羟基磷灰石（HAP）生物复合材料的研究

羟基磷灰石生物复合材料被越来越广泛地应用于医学的整形领域,这是一种很用的材料。文中综述了羟基磷灰石生物复合材料的类型、等,并对现有的此类生物材料提出了一些看法。     

羟基磷灰石/丝蛋白复合骨材料的生物相容性

以共沉淀法制备了羟基磷灰石/丝蛋白(HA/SF)复合骨修复材料,并对材料进行了XRD、TEM、SEM、孔径分布和孔隙率等相关的测试和表征。结果表明:该复合材料的无机组分为20~30 nm长、5 nm宽的棒状羟基磷灰石(HA)结晶,这些晶粒沿c轴自组装团聚成簇分散在丝蛋白基质中形成三维多孔结构,其孔径分布在0.3~115μm之间,开口孔隙率达66%。该材料植入动物体内,未出现明显的排异反应,在植入部位有连续的骨性连接和新生骨形成,说明HA/SF复合材料具有良好的生物相容性和骨诱导活性。     

电泳沉积羟基磷灰石/碳纳米管复合涂层

采用电泳沉积的方法在医用金属钛表面沉积纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)/多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)复合涂层.力学拉伸实验表明,所制备的纳米HA与MWCNTs的复合涂层可显著增强其与基底材料的结合力.体外细胞培养试验证明,电泳沉积制备的复合涂层具有良好的生物相容性.可望成为一种新的综合性能良好的硬组织生物材料.     

氟金云母填充环氧树脂复合材料研究

分别用标准氟金去母和改性氟金云母填充环氧树脂，制得了氟金云母／环氧树脂复合材料，对其力学性能进行了测试，并用扫描电子显微镜对其微观组织和形态进行了观察分析，研究了氟金云母的性质，质量分数同该复合材料力学性能之间的关系，结果表明：改性氟金云母对环氧树脂具有较好的增强作用，当其质量分数为10％时，复合材料的弯曲强度可提高50％，弹性模量可提高100％，标准氟金云母虽然可提高弹性模量，但却使弯曲强度下降。     

纳米羟基磷灰石对氟离子的吸附

用溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP)吸附水溶液中的氟离子(F-),考察反应时间、体系pH值和F-初始浓度等因素对吸附作用的影响,探讨吸附机理。结果表明:吸附平衡出现在反应进行120 min时,吸附速率符合拟二级动力学方程;吸附量在pH=6时达到10.55 mg/g,与初始c(F-)呈正相关关系;n-HAP是F-的有效吸附剂,对F-的吸附属Langmuir等温吸附模型。     

改性羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合材料制备及其生物相容性评价

针对聚乳酸(PLLA)和羟基磷灰石(HA)两者复合时界面相容性差的问题,采用硅烷偶联剂十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)对HA颗粒进行了表面改性,通过热诱导相分离法制备了OTS-HA/PL-LA多孔复合材料.扫描电镜结果表明,OTS-HA/PLLA多孔复合材料中改性HA颗粒的分布较均匀,PLLA和改性HA颗粒之间的界面相容性得到了改善.孔隙率测试表明,OTS-HA/PLLA多孔复合材料的孔隙率均大于90%,适合骨修复材料对孔隙率的要求.细胞培养结果表明,复合材料对骨髓间充质干细胞的生长无抑制作用,细胞在材料表面能正常黏附、生长、增殖,具有良好的细胞附着形态和细胞增殖率,表现出了良好的生物相容性.     

氟金云母陶瓷车削中脆性材料切削热传导理论模型的研究

通过分析可加工陶瓷切削温度变化规律,提出脆性材料在车削中存在着两个不同的温升阶段,反映了切削系统存在的热传导及热积累效应。根据热传导基本理论,建立以刀具-工件接触点为移动热源的脆性材料切削热传导理论模型,结合微元法量化脆性材料车削中的热量分配,采用能接近实际车削中温度场变化形式的镜像热源原理,求解脆性材料切削温度的二次跃迁值。用PCD(聚晶金刚石)刀具车削氟金云母陶瓷,进行切削验证实验,结果表明,脆性材料切削热传导理论模型能够较准确地求解切削温度的二次跃迁值,并反映陶瓷等脆性切削温度场的变化趋势。     

