基于人工神经网络开发中国地区统计降尺度气候预估数据

针对中国地区的气候预估问题,开发一套高时空分辨率(空间分辨率:0.25°;时间分辨率:逐日)的统计降尺度气候变化数据集.降尺度气候预估结果表明:1)在传统降尺度方法的基础上引入人工神经网络算法,开发高时空分辨率的降尺度气候数据,技术上简便可行;2)将这种新方法应用到模式的历史模拟数据上,温度和降水的气候态偏差显著减小,...     

未来气候变化情景下我国粮食供需平衡风险研究

“粮食供需平衡风险”定义为未来气候变化对我国粮食供需的影响程度。基于IPCC 排放情景特别报告(SRES)中B2情景气候条件下的我国粮食生产模拟结果, 构建该框架下我国粮食消费分析情景, 最终建立以自给粮食供应程度为核心的粮食供需平衡风险标准。借助GIS空间分析技术, 探讨县域尺度上近期、中期和远期的气候变化将会给我国粮食供需平衡带来怎样的风险局面。结果表明气候变化将会在一定程度上加剧我国的粮食供需平衡形势。3个时段内, 粮食供需风险局面严峻形势由高到低排序: 中期>远期>近期。具体地, 中期面临的供需风险的县市比例高达66.99%, 其中中风险和高风险区域范围最广, 两者所占比例高达29.5%; 近期风险形势相对较为缓和, 上述比例降低到25.54%, 其中高风险县市比例较低约为10.72%, 中风险约为14.82%; 在空间格局上, 黄淮海区、黄土高原区、西南区以及青藏区的东缘面临的风险形势相对较为严峻, 东北区、甘新区以及内蒙及长城沿线区则相对较为良好。     

水文水资源管理经济中气候变化影响评估的不确定性问题

大多数关于气候变化对水文过程影响评估的文献中,对大气模型中存在的显著的不确定性往往考虑不足.在很多重要的领域,GCM生成的长期预测很少能用于未来水资源规划与管理,因为其结果无法对变化趋势进行准确的描述,也就是对水文变量增加或减少趋势的预测缺乏可信度.一项借助于14个GCM模型以及不同发展情景(包括基准情景)开展的径流预报集合分析研究验证了这一点.GCM的输出情景作为水平衡模型的输入这种方法用于多瑙河上游未来水文变化的预测.如果将这种预测情景用于预测由气候变化引起的水文变化经济成本,更大的不确定性将会在经济数学模型中产生.著名的Stern"气候变化经济学"评论在水资源管理领域被广泛的应用.在经济学文献中对Stern评论的观点存在很多争议,很多专家对方法的使用和结论提出了一些质疑,本文的实例也证明了这一点.因此,进行气候变化对水文和水资源影响评估的学者们应该意识到不仅在GCM中存在很大的不确定性,大气-水文-经济模型的耦合过程可能会导致更大的不确定性.     

气候变化影响下的流域水循环：回顾与展望?

随着全球气候变化的影响日益加剧,气候变化对流域水循环影响的研究成为普遍关注的焦点.数理统计和水文模拟两大手段的运用贯穿于过去30余年的研究当中,本文就其中所涉及的水文气象要素趋势分析、大气环流模式(GCMs)评估、降尺度技术及其选择、水文模型及其选择、不确定性分析5大内容的研究成果进行回顾与展望,以拉萨河流域为例综合运用前述技术分析区域气候变化特征及其对流域径流的影响.结果表明,在未来经济社会发展与气候变化情景下,流域径流时空分布不均匀性更加显著,具体表现为集中性增强,这给区域防洪抗旱与水资源配置等都带来了巨大挑战.通过系统阐述如何开展气候变化对流域水循环的影响研究及所包含的关键问题,可为后续相关研究和区域水资源管理提供科学依据与决策支撑.     

