β计数法测定水环境中的131I

131I是核医学应用中非常重要的核素,同时也是核泄漏事故中释放的主要裂变核素之一,其准确测定对于环境保护具有非常重要的意义.本文详细描述了不同水环境中的131I的β计数测定法,并对海水、放射性废水等不同水环境样品进行了检测,结果表明:1)本研究中碘的化学回收率为85.39%～94.47%,平均值为90.90%;2)海水样品平行样中131I的体积比活度为0.673 4～0.735 1 Bq/m3,放射性废水平行样中131I的体积比活度为16.80～17.43 Bq/m3,平行样研究结果表明此方法的重现性很好.     

黑龙江省主要燃煤电厂粉煤灰天然放射性水平

为了解黑龙江省主要燃煤电厂粉煤灰天然放射性核素水平及其应用情况,采用低本底HPGeγ谱仪对样品中天然放射性核素含量进行测量。依据国家标准GB6566-2001,对其进行比较分析,结果表明,采集的粉煤灰中天然放射性核素水平属于正常水平,属A类建筑材料,不受应用限制。     

用加速器质谱技术测定广西乐业天坑的暴露年龄

加速器质谱技术(AMS)是一种高灵敏的核素分析技术。本文利用加速器质谱技术测定岩石中原地宇生放射性核素~(36)Cl含量来研究广西乐业大石围天坑的暴露年龄,实现了对广西大石围天坑的定年。研究结果表明,大石围天坑的最低暴露年龄为10~20万年。该研究为喀斯特地貌及演化提供重要参考价值。     

哈尔滨某电厂粉煤灰的天然放射性水平测量

为了解哈市某电厂粉煤灰中天然放射性核素水平及其应用情况，对其灰库内的粉煤灰进行取样测量，采用低本底HPGeγ能谱仪对样品中粉煤灰天然放射性核素含量进行测量。依据国家标准GB6566—2001，进行比较分析，结果表明，采集的粉煤灰中天然放射性核素水平属于正常水平，属A类建筑材料，不受应用限制。     

食品中检验样品的制备和管理

食品检验贯穿采样、收样、制样、检验、出具报告、报告归档等全过程,其中制样因作为检验前的一个必须环节而起着至关重要的作用,直接影响着最终检验结果的准确性和可靠性。检验样品的管理包括实验室样品的暂存和待复检样品的储存管理,采用正确合理的方法来储存检验样品,使其保持原有的品质状态,也是保证最终检验结果真实性的前提,因此,如何制备和储存管理检验样品是食品检验中需要高度关注和探索的问题。     

原地宇生核素^26Al和^10Be剖面定年及其在早期人类遗址年代研究中的应用前景

中、早更新世人类遗址年代的确定对于人类起源与演化的研究具有重要意义。原地宇生核素^26Al和^10Be浓度剖面定年法可用来测定百万年尺度河流阶地沉积物的同位素年龄,积极开展该法测年研究有望填补我国早期人类遗址如许家窑、郧县曲远河口等地点同位素地质年代研究的空白。本文简述该法的基本原理并展望其应用前景。     

闽南常用石材天然放射性核素含量分析

报道闽南常用石材的 33个样品中 ,天然放射性核素含量的分析结果 ,并按照国家有关石材产品分类标准进行划分 .分析结果表明 ,所采集的 33个石材样品 ,有 3个样品的天然放射性核素(2 2 6Ra,2 3 2 Th,40 K)含量异常偏高 ,其放射性比活度大于 C类控制值 ;而其余 30个样品的天然放射性核素含量处于正常本底水平 .所有石材比活度的范围 :2 2 6Ra为 15 .4～ 4 78.0 Bq·kg-1;2 3 2 Th为15 .3～ 6 6 9.3Bq· kg-1,40 K为 15 5～ 2 10 3Bq· kg-1.根据国家标准和建设部行业标准的要求 ,只有 11个石材样品 (其放射性比活度属于 A类控制值 ,内照射指数 MRa和外照射指数 Mr均小于 1)能用于住宅建设和内装修     

原地宇生核素26Al和加10Be剖面定年及其在早期人类遗址年代研究中的应用前景

中、早更新世人类遗址年代的确定对于人类起源与演化的研究具有重要意义.原地宇生核素26Al和10Be浓度剖面定年法可用来测定百万年尺度河流阶地沉积物的同位素年龄,积极开展该法测年研究有望填补我国早期人类遗址如许家窑、郧县曲远河口等地点同位素地质年代研究的空白.本文简述该法的基本原理并展望其应用前景.     

农田浅层地下水水化学样品的采集

农业地质与生态地球化学野外调查包含了土、水、降尘等野外样品的采集,其中水样的采集需要按相关的程序及时外加保护剂并做好防污染措施,同时对采样过程进行三级的质量监控,保证样品质量。     

样品粒度和光谱分辨率对烟草烟碱NIR预测模型的影响

 以烟草粉末样品的近红外分析为例,研究了在不同样品粒度和不同分辨率下采集的样品光谱对建立的烟碱含量预测模型的影响.结果表明,样品粒度对预测模型有较大影响,细粉末烟叶样品所建的模型在各项评价指标上均较粗粉末样品所建模型好,且实际预测准确性高,因此建议烟叶粉末样品先过0.441 mm以下的筛子后再进行光谱采集.同时,分别以2,4,8,16,32,64cm^-1的分辨率扫描的烟叶粉末样品对预测模型的影响也非常明显,高分辨率扫描样品所建的模型在各评价指标上均比低分辨率扫描所建的模型好,预测准确性高,但综合考虑扫描时间和光谱图文件大小等因素,以分辨率为8cm^-1扫描的光谱最能满足实际建模的需要.     