聚醚醚酮/羟基磷灰石复合植入物的制备及性能研究

为了解决聚醚醚酮(PEEK)无法满足植入物材料的生物学性能要求的难题,提出采用熔融沉积成形(FDM)和溶液共混的方法,在聚醚醚酮基体表面涂覆聚醚醚酮/羟基磷灰石(HA)复合涂层,增强涂层与基体之间的结合,制备出高强度高生物活性的复合植入物,并研究了HA含量、烧结温度和烧结时间对复合植入物力学性能的影响。根据缺损模型制备出了具有复杂结构的个性化狗下颌髁状突PEEK/HA复合假体,对假体形状精度进行了评价,完成了假体置换实验,结合细胞毒性实验对复合植入物的生物相容性进行了评价。研究结果表明:HA的质量分数为40%时,涂层与基体结合强度较好。当烧结温度为240℃、烧结时间为20 min时,涂覆效果和样件的力学性能最好。细胞毒性实验和假体置换实验结果表明,采用该工艺制造的复合假体具有优良的生物相容性,且形状精度满足使用要求。     

氟掺杂羟基磷灰石的制备及性能表征

采用共沉淀法制备了氟掺杂的羟基磷灰石粉体Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2-2xF2x(0≤x≤1),利用XRD和SEM对合成样品晶体结构和表面形貌进行了表征。合成样品的生物活性采用氨基酸吸附实验进行测定,反应后的产物用紫外分光光度计和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行分析。实验结果表明,当氟掺杂量x=0.25,高温高浓度时合成的FHA具有最佳的生物活性和热稳定性,是一种良好的骨替代材料。     

粉末冶金法制备AZ91镁合金的组织及热性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备了AZ91镁合金,研究了烧结温度对合金的致密度和热导率的影响规律,并对烧结样品的物相和显微组织进行了分析. 研究发现,AZ91镁合金的最佳烧结温度为610℃,致密度可以达到97.4%,实验条件下所获得的最高热导率可达到63.1W·m-1·K-1. X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜结果分析表明,烧结合金组织主要由α-Mg固溶体和β-Mg17Al12相两相组成,其中β-Mg17Al12相表现出离异共晶β相和非连续析出β相两种主要存在形态.     

Microstructural evolution of hybrid aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SiC nanoparticles and graphene/graphite prepared by powder metallurgy

The dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles is of significance to the microstructure and properties of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites.In this study,two hybrid enhancers,SiC-graphite and SiC-graphene nanosheets(GNSs),were incorporated into aluminum matrix composites using powder metallurgy.The dispersion of the reinforcements and microstructural evolution of the composites were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy,X-Ray Diffraction,Transmission Electron Microscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.The results show that thin GNSs accelerated the deformation of the aluminum particles,and defects were introduced into the carbonaceous phases during the ball milling process.Al_4 C_3 needles generated during hot pressing,and were observed to bridge the aluminum grains.Compared with graphite,GNSs were more uniformly dispersed throughout the composite,which in turn restrained grain growth.As a result,a nanostructured composite(57.7 nm) was successfully produced upon the addition of SiC-GNSs.     

铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的湿式摩擦性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备铜基湿式摩擦材料,利用金相技术分析材料表面的微观结构,并用MM-1000摩擦试验机研究制动条件对动摩擦因数影响的变化规律。研究结果表明：添加短切炭纤维增强的材料能有效提高材料的能量许用负荷和摩擦因数;摩擦副的制动速度为1500r／min和2500r／min时,摩擦因数随制动压力的增加而减小;摩擦副的制动速度为3500r／min时,摩擦因数随制动压力的增大呈现先降低而后增大的趋势;当制动压力为1．0MPa和1．5MPa时,摩擦因数随制动速度的提高而缓慢减小;当制动压力为2．0MPa和2．5MPa时,摩擦因数随制动速度的增加呈现先减小而后急剧增大的趋势。     

不同养护制度下掺铁尾矿粉超高性能混凝土力学性能

采用铁尾矿粉取代石英粉配制超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete, UHPC),研究不同养护制度下掺铁尾矿粉UHPC力学性能.结果表明:随铁尾矿粉取代率增加, UHPC流动度略有下降,力学性能基本不变;与标准养护相比,恒温水养和蒸压养护下掺铁尾矿粉UHPC抗压、抗折强度及折压比显著提升.结合微观试验结果发现,铁尾矿粉取代石英粉对水泥石显微硬度及孔结构无不利影响.恒温水养和蒸压养护下掺铁尾矿粉UHPC的水泥水化更充分,水化产物Ca/Si比值下降,水泥石显微硬度增大、孔结构改善;蒸压养护还可能显著激发硅灰、石英粉和铁尾矿粉的火山灰活性,参与二次水化,生成结构更致密的C-S-H(结构类Tobermorite晶体).采用铁尾矿粉取代石英粉制备力学性能达标的UHPC是可行的,此举将同时产生良好的环保和经济效益.     