Ecosystem vulnerability of China under B2 climate scenario in the 21st century

This paper applies climate change scenarios in China based on the SRES assumptions with the help of RCMs projections by PRECIS （providing regional climates for impacts studies） system introduced to China from.the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research at a high-resolution （50 kmx50 km） over China. This research focuses on B2 scenario of SRES. A biogeochemical model ＂Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model （AVIM2）＂ was applied to simulating ecosystem status in the 21st century. Then vulnerability of ecosystems was assessed based on a set of index of mainly net primary production （NPP） of vegetation. Results show that climate change would affect ecosystem of China severely and there would be a worse trend with the lapse of time. The regions where having vulnerable ecological background would have heavier impacts while some regions with better ecological background would also receive serious impacts. Extreme climate even would bring about worse impact on the ecosystems. Open shrub and desert steppe would be the two most affected types. When the extreme events happen, vulnerable ecosystem would extend to part of defoliate broad-leaved forest, woody grassland and evergreen conifer forest. Climate change would not always be negative. It could be of some benefit to cold region during the near-term. However, in view of mid-term to long-term negative impact on ecosystem vulnerability would be enormously.     

基于不同气候变化情景的东江流域水资源量预测研究

采用半分布式水文模型HSPF,结合1978-1998年东江流域实测气象数据和5个气候模式在3种RCP气候情景(RCP8.5,RCP4.5,RCP2.6)下基准期(1960-2000年)和未来时期(2020-2070年)降水、蒸发情景模拟结果,在对东江流域径流模拟检验基础上,对2020-2070年东江流域水资源量做了深入分析。结果表明,HSPF模型能很好模拟东江流域年、月径流以及洪水期径流变化,博罗站的NASH系数均超过0.81,PBIAS低于10%,RSR低于0.45;所选取气候模式能很好的反映研究流域气象数据在年内分布情况。对未来气候和东江流域水资源量模拟结果表明:1 2020-2070年不同气候变化情景下东江流域降水及蒸发量在RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下均呈上升趋势,而在RCP8.5情景下,东江流域蒸发量则呈现下降趋势;2未来东江流域多年月均径流量呈增加趋势;3未来东江流域不同频率下的洪水和枯水流量均呈不同程度的增长。相对于基准期,未来时期的洪水天数呈增长趋势,洪水灾害有加剧态势。     

黄垒河流域气候与土地利用变化对径流的影响

以山东胶东半岛黄垒河流域为研究区,构建了SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2算法进行模型参数敏感性分析、率定与验证研究,对巫山水文站2011—2018年月径流量数据进行模拟,在此基础上设置3类变化情景,定量识别黄垒河流域内气候变化与土地利用变化下的水文响应情况。结果表明:1）SWAT模型在黄垒河径流模拟中具有较好的适用性,模型率定期的R2、E_NS分别为0.74和0.71,验证期R2、E_NS分别为0.69和0.72;2）综合型情景模拟分析得出,气候变化、土地利用变化及二者共同变化均引起流域内年均径流增加,分别使年均径流量增加0.14 、0.05 、0.19 m3? s?1,径流量对气候变化比土地利用变化更敏感,径流变化由气候变化主导;3）气候变化情景模拟分析得出,流域内年均径流量与降水变化成正相关,降水增加比降水减少对径流变化作用更显著,气温升高对流量变化有负效应,流量对气温升高比气温降低更敏感;4）极端土地利用情景模拟分析得出,城市扩张情景、耕地保护情景、退耕还林情景、城市绿化情景下,年均径流变化率分别为5.04%、2.71%、?8.17%、?4.23%,居民地、耕地具有增流作用,且居民地增流作用大于耕地,林地则具有较显著的减流作用. 需加强对流域内气温和降水,特别是强降雨的预测和防汛预警,并通过优化土地利用结构及空间布局减缓气候变化带来的水文负效应,实现流域水量平衡.      