New evidence for enhanced cosmogenic isotope production rate in the atmosphere ≈37 kaBP from the Guliya ice core

A³⁶Cl peak was found in the predicted section of Guliya ice core, from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, at about 37 kaBP. This cannot be interpreted by means of changes in the accumulation rate, but by the enhanced cosmogenic isotope production rate in the atmosphere. Compared with the records of¹⁰Be and³⁶Cl in the other regions, the peaks of the cosmogenic isotopes are global and can be considered as time marks. An intriguing fact is that the peaks coincided with cold periods.     

Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals

The Moon is thought to have formed from debris ejected by a giant impact with the early 'proto'-Earth and, as a result of the high energies involved, the Moon would have melted to form a magma ocean. The timescales for formation and solidification of the Moon can be quantified by using 182Hf-182W and 146Sm-142Nd chronometry, but these methods have yielded contradicting results. In earlier studies, 182W anomalies in lunar rocks were attributed to decay of 182Hf within the lunar mantle and were used to infer that the Moon solidified within the first approximately 60 million years of the Solar System. However, the dominant 182W component in most lunar rocks reflects cosmogenic production mainly by neutron capture of 181Ta during cosmic-ray exposure of the lunar surface, compromising a reliable interpretation in terms of 182Hf-182W chronometry. Here we present tungsten isotope data for lunar metals that do not contain any measurable Ta-derived 182W. All metals have identical 182W/184W ratios, indicating that the lunar magma ocean did not crystallize within the first approximately 60 Myr of the Solar System, which is no longer inconsistent with Sm-Nd chronometry. Our new data reveal that the lunar and terrestrial mantles have identical 182W/184W. This, in conjunction with 147Sm-143Nd ages for the oldest lunar rocks, constrains the age of the Moon and Earth to Myr after formation of the Solar System. The identical 182W/184W ratios of the lunar and terrestrial mantles require either that the Moon is derived mainly from terrestrial material or that tungsten isotopes in the Moon and Earth's mantle equilibrated in the aftermath of the giant impact, as has been proposed to account for identical oxygen isotope compositions of the Earth and Moon.     

The long-term denudation rate of granitic regolith in Qinhuangdao,North China determined from the in situ depth profile of the cosmogenic nuclides 26Al and 10Be

This study quantifies the surface denudation rate of granitic regolith via the application of the in situ cosmogenic ^26Al and ^10Be depth profile in China. The concentration ranges of ^26Al and ^10Be in the quartz along the -3-m granitic regolith profile in Qinhuangdao are （4.9-23.1） × 10^5 and （2.3-36.6）×10^4 atoms/g, respectively. With the exception of the surface sample, both ^26Al and ^10Be concentrations decrease exponentially with sample depth. The Chi-square best-fitting results revealed a total denudation rate of -9 m/Ma averaged over a 103-105 a timescale, which is lower than the values observed in global granitic outcrops. Compared with global datasets, the flat terrain due to the lack of tectonic activities is most likely the dominant factor that controls the local denudation process. The surface sample offsets from the theoretical cosmogenic nuclide distribution implies that the denudation rate from river basin sediment could be overestimated because of the bioturbation in the surficial soil layer.     

Fe同位素地球化学进展

Fe同位素是近年来发展起来的一门新兴的同位素地球化学方法,影响Fe同位素分馏的因素主要有生物有机作用和无机作用两种方式,研究证明,生物有机过程可以使Fe同位素产生大的分馏效应,因此根据Fe同位素组成的变化可以推测古环境中生命活动的存在,在一定的条件下无机作用也可能产生大的分馏效应,并可用于研究沉积物源的变化和古海洋环境的演化,Fe同位素有可能成为地球科学中具有巨大应用前景的一种新的地球化学方法。     

Isotopic homogeneity of iron in the early solar nebula.

The chemical and isotopic homogeneity of the early solar nebula, and the processes producing fractionation during its evolution, are central issues of cosmochemistry. Studies of the relative abundance variations of three or more isotopes of an element can in principle determine if the initial reservoir of material was a homogeneous mixture or if it contained several distinct sources of precursor material. For example, widespread anomalies observed in the oxygen isotopes of meteorites have been interpreted as resulting from the mixing of a solid phase that was enriched in 16O with a gas phase in which 16O was depleted, or as an isotopic 'memory' of Galactic evolution. In either case, these anomalies are regarded as strong evidence that the early solar nebula was not initially homogeneous. Here we present measurements of the relative abundances of three iron isotopes in meteoritic and terrestrial samples. We show that significant variations of iron isotopes exist in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. But when plotted in a three-isotope diagram, all of the data for these Solar System materials fall on a single mass-fractionation line, showing that homogenization of iron isotopes occurred in the solar nebula before both planetesimal accretion and chondrule formation.     