Wear and mechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel produced by powder metallurgy

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2(with 0.2 wt% C and 0.25 wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.     

粉末冶金制备的AISI 8620钢渗碳后的磨损和力学性能

The effect of carburization on the tensile strength and wear resistance of AISI 8620 steel produced via powder metallurgy was investigated. Alloys 1 and 2 (with 0.2wt% C and 0.25wt% C, respectively) were first pressed at 700 MPa and then sintered at 1300, 1400, or 1500°C for 1 h. The ideal sintering temperature of 1400°C was determined. Afterward, Alloys 1 and 2 sintered at 1400°C were carburized at 925°C for 4 h. The microstructure characterization of alloys was performed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and wear behavior of carburized and noncarburized alloys were investigated via hardness, tensile, and wear tests. After carburization, the ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 1 and 2 increased to 134.4% and 138.1%, respectively. However, the elongation rate of Alloys 1 and 2 decreased to 62.6% and 64.7%, respectively. The wear depth values of Alloy 2 under noncarburized and carburized conditions and a load of 30 N were 231.2 and 100.1 μm, respectively. Oxidative wear changed to abrasive wear when the load transitioned from 15 to 30 N.     

锻态粉末冶金铁基合金的显微组织和力学性能

采用金相观察、能谱分析、X线衍射和洛氏硬度测定等研究锻态粉末冶金铁基合金显微组织和力学性能演变的规律。研究结果表明:锻造态铁基合金已经开始发生再结晶,但再结晶晶核较少,再结晶不完全,晶界处有第二相析出,析出相成分主要为Ti,Y和O;经1300~1450℃热处理后发生了再结晶,在1300℃再结晶完全,晶粒细小,第二相弥散分布于晶粒内部,样品最高洛氏硬度达54.8;随着热处理温度的提高,晶粒长大明显,强化相颗粒长大,导致洛氏硬度下降;经700℃退火后,铁基合金材料晶粒尺寸变化不明显,X线衍射峰向右发生偏移,Cr的固溶度降低,洛氏硬度下降明显。     

粉末冶金复合材料水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能

针对水液压元件摩擦副润滑困难、使用寿命短等方面的不足,制备了一种以316L不锈钢粉末冶金材料为基体、含有纳米金刚石颗粒悬浮液填充孔隙的复合材料,在水润滑条件下对复合材料和碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CFRPEEK)进行了端面摩擦磨损试验,并将其与316L不锈钢材料、316L粉末冶金材料、316L粉末冶金材料+润滑油进行了对比,研究了复合材料的摩擦学性能.结果发现:在500 r/min转速、400 N外载荷下,复合材料和CFRPEEK配对的平均摩擦因数为0.027,CFRPEEK的磨损率为0.128×10~(-16)m~3/(N·m),均小于其余三种配对方式,表明复合材料具有较好的摩擦学性能.复合材料表面产生了抛光效应,主要磨损机理为犁削效应;配对的CFRPEEK磨损机理为犁削机理,纳米金刚石颗粒的加入有效抑制了塑性变形的发生.     

烧结温度对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响

为了探究烧结温度对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能的影响,通过四种温度(825、850、875、900 ℃)热压烧结,成功制备了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料。研究了材料的微观组织、密度、硬度、抗压强度、摩擦性能,由此得到材料的较佳烧结温度。结果表明,在四种烧结温度下,材 料中的各元素能均匀地分布在Cu基体中。随着烧结温度的升高,密度、硬度、抗压强度和摩擦因数都先增大后减小,而孔隙率和磨损量先减小后增大。Cr能改善Cu与C之间的湿润性,提高金属基体与非金属组元之间的结合强度,从而使材料的密度增大;Ni、Mn能向Cu中扩散,形成固溶体,阻碍位错运动,提高材料的硬度。铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料较佳烧结温度为850 ℃,此时的密度为6.17 g/cm³,孔隙率为8.62%,维氏硬度为81.2,抗压强度为172.8 MPa,摩擦因数为0.37,磨损量为0.074 g。     

Fabrication of homogeneously dispersed graphene/Al composites by solution mixing and powder metallurgy

Graphene-reinforced aluminum (Al) matrix composites were successfully prepared via solution mixing and powder metallurgy in this study. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied using microhardness and tensile tests. Compared to the pure Al alloy, the graphene/Al composites showed increased strength and hardness. A tensile strength of 255 MPa was achieved for the graphene/Al composite with only 0.3wt% graphene, which has a 25% increase over the tensile strength of the pure Al matrix. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphologies, chemical compositions, and microstructures of the graphene and the graphene/Al composites. On the basis of fractographic evidence, a relevant fracture mechanism is proposed.