Structural signature of jamming in granular media

Glasses are rigid, but flow when the temperature is increased. Similarly, granular materials are rigid, but become unjammed and flow if sufficient shear stress is applied. The rigid and flowing phases are strikingly different, yet measurements reveal that the structures of glass and liquid are virtually indistinguishable. It is therefore natural to ask whether there is a structural signature of the jammed granular state that distinguishes it from its flowing counterpart. Here we find evidence for such a signature, by measuring the contact-force distribution between particles during shearing. Because the forces are sensitive to minute variations in particle position, the distribution of forces can serve as a microscope with which to observe correlations in the positions of nearest neighbours. We find a qualitative change in the force distribution at the onset of jamming. If, as has been proposed, the jamming and glass transitions are related, our observation of a structural signature associated with jamming hints at the existence of a similar structural difference at the glass transition--presumably too subtle for conventional scattering techniques to uncover. Our measurements also provide a determination of a granular temperature that is the counterpart in granular systems to the glass-transition temperature in liquids.     

颗粒物质中的微扰

介绍了容器中颗粒物质内部受到局域微绕的研究进展,并对微扰态的性质和规律做一些分析和讨论。     

The ultimate speed of magnetic switching in granular recording media

In magnetic memory devices, logical bits are recorded by selectively setting the magnetization vector of individual magnetic domains either 'up' or 'down'. In such devices, the fastest and most efficient recording method involves precessional switching: when a magnetic field B(p) is applied as a write pulse over a period tau, the magnetization vector precesses about the field until B(p)tau reaches the threshold value at which switching occurs. Increasing the amplitude of the write pulse B(p) might therefore substantially shorten the required switching time tau and allow for faster magnetic recording. Here we use very short pulses of a very high magnetic field to show that under these extreme conditions, precessional switching in magnetic media supporting high bit densities no longer takes place at well-defined field strengths; instead, switching occurs randomly within a wide range of magnetic fields. We attribute this behaviour to a momentary collapse of the ferromagnetic order of the spins under the load of the short and high-field pulse, thus establishing an ultimate limit to the speed of deterministic switching and magnetic recording.     

弱L-余拓扑空间的弱紧性

在弱L-余拓扑空间中,引入弱紧集的概念,并且用滤子和网给出了弱紧性的等价刻画.证明了弱紧性在弱连续的L-值Zadeh型函数下是不变的.     

一类代数方程的摄动解

设f(x),g(x)分别为复数域上的 m和 n次多项式  利用直接展开法分 m≥n和 m相似文献   

Effects of acoustic waves on stick-slip in granular media and implications for earthquakes

It remains unknown how the small strains induced by seismic waves can trigger earthquakes at large distances, in some cases thousands of kilometres from the triggering earthquake, with failure often occurring long after the waves have passed. Earthquake nucleation is usually observed to take place at depths of 10-20 km, and so static overburden should be large enough to inhibit triggering by seismic-wave stress perturbations. To understand the physics of dynamic triggering better, as well as the influence of dynamic stressing on earthquake recurrence, we have conducted laboratory studies of stick-slip in granular media with and without applied acoustic vibration. Glass beads were used to simulate granular fault zone material, sheared under constant normal stress, and subject to transient or continuous perturbation by acoustic waves. Here we show that small-magnitude failure events, corresponding to triggered aftershocks, occur when applied sound-wave amplitudes exceed several microstrain. These events are frequently delayed or occur as part of a cascade of small events. Vibrations also cause large slip events to be disrupted in time relative to those without wave perturbation. The effects are observed for many large-event cycles after vibrations cease, indicating a strain memory in the granular material. Dynamic stressing of tectonic faults may play a similar role in determining the complexity of earthquake recurrence.     

小信号放大器的抗干扰方法探索

为增强小信号放大器的抗干扰能力,从放大电路实验所碰到的干扰问题入手,着重分析多级放大器受干扰的各种原因,并论述如何提高小信号放大电路抗干扰性能的多项措施.     

道路网络中最短路径的算法与实现

最短路径算法是地理信息科学与计算机科学等领域的研究热点。本文从网络分析的理论基础及拓扑性质出发,提出了一种适于最短路径算法的空间数据组织方式。结合道路网络的特点,在构造邻接结点矩阵来表达网络结构的基础上,运用优化的迪杰斯特拉(Dijkstra)最短路径算法,在电子地图环境下实现了道路网络中任意两结点间最短路径的快速解算与刷新。     

玻璃与金属封接过程中气孔率和玻璃飞溅

通过测量不同工艺条件下玻璃绝缘子中的气孔率和最大气泡直径,以及观察底盘表面的玻璃飞溅情况,研究了熔封气氛、熔封温度、熔封时间、氧化膜类型和厚度对玻璃绝缘子中气孔率和玻璃飞溅的影响.结果表明,玻璃绝缘子中气孔率与可伐合金底盘表面的飞溅程度有一定的关系.可伐合金表面Fe3O4氧化物与玻璃中SiO2发生化学反应是玻璃绝缘子中气泡的一个重要来源,也是引起玻璃飞溅的因素.熔封气氛和氧化膜厚度对气孔率和玻璃飞溅影响最大.推荐的工艺条件是在可伐合金表面生成厚度约1μm的FeO氧化膜,然后与玻坯在950～980℃工厂条件的气氛中熔封30～40 min.     