两种降尺度方法对钱塘江流域日设计暴雨计算的影响

研究气候变化对水资源的可能影响,能让人类在面临气候变化时能够及时地采取相应措施。利用大气环流模式HadCM3的结果和国家气象局提供的钱塘江流域7个站点1961-1990年逐日实测气象资料,选取A1B排放情景,分别通过动力降尺度方法和统计降尺度方法,分析2011-2030时期(2020s)的日设计暴雨,并对两种方法计算得出的设计暴雨进行比较。结果表明,除个别站点外,在A1B情景下,两种降尺度方法下极端暴雨出现的频率相比基准期都有所增加,其中动力降尺度方法下不同重现期的设计暴雨值增幅更大。     

赣江上游流域未来气温与降水的降尺度分析

大气环流模型预测气候变化情景,须经降尺度处理后才能满足气候变化对水资源水环境等影响进行评估的需要.本文为研究气候变化影响下的赣江上游流域未来气温与降水的变化情景,先利用SDSM建立大尺度气候要素和地面气温变量间的统计转换关系,确定模型应用的预报因子变量,然后用独立的观测资料验证模型的可靠性,最后把建立好的统计关系应用于英国Hadley中心海气耦合模式(HadCM3,SERSA2,B2)的输出,分别生成了赣江上游流域7个气象站点未来3个时段2020s,2050s和2080s的气温和降水变化情景.结果表明,赣江上游流域未来3个时段的未来日最高气温和日最低气温有明显的增加趋势,降水有微弱的增加趋势.研究结果为该流域水资源的综合管理及防洪减灾提供了决策支持.     

Climate change impacts on crop yield,crop water productivity and food security-A review

This paper provides a comprehensive review of literature related to the assessment of climate change impacts on crop productivity using climate,water and crop yield models.The existing studies present that climate change models with higher spatial resolution can be a way forward for future climate projections.Meanwhile,stochastic projections of more than one climate model are necessary for providing insights into model uncertainties as well as to develop risk management strategies.It is projected that water availability will increase in some parts of the world,which will have its own effect on water use efficiency and water allocation.Crop production can increase if irrigated areas are expanded or irrigation is intensified,but these may increase the rate of environmental degradation.Since climate change impacts on soil water balance will lead to changes of soil evaporation and plant transpiration,consequently,the crop growth period may shorten in the future impacting on water productivity.Crop yields affected by climate change are projected to be different in various areas,in some areas crop yields will increase,and for other areas it will decrease depending on the latitude of the area and irrigation application.Existing modelling results show that an increase in precipitation will increase crop yield,and what is more,crop yield is more sensitive to the precipitation than temperature.If water availability is reduced in the future,soils of high water holding capacity will be better to reduce the impact of drought while maintaining crop yield.With the temperature increasing and precipitation fluctuations,water availability and crop production are likely to decrease in the future.If the irrigated areas are expanded,the total crop production will increase;however,food and environmental quality may degrade.     

基于CMIP6集合优化数据集的全球陆地极端气候变化预估

预估极端气候事件趋势能够降低其引起的灾害风险.该文基于CMIP6集合优化数据集EPTGODD-WHU,选取5个极端气候指数,即最高气温极大值(TXx)、最高气温极小值(TXn)、最低气温极大值(TNx)、最低气温极小值(TNn)和最大月降水量(PXx),并结合GIS分析手段,对2021—2100年SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5和SSP5-8.5情景下的全球陆地极端气温及降水进行预估.结果表明：1)相较于CMIP单一模式,EPTGODD-WHU数据集模拟性能显著提升,气温及降水的空间相关系数分别达到0.99和0.81.2) SSP5-8.5情景下,年最低气温和最高气温均上升明显,且这种上升趋势年内波动不大,地球陆地极寒地区将面临升温的风险,而赤道等极热地区将处于年内长时间酷热状态.3)六大洲在SSP5-8.5情景下的极端降水整体上升趋势最剧烈,但北美洲密西西比平原和滨海平原的地区在SSP5-8.5情景下在未来面临较高的旱灾风险.4)中国西南部地区的极端降水在三个情景下均呈稳定的增幅,且增幅高达60%,预示面临较高的洪灾风险.     

