拟阵之间的弱映射与秩弱映射

鉴于Welsh给出的拟阵弱映射与强映射关系不太自然,重新定义了拟阵之间的弱映射,并引入了秩弱映射和反射独立集的映射的概念.这就使得强映射总是弱映射,而且一个映射是秩弱映射当且仅当其扩张是弱映射.讨论了秩弱映射、反射独立集的映射以及反射闭集的映射之间的关系,利用这些映射给出了拟阵同构的等价刻画,说明了弱映射和秩弱映射也是合适的拟阵态射.     

Long-term plasticity in hippocampal place-cell representation of environmental geometry

The hippocampus is widely believed to be involved in the storage or consolidation of long-term memories. Several reports have shown short-term changes in single hippocampal unit activity during memory and plasticity experiments, but there has been no experimental demonstration of long-term persistent changes in neuronal activity in any region except primary cortical areas. Here we report that, in rats repeatedly exposed to two differently shaped environments, the hippocampal-place-cell representations of those environments gradually and incrementally diverge; this divergence is specific to environmental shape, occurs independently of explicit reward, persists for periods of at least one month, and transfers to new enclosures of the same shape. These results indicate that place cells may be a neural substrate for long-term incidental learning, and demonstrate the long-term stability of an experience-dependent firing pattern in the hippocampal formation.     

拟阵之间的强映射与秩强映射

引入了拟阵间的秩强映射、反射闭集映射(RC映射)和强映射等概念,研究了它们的一些基本性质.证明了秩强映射和RC映射等价;一个映射是拟阵间的强映射当且仅当它是相应扩张拟阵间的秩强映射;以秩强映射或强映射为态射的拟阵范畴中的范畴同构都是拟阵同构.这些结果为进一步研究拟阵的范畴性质奠定了一定基础.此外,还修正了Welsh关于强映射的定义.     

算子代数上保持升降标的线性映射

设B（ H）为无限维可分的复Hilbert空间H上的有界线性算子的全体，矱为B（ H）上满的线性映射。若矱保持上半Browder谱或降标谱并且保持孤立点集，则矱为B（ H）上的自同构。当矱保持Drazin谱并且保持孤立点集时，刻画了线性映射矱的两种可能结构。     

Rapid motion aftereffect seen within uniform flickering test fields

Prolonged viewing of a moving pattern selectively elevates the threshold for a pattern moving in the same direction and induces the classical motion aftereffect (MAE). The aftereffect is seen as a slow drift in the opposite direction, which is visible even with the eyes shut or while viewing a uniform field. However, as we report here, a strikingly different aftereffect is seen when the test field is uniform and sinusoidally flickered: the field is filled with rapid motion in the direction opposite the adapting motion. This flicker MAE has distinct properties: the adapting grating must be of low spatial frequency; the effect is promoted by high contrast and high temporal frequencies of both adapting and test stimuli; and the aftereffect does not transfer interocularly. In all these respects the flicker MAE differs from the traditional MAE. Motion detectors have been identified in human vision by the threshold detectability and discriminability of moving patterns and by selective adaptation. The flicker MAE selectively taps a class of transient motion mechanisms that are selective for rapid motion and low spatial frequency. Uniform flicker is an effective stimulus for these mechanisms. It thus appears that the human visual system contains at least two distinct classes of mechanisms for sensing motion.     

公理化局部有限空间中映射连续性的扩展

用公理化方法研究了局部有限空间中的连续映射及其扩张问题。给出了局部有限空间的公理化定义方法;利用邻近关系研究了局部有限空间中的连续映射、同胚和局部同胚等问题;通过对局部有限空间变形的研究,定义了局部有限空间的一种特殊收缩核,有效地解决了局部有限空间中连续映射的扩张问题。     

Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

There is extensive evidence indicating that new neurons are generated in the dentate gyrus of the adult mammalian hippocampus, a region of the brain that is important for learning and memory. However, it is not known whether these new neurons become functional, as the methods used to study adult neurogenesis are limited to fixed tissue. We use here a retroviral vector expressing green fluorescent protein that only labels dividing cells, and that can be visualized in live hippocampal slices. We report that newly generated cells in the adult mouse hippocampus have neuronal morphology and can display passive membrane properties, action potentials and functional synaptic inputs similar to those found in mature dentate granule cells. Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain.     

一种有效的图像处理方法对贮存红细胞闪烁复杂性的评估

体外红细胞老化研究具有极高的临床价值.临床应用上的不足,是由于缺少从微观帧上获取大量闪烁数据的有效方法.研究了一种新的图像处理方法,从不同的微观帧上提取红细胞灰度强度变化情况,使得细胞分裂能够在一张图像上显示.尺度不变特征转换被用来移除摄动的细胞.通过多尺度样本熵对来自25个年轻成年人(每人200个细胞)的红细胞膜闪烁的复杂性进行分析,同时,也测量三磷酸腺苷浓度.结果显示,提出的图像处理方法可靠且能够有效提取红细胞闪烁强度,红细胞老化过程能够通过膜闪烁的复杂性分析检测到,该过程比三磷酸腺苷测量要敏感得多.     

内积空间中的Mbius变换

将Mobius变换的概念推广到了内积空间中,并采用一种纯几何的方法,讨论了内积空间中的 Mobius变换和保交比映射之间的等价关系.     

Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus

Neurons can produce action potentials with high temporal precision. A fundamental issue is whether, and how, this capability is used in information processing. According to the 'cell assembly' hypothesis, transient synchrony of anatomically distributed groups of neurons underlies processing of both external sensory input and internal cognitive mechanisms. Accordingly, neuron populations should be arranged into groups whose synchrony exceeds that predicted by common modulation by sensory input. Here we find that the spike times of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be predicted more accurately by using the spike times of simultaneously recorded neurons in addition to the animals location in space. This improvement remained when the spatial prediction was refined with a spatially dependent theta phase modulation. The time window in which spike times are best predicted from simultaneous peer activity is 10-30 ms, suggesting that cell assemblies are synchronized at this timescale. Because this temporal window matches the membrane time constant of pyramidal neurons, the period of the hippocampal gamma oscillation and the time window for synaptic plasticity, we propose that cooperative activity at this timescale is optimal for information transmission and storage in cortical circuits.     

NMDA application potentiates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) class of glutamate receptor plays a critical role in a variety of forms of synaptic plasticity in the vertebrate central nervous system. One extensively studied example of plasticity is long-term potentiation (LTP), a remarkably long-lasting enhancement of synaptic efficiency induced in the hippocampus by brief, high-frequency stimulation of excitatory synapses. LTP is a strong candidate for a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. The site of LTP induction appears to be the postsynaptic cell and induction requires both activation of NMDA receptors by synaptically released glutamate and depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. It is proposed that this depolarization relieves a voltage-dependent Mg2+ block of the NMDA receptor channel, resulting in increased calcium influx which is the trigger for the induction of LTP. This model predicts that application of a large depolarizing dose of NMDA should be sufficient to evoke LTP. In agreement with a previous study, we have found that NMDA or glutamate application does potentiate synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. This agonist-induced potentiation is, however, decremental and short-lived, unlike LTP. It is occluded shortly after the induction of LTP and a similar short-term potentiation can be evoked by synaptically released glutamate. We thus propose that LTP has two components, a short-term, decremental component which can be mimicked by NMDA receptor activation, and a long-lasting, non-decremental component which, in addition to requiring activation of NMDA receptors, requires stimulation of presynaptic afferents.     

Presynaptic mechanism for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

Experiments analysing the statistical properties of synaptic transmission, before and after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), suggest that expression of LTP largely arises in a presynaptic mechanism--an increased probability of transmitter release.     

关于点到集映射连续性的几点注记

本文证明了在[1]、[2]和[3]中定义的点到集映射的闭性、上半连续性和下半连续性之间的关系。     

GABA-containing neurons in the septum control inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus

The hippocampus, in particular the neocortex-hippocampus-neocortex circuit, is widely believed to be crucial in memory. Information flow in this circuit is strongly influenced by relatively sparse afferents derived from subcortical centres, such as the septum, involved in arousal, emotions and autonomic control. A powerful mechanism, by which numerically small inputs can produce profound effects, is feed-forward inhibition, that is, the activation of local inhibitory interneurons, which, in turn, control the activity of large populations of principal cells in the hippocampus. An example is the cholinergic input to the hippocampus from the septum, which is likely to be involved in feed-forward operations. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a circuit underlying another powerful mechanism of subcortical control of hippocampal information processing. We show that GABA-containing afferents originating in the septum innervate most of the GABA-containing interneurons in the hippocampus, making many synaptic contacts with each of them. Activation of the GABA-containing neurons in the septum is likely to lead to disinhibition of the principal neurons in the hippocampal formation and so this pathway is probably crucial in the induction of hippocampal electrical activity patterns, and may be involved in NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated functions, such as memory, in a permissive manner.     

Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus

Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system occurs at specialized synaptic junctions between neurons, where a high concentration of glutamate directly activates receptor channels. Low-affinity AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate glutamate receptors are also expressed by some glial cells, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, the conditions that result in activation of glutamate receptors on these non-neuronal cells are not known. Here we report that stimulation of excitatory axons in the hippocampus elicits inward currents in OPCs that are mediated by AMPA receptors. The quantal nature of these responses and their rapid kinetics indicate that they are produced by the exocytosis of vesicles filled with glutamate directly opposite these receptors. Some of these AMPA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, providing a link between axonal activity and internal calcium levels in OPCs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that vesicle-filled axon terminals make synaptic junctions with the processes of OPCs in both the young and adult hippocampus. These results demonstrate the existence of a rapid signalling pathway from pyramidal neurons to OPCs in the mammalian hippocampus that is mediated by excitatory, glutamatergic synapses.     

大鼠记忆保持能力与相关脑区突触界面结构的相关性

采用一次性被动回避反应的大鼠模型，以ＳＴＬ为指标将大鼠发为记忆保持良好组和记忆保持低劣组。通过超微结构定量分析，发现记忆保持良好组海马ＣＡ３区和大脑皮质感觉运动区的突触后膜致密物质均显著地密于记忆保持低劣组。同时，记忆保持良好组出现了棘器和穿孔性突触，而记忆低劣组没有出现。另外，还测量了突触界面曲率、突触活性区长度和突触间隙宽度，所得数据在２组间无显著性差异。结果提示：突触后膜致密物质厚度与记忆保