洞庭湖二桥护栏立柱的耐撞性拓扑优化和尺寸优化

为设计出防撞等级达到HA级(760kJ)的临湘至岳阳高速(简称"大岳高速")洞庭湖二桥桥梁钢护栏,文章基于耐撞性拓扑优化方法,对桥梁钢护栏立柱进行了拓扑优化分析,获取了矩形截面形式的桥梁钢护栏立柱拓扑构型,基于现行评价标准与正交试验设计方法,对矩形截面桥梁钢护栏立柱进行了优化设计,确定了厚度的最优参数组合;对最优参数组合的护栏立柱进行质量计算并运用4种车型进行验证分析,结果表明,碰撞仿真计算所得车辆运行轨迹、车体加速度等护栏安全评价指标满足安全性能评价标准要求。     

岳阳洞庭湖二桥钢护栏优化设计

为获得满足碰撞等级为HA级的桥梁钢护栏,对立柱初始构型进行了尺寸优化设计。首先,根据最新护栏安全性能评价标准,建立1.5t小车、25t客车、40t货车以及55t鞍车与护栏碰撞有限元模型;然后,参考护栏评价标准确定正交试验评价指标,并对护栏立柱各参数进行了单因素试验分析,确定截面各因素优化设计试验范围和水平数;再选用L16(45)正交实验表安排仿真试验,分别对仿真数据结果进行极差分析和方差分析,获得了最优立柱截面尺寸;最后,用4种车型对优化后护栏结构进行了仿真验证。研究结果表明,优化后护栏结构的防撞等级达到HA级,安全性能满足评价标准的要求。     

农村公路生命防护工程低成本柔性护栏研究

为设计出一种适用于中国农村公路的低成本柔性护栏,文章针对农村公路路侧防撞设施安全隐患较多的现状,以国家相关标准为设计依据,运用有限元数值分析方法,建立汽车-护栏有限元碰撞分析模型;并利用正交试验设计方法对缠绕挂接式柔性护栏进行尺寸优化设计,得到柔性护栏的最优尺寸组合为立柱间距3 500mm、立柱截面尺寸95mm×45mm、立柱壁厚3mm;对最优尺寸进行安全性验证和经济性分析得出:小型客车质心最大加速度为11.4g,中型客车和中型货车的横向动态最大偏移量分别为910、814mm,护栏安全性良好;优化后的柔性护栏造价约100元/m,经济性良好,适合在农村公路生命防护工程中推广应用。     

高速公路中央分隔带组合式护栏方案研究

针对国内某高速中央分隔带护栏升级改造问题,提出了中央隔离带组合式护栏方案,建立了组合式护栏的三维汽车—护栏碰撞仿真模型,并针对不同的护栏立柱间距进行了汽车碰撞仿真模拟研究。结果表明,利用中央隔离带旧护栏改造为组合式护栏满足规范要求,可以有效地降低成本,为高速公路中央分隔带护栏改造提供依据。     

城市桥梁新型桥侧混凝土护栏的碰撞分析

以某城区高架桥为例,设计出一种城市桥梁新型桥侧混凝土护栏的最优结构,并采用有限元仿真与碰撞试验相结合的方法对其进行安全防护性能分析。结果表明,新型桥侧混凝土护栏结构能够有效地防护行驶车辆,其中小客车碰撞后,其驶出角度为7°,大客车碰撞后,其驶出角度为1.7°;小客车碰撞后,其重心加速度最大值为17.4g,大客车碰撞后,护栏的最大动态变形小于100mm;混凝土坡面是影响小客车缓冲保护性能的主要因素,混凝土墙体强度是影响大客车防撞性能的主要因素。新型桥侧混凝土护栏的各项指标均满足评价标准,其防撞等级达到SS级,且成功应用于依托工程。     

G22青兰高速公路混凝土墙式防撞护栏施工技术和体会

高速公路行车速度快,车流量大,防撞护栏作为安全设施的组成部分对防止行车事故起着重要作用.公路防撞护栏按设置位置可分为路侧护栏和中央分隔带护栏.路侧护栏,是指设置于高速公路路肩上的护栏,目的是防止失控车辆越出路外,避免碰撞路边其它设施和车辆翻出路外;中央分隔带护栏,是指设置于公路中央分隔带内的护栏,目的是防止失控车辆穿越中央分隔带闯入对向车道.护栏按照其受力力学特性可分为刚性护栏,半刚性护栏和柔性护栏三种形式,主要阐述了高速公路混凝土墙式防撞护栏(刚性护栏)的施工技术和施工中的体会.     

单波形梁钢护栏新型立柱设计与实验研究

通过对路桥护栏多种立柱的调查和力学分析,提出了一种新型立柱的设计结构,通过有限元力学分析,新型立柱在提高刚度和节约材料方面相对于普通立柱有明显优势,并通过实车碰撞实验验证了有限元力学分析结论的正确性。     

新型铝合金防撞护栏安全性对比研究

为满足城市桥梁维修加固的美观与可持续发展需求,新型铝合金防撞护栏成为一种新颖形式,为保证其具备足够的安全性能,需对其安全性能进行综合评价。本文以某实际工程为背景,以原传统型钢护栏为基础,提出了采用不同立柱间距的两种新型铝合金防撞护栏方案,通过理论分析、数值模拟相结合的方法对栏杆、立柱及基础螺栓在汽车碰撞荷载下的承载能力、使用性能进行了综合评价。研究结论表明：1m立柱间距的新型铝合金护栏可以替代传统的型钢结构护栏,具有安全性保障。可见本文研究成果可为铝合金安全护栏的推广应用提供技术支持。     

长沙市湘府路大桥防撞护栏优化设计

为了得到满足防撞等级为SA级的长沙市湘府路大桥防撞护栏,根据国内新的护栏评价标准,采用计算机仿真的方法,对长沙市湘府路大桥防撞护栏的碰撞安全性展开了研究。以桥梁护栏尺寸参数为参考基础,以防撞等级为SA级的护栏为研究目标,以2种不同车型为研究工况,采用Pro-e建模以及VPG和Ls-dyna软件进行处理,联合运用正交试验设计方法,以小车纵横向最大加速度、纵横向最大速度以及客车最大横向偏移量为考核指标,对控制护栏形状的5个设计变量应用L16（45）正交试验表安排仿真试验,运用SPSS对仿真试验结果进行方差分析,找出各因素对结果的影响程度,再结合极差分析的结果[1]来确定大桥防撞护栏的最佳尺寸参数。并通过3种车型来验证其可行性,所得到的最佳尺寸组合是可行的且满足法规评定标准要求。     

新型柔性车辆约束系统长度变态模型

为了研究出一套适合柔性车辆约束系统试验长度变态模型,根据国内最新护栏评价标准,通过建立汽车-护栏有限元模型,并基于冲击载荷下几何变态模型方法,展开了对柔性车辆约束系统试验长度方向变态试验分析。首先,对比长度为80m和200m的柔性车辆约束系统仿真数据,得知在碰撞试验中护栏长度变化对柔性车辆约束系统数据结果影响较大;其次,利用几何变态模型理论,以客车最大加速度和最大偏移量为定量评价指标,得到柔性车辆约束系统理论变态模型;最后,通过仿真计算确定NV,获得长度变态模型。通过柔性车辆约束系统长度变态模型预测,得到的结果与长度为200 m的柔性护栏数据的误差在5%以内。该长度变态模型试验方法能直接运用到实际试验研究中。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that