＣ处连续的结果不同。     

Progress in the stratigraphy and geochronology of the Shuidonggou site, Ningxia, North China

In the past years we carried out further stratigraphy division in field and it is found that rich stone artifacts can be found in fluvial-shallow lake-alluvial sediments on the terrace Ⅱ of Biangou River, inShuidonggou site, Ningxia and they are SDG1, 2 and 7. More luminescence and AMS ^14C dating in laboratory show that Paleolithic culture develops during the Upper Paleolithic period with ages of 35--20 ka. The Paleolithic culture of SDG 1 is a little earlier than that of SDG 2 similar to SDG 7. The sandy sediments on terrace Ⅱ of Biangou River deposits in the past 72--18 ka, corresponding to Last Glacial. SDG2 has a stable sedimentary environment, resulting in the continuous stratigraphy, thickest deposits and rich environment and culture information, which can be regarded as the important and classic paleoanthropological section of Late Pleistocene in this region.     

The velocity structure of the Yinggehai Basin and its hydrocarbon implication

Two profiles of refraction and wide_angle reflection were completed in the Yinggehai Basin using ocean bottom hydrophones (OBHs) as receiver. These profiles reveal a low velocity layer (LVL) to the west of No. 1 Fault in the basin, with velocity of 3.0-3.5 km/s. Its upper interface lies at 3.5 km below the sea bottom at the NE end of the profiles, and deepens southwestward to 4 6 km near the axis of the basin. It coincides with the top of a gas_bearing, high_pressure layer defined by well logging. This suggests that the LVL is a layer of less_compacted and gas_charged sediments. The lower interface of the LVL is about 9 km in depth. Sediments above the LVL have velocity varying from 2 0 to 4 1 km/s. The acoustic basement is found only east of No. 1 Fault, with velocity of 5 8-6 2 km/s. A NNW_SSE_running OBH seismic profile across the Xisha Trough was completed on the same cruise. Moho and other deep interfaces are clearly visible in the profile.     

New evidence for human occupation of the northern Tibetan Plateau, China during the Late Pleistocene

The described stone artifacts are recovered from the 70 m-high terrace (4600 m a.s.l.) at the southeastern shore of the Siling Co on the northern Tibetan Plateau. The terrace was formed during the Interstadial period before the LGM, ca. 40-30 ka B.P. based on paleoenvironmental research. The Paleoliths from the Siling Co provide evidence for early human occupation of the northern Tibetan Plateau. They show technological and typological affinities with the European Middle Paleolithic suggesting that the early human occupation here might relate to migratory waves during the Late Pleistocene that dispersed humans across the Old World.     

张氏红山茶叶片适应于环境的解剖特征

张氏红山茶Camellia changiiYe是一年多次开花的植物,它具有全缘、倒卵形的叶,其异面叶具有异型结构的特点:叶的上表皮由1层偶见2层、下表皮由2层细胞组成复表皮,角质膜上覆盖着颇厚、透明的蜡被层;气孔器主要分布在下表皮,气孔口略凹陷,保卫细胞外面常由3个不等大的副卫细胞包围;栅栏组织由1层、偶见2层圆柱状的细胞组成;海绵组织多数,常见首尾相接连成网状;叶脉维管束由纤维细胞组成的扁圆形的维管束鞘包围,维管束鞘两端开放,小脉维管束鞘则由薄壁细胞组成;中脉的维管束鞘外具有多层的基本组织细胞,在接近表皮处基本组织中有大型的石细胞,在下表皮紧靠复表皮处分布石细胞带,带宽1～3个细胞,石细胞外形不规则,分枝粗短或不分枝;石细胞带的内侧为海绵组织细胞。张氏红山茶叶片解剖结构特征表明它是旱生性的中生植物,具有适应强阳光生长的生态习性。     

相互作用场的量子化规则

使用场方程和量子运动方程的一致性条件,证明了相互作用场系统不同场间的量子化规则:不同费米场互相反对易而不能对易;不同玻色场互相对易而不能反对易;费米场与玻色场必须对易而不能反对易。     

Evidence of fire use of late Pleistocene humans from the Huanglong Cave, Hubei Province, China

Since 2004, three excavations have been carried out at a late Pleistocene human fossil site of Huanglong Cave in Yunxi County, Hubei Province of China, which unearthed seven human teeth, dozens of stone tools, mammal fossils and other evidence indicating human activities. During the third excavation in 2006, in the same layer as the human teeth, we found some patches of black materials embedded in the deposit. We doubted that this black deposit layer is the remains of burning or even human use of fire at the cave. To further explore the possibility of human fire use at the Huanglong Cave, we examined samples directly taken from the black deposit layer and compared them with samples taken from several places in the cave using three methods: micromorphology, element content determination and deposit temperature analysis. Our results indicate that the contents of carbon element in the black deposit reach 64.59%―73.29%. In contrast, contents of carbon element of the comparative samples from other parts in the cave are only 5.82%―9.49%. The micromorphology analysis of the black deposit samples reveals a plant structure like axial parenchyma, fibrocyte, uniseriate ray and vessel. High-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that the stratum possibly underwent a high temperature in the nature. Based on these lab analyses, we are sure that the black layer in the Huanglong Cave is the remains of fire and combustion did occur in the cave 100000 years ago. Taking other evidence of human activities found in the Huanglong Cave into consideration, we believe that the evidence of fire from the Huanglong Cave was caused by the human activities of controlled use of fire.