气候变化背景下宁夏泾河水资源变化分析

为当地适应气候变化决策提供技术依据,用Mike 11水文模型研究气候变化背景下泾河水资源变化趋势.依据泾河1982—2000年实测降水径流资料,率定建立泾河流域降雨径流模型参数,然后根据气候情景数据,借助经过验证的降水径流模型,预测未来气候变化对宁夏南部山区水资源的影响.结果表明,对泾河1982—1998年实测径流进行模拟,模拟平均径流深与实测径流深拟合程度较好,相对误差为7.2%;逐日径流过程线形状吻合,模拟与实测流量的峰值吻合;低流量平水期吻合较好,在丰水期吻合差一些,二者总体拟合较好.根据PRECIS区域B2气候情景数据(2011-01-10,50km×50km网格),预测南部山区地表径流呈减少趋势.相对于多年平均值,泾河流域地表径流未来减少8.5%²4.3%.泾河干流径流减少幅度较大,将会对东山坡引水、固原东部引水工程造成影响,水资源短缺形势不容乐观,宁夏中南部水资源供需矛盾可能进一步加大.     

湖南省极端气候时空特征分析及风险评估

为探究湖南省极端气候的时空变化特征及风险发生概率,基于湖南省32个气象站点1961—2017年逐日气象观测资料,选取12个极端降水指数和16个极端气温指数,利用线性倾向法、M-K趋势检验法、克里金插值等方法,对湖南省极端气候的时空变化特征进行探究,并采用信息扩散模型对湖南省极端气候风险进行评估,研究表明：近57年来湖南省极端降水指数总体变化趋势较为平缓,大多数极端降水指数在空间上呈东高西低、南高北低的分布。极端气温指数总体变化趋势呈显著变暖趋势,表征高温的指数在空间上呈东南向西北递减的趋势。对湖南省极端降水的风险评估显示,湘西北发生极端降水的风险更大,而湘东南的降水总量更多。对湖南省极端气温的风险评估显示,湘西北为持续高温的高风险地区,常德市发生极端高温的风险概率较大,为2～3 a一遇。     

Quantifying the uncertainty in forecasts of anthropogenic climate change

Forecasts of climate change are inevitably uncertain. It is therefore essential to quantify the risk of significant departures from the predicted response to a given emission scenario. Previous analyses of this risk have been based either on expert opinion, perturbation analysis of simplified climate models or the comparison of predictions from general circulation models. Recent observed changes that appear to be attributable to human influence provide a powerful constraint on the uncertainties in multi-decadal forecasts. Here we assess the range of warming rates over the coming 50 years that are consistent with the observed near-surface temperature record as well as with the overall patterns of response predicted by several general circulation models. We expect global mean temperatures in the decade 2036-46 to be 1-2.5 K warmer than in pre-industrial times under a 'business as usual' emission scenario. This range is relatively robust to errors in the models' climate sensitivity, rate of oceanic heat uptake or global response to sulphate aerosols as long as these errors are persistent over time. Substantial changes in the current balance of greenhouse warming and sulphate aerosol cooling would, however, increase the uncertainty. Unlike 50-year warming rates, the final equilibrium warming after the atmospheric composition stabilizes remains very uncertain, despite the evidence provided by the emerging signal.     

青藏铁路工程对高寒草地生态系统的影响

分析了青藏铁路冻土区段高寒生态系统主要分布类型及其变化背景，利用对青藏公路工程的类比调查数据，研究了不同高寒生态系统对工程扰动的抗干扰能力和受损后的自然恢复能力，以及不同生态系统与冻土环境的相互关系。综合考虑干扰场地土壤环境，冻土条件以及不同生态系统对干扰的抵抗与恢复能力等要素，提出了评价青藏铁路对生态环境影响的综合干扰度方法和定量评价模型，基于未来不同气候演变情境及其与人类工程活动耦合下冻土环境变化及其对高寒生态系统的影响。结合青藏铁路施工方案，定量评价了青藏铁路工程对高寒生态系统的可能影响。结果表明：大部分严重干扰施工地带对高寒草甸草地只有中等程度影响，影响区高寒草地植被覆盖度将维持在50％以上，高寒草原区重工程扰动地带除了局部有明显影响外，大部分地区只有中等至轻度影响，而中度与轻度工程扰动区域，工程对高寒生态系统的影响轻微。     