粒度的分解与复合

文章定义了基于等价关系的粒度的概念,从整体上给出了粒度的分解和合成的统一方法.利用这个方法可以描述和区分信息系统中的元素.     

颗粒聚集体的崩塌性质研究

考察和分析了一般颗粒物质堆积体中崩塌的主要特征，概述了目前对颗粒物质崩塌研究所涉及的相关模型以及理论，并对其适用范围和局限性进行了分析，指出了他们的成功之处及不足，提出了对颗粒物质堆积体崩塌机理进行深入研究的一些思路。     

带扩散扰动的对偶风险模型的门槛分红策略

研究了一类带干扰(布朗运动)的对偶风险模型,此模型可以用来模拟证券公司的盈余过程(经营收入).利用无穷小分析法,求出了公司在破产前总分红现值期望函数(分红函数)满足的微积分方程组,导出了与该微积分方程组等价的更新方程组.最后,在指数分布收入情形下,我们给出了分红函数在特例下的一般解.     

二维弱耦合混沌振子的相互作用

混沌振子在二维弱耦合情况下，形成了一种新的态，称为广义扩展周期态．在这个状态下，每个振子作相同的周期轨道运动，但是每个振子的相位不同．数值计算和理论分析了形成广义扩展周期态的动力学机理．     

层状压电压磁弹性介质空间问题数据分析处理

从横观各项同性层状压电压磁弹性介质空间问题出发,利用状态变量法和0层面的边界条件,得到适用于计算不同状态变量的关系矩阵,以及状态变量表示的多层压电压磁弹性介质在Hankel变换空间中的解。在选择性计算的基础上,对不同的状态变量分别采用各自的方式修正关系矩阵,有效地避免了直接计算所产生的计算结果失真现象,为解决诸如此类的更复杂的问题奠定了理论基础。     

Grobner基理论在最短路径问题中的应用

在最短路径问题中,若连通图中相邻节点对xi和xj间的路径长为aij,则节点之间的关系可用多项式xi-xj-aij描述,把所有的这种多项式以终点所表示的项为首项归纳和排序得到集合F,若存在最短路径供选择,则F生成理想的Grbner基为{1}. 因此,求节点xm到xk的最短路径,可用多项式xk-xm对F中的元素约化,所得到的一个常数就是这条可达路径的长度;若有多条路径可供选择,则每条路径对应一个常数,所有这些常数中的最小数就是最短路径的长度.     

层合压电压磁耦合弹性介质圆板的状态变量解

从横观各向同性层状压电、压磁耦合弹性介质材料的基本方程出发,导出了压电、压磁圆板在轴对称变形中的状态变量方程,并对其进行有限Hankel变换,得到一组常系数的常微分方程,再通过Cay]ay-Hamilton原理和利用传递矩阵方法导出了层合压电、压磁耦合弹性介质圆板的状态变量解．     

Sylow子群的正规化子和子群的弱s-置换性

利用Sylow子群的极大子群在其所在的Sylow子群正规化子中的弱s-置换性得到有限群的p-幂零性的一些刻画.证明了:设G为有限群,p为|G|的素因子,且(|G|,p-1)=1,P∈Sylp(G);若P的每个极大子群在NG(P)中弱s-置换且P′在G中s-置换,则G为p-幂零群.同时得到几个有关群系的结论.     

层次分析法在出行路线选择中的应用

文章将出行者所关心的行程时间、行程的舒适安全度和行程费用等进行综合考虑,将各自在出行者心中所占的比重作为依据,利用层次分析法进行数值计算,求解出出行者所希望的最佳路径.本文的特点是数据具有随机性,是从出行者的角度出发,与利用Dijkstra算法求最短路径相比更具有实用性.     

扫频干扰下多元频移键控与跳频通信的容量分析

为了分析宽带系统的抗干扰能力,提供抗干扰系统设计的准则,从信道容量的角度分析了扫频干扰下的跳频通信和多元频移键控(M-ary frequency shift keying,M-FSK)2种调制方式的通信性能。从理论上给出了两种调制方式的通信容量表达式,然后用仿真的方法分析了不同扫频干扰参数下的信道容量。分析了快速扫频和慢速扫频对两个系统的影响。结果表明:在快速扫频干扰影响下,跳频通信的通信性能恶化。而M-FSK具有较强的抗扫频干扰能力,其信道容量主要受到宽带噪声干扰的影响。因此,M-FSK在存在扫频干扰的情况下,能够取得更高的容量,具有更好的抗干扰能力。