河流水-气界面碳交换研究进展及趋势

河流水-气界面碳交换是区域和全球碳循环的重要环节, 对陆地碳平衡核算和碳循环模型优化具有重要意义. 介绍了全球河流水-气界面碳交换研究的相关进展, 以及现有研究存在的问题, 并在此基础上提出今后相关的研究应关注不同地质-生态和人类活动干扰背景下河流及中小河流水-气界面碳交换, 要综合利用双碳同位素示踪、化学计量学、生物标志物等方法辨识河流系统中CO₂, CH₄ 及其他形态碳的来源和迁移转化过程, 同时还要利用野外原位观测、传统采样分析和室内培养的方法开展“水-土/沉积物-气”多界面碳交换的系统综合研究,揭示控制河流系统水-气界面碳交换的关键因子, 为相关预测模型的建立以及流域的科学管理提供依据.     

用碳氧同位素对沱沱河盆地古近纪及新近纪早期气候变化的研究

鉴于目前对位于青藏高原上的沱沱河盆地研究不多,作者试用碳氧同位素比值的方法研究该地区新生代的始新世到中中新世这一时段内的气候环境变化情况.经过数据计算、图解和分析表明,沱沱河盆地从始新世到中中新世的气候环境变化可划分为两个阶段,即始新世-渐新世的炎热干燥气候期和中中新世的温暖湿润气候期.此研究结果将为进一步研究该地区的古环境变化提供依据.     

Efficient mixing of the solar nebula from uniform Mo isotopic composition of meteorites

The abundances of elements and their isotopes in our Galaxy show wide variations, reflecting different nucleosynthetic processes in stars and the effects of Galactic evolution. These variations contrast with the uniformity of stable isotope abundances for many elements in the Solar System, which implies that processes efficiently homogenized dust and gas from different stellar sources within the young solar nebula. However, isotopic heterogeneity has been recognized on the subcentimetre scale in primitive meteorites, indicating that these preserve a compositional memory of their stellar sources. Small differences in the abundance of stable molybdenum isotopes in bulk rocks of some primitive and differentiated meteorites, relative to terrestrial Mo, suggest large-scale Mo isotopic heterogeneity between some inner Solar System bodies, which implies physical conditions that did not permit efficient mixing of gas and dust. Here we report Mo isotopic data for bulk samples of primitive and differentiated meteorites that show no resolvable deviations from terrestrial Mo. This suggests efficient mixing of gas and dust in the solar nebula at least to 3 au from the Sun, possibly induced by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. These mixing processes must have occurred before isotopic fractionation of gas-phase elements and volatility-controlled chemical fractionations were established.     

Another continental pool in the terrestrial silicon cycle

Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth. It is an important nutrient for phytoplankton and is readily absorbed by terrestrial vegetation; it also assists the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the weathering of silicates. But the continental cycle of silicon is not well known, and only a few studies have attempted to use silicon stable isotopes (28Si, 29Si and 30Si) to quantify the continental silicon reservoirs. Dissolved silicon in sea and river waters forms a reservoir of mean isotopic value +1.1 per thousand (refs 7, 10). It is enriched in 30Si with respect to the igneous rocks reservoir, which has a mean isotopic value of -0.3 per thousand (refs 4, 9). This enrichment can only be produced by a major fractionation during weathering, and should result in the formation of a continental 30Si-depleted reservoir. Such a reservoir, however, has not been identified to date. Here we analyse silicon isotopes of in situ quartz from a sandstone series in France, using a new-generation secondary ion mass spectrometry apparatus. We show that quartz that precipitates as siliceous cements forms a strongly 30Si-depleted reservoir with isotopic values down to -5.7 per thousand, a more negative value than any previously published for terrestrial samples. Our findings suggest that quartz re-precipitation plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of silicon.     

Anomalous 17O compositions in massive sulphate deposits on the Earth

The variation of delta 18O that results from nearly all physical, biological and chemical processes on the Earth is approximately twice as large as the variation of delta 17O. This so-called 'mass-dependent' fractionation is well documented in terrestrial minerals. Evidence for 'mass-independent' fractionation (delta 17O = delta 17O-0.52 delta 18O), where deviation from this tight relationship occurs, has so far been found only in meteoritic material and a few terrestrial atmospheric substances. In the rock record it is thought that oxygen isotopes have followed a mass-dependent relationship for at least the past 3.7 billion years, and no exception to this has been encountered for terrestrial solids. Here, however, we report oxygen-isotope values of two massive sulphate mineral deposits, which formed in surface environments on the Earth but show large isotopic anomalies (delta 17O up to 4.6%). These massive sulphate deposits are gypcretes from the central Namib Desert and the sulphate-bearing Miocene volcanic ash-beds in North America. The source of this isotope anomaly might be related to sulphur oxidation reactions in the atmosphere and therefore enable tracing of such oxidation. These findings also support the possibility of a chemical origin of variable isotope anomalies on other planets, such as Mars.