Analyses on the climate change responses over China under SRES B2 scenario using PRECIS

The global climate has been altered by the anthro- pogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emis- sions. It is pointed out in the Third Assessments Report (TAR)[1] of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 that over the 20th centur…     

信息扩散模型在自然灾害综合风险评估中的应用与扩展

通过对比信息扩散模型与概率统计、指标体系等常用方法, 归纳了信息扩散模型应用于灾害风险的适用性与优缺点。信息扩散模型具有可操作性强、数据需求较小、评价结果意义明确等优势, 符合灾害风险评价的要求且具有决策价值, 因而被广泛运用于自然灾害风险评估, 尤其是概率分布未知或样本量较少的情况下。但信息扩散模型在使用过程中仍存在部分问题有待进一步厘清, 并且模型在描述综合风险方面存在一定的局限。为此, 在明晰信息扩散模型特征的基础上, 引入情景分析方法, 构建了基于情景的信息扩散模型, 以期扩展信息扩散模型的适用范围, 为实现综合灾害风险评价提供方法参考。     

Remobilization of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming

Although desert dunes cover 5 per cent of the global land surface and 30 per cent of Africa, the potential impacts of twenty-first century global warming on desert dune systems are not well understood. The inactive Sahel and southern African dune systems, which developed in multiple arid phases since the last interglacial period, are used today by pastoral and agricultural systems that could be disrupted if climate change alters twenty-first century dune dynamics. Empirical data and model simulations have established that the interplay between dune surface erodibility (determined by vegetation cover and moisture availability) and atmospheric erosivity (determined by wind energy) is critical for dunefield dynamics. This relationship between erodibility and erosivity is susceptible to climate-change impacts. Here we use simulations with three global climate models and a range of emission scenarios to assess the potential future activity of three Kalahari dunefields. We determine monthly values of dune activity by modifying and improving an established dune mobility index so that it can account for global climate model data outputs. We find that, regardless of the emission scenario used, significantly enhanced dune activity is simulated in the southern dunefield by 2039, and in the eastern and northern dunefields by 2069. By 2099 all dunefields are highly dynamic, from northern South Africa to Angola and Zambia. Our results suggest that dunefields are likely to be reactivated (the sand will become significantly exposed and move) as a consequence of twenty-first century climate warming.     

Impact of technology advances on China’s CO2 emission reduction

Global warming tends to be the major characteristics of the dramatic global climate change. To deal with these changes, the impact of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission on Chinese future economic and social development has to be assessed. In this paper, a Regional Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE), which is well known and accepted widely, has been used for Chinese economic assessment of climate change after introduction, assimilation and verification. Based on a sensitivity analysis of technical parameters in the RICE model and constrained targets proposed for energy saving and emissions reduction technological advance programs of China from 2000 to 2050, the economic impact of the programs is examined. The results indicate that when technology advances, Chinese CO₂ emission, climate loss, and the growth rate of atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature will all decrease. It is assumed that in 2010, the CO₂ emission is 20% lower than in 2005, CO₂emission in 2050 would only double the level in 2000, the accumulative CO₂ emission would be decreased by 12.4 GtC, and the atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature in 2050 would reduce by 35 GtC and 0.04°C respectively from 2000 to 2050. The accumulative climate loss from 2000 to 2050 will drop down by 4.6 billion dollar, which only accounts for 6% of the global total benefits. However, the economic benefit the developed countries will obtain is 10 times that for China under such a technological advance scenario. The decrease of the CO₂ emission control rate is 1% in cooperation policy while 4.6% in non-cooperation policy, which would relieve China’s burden in the control of CO₂ total emission and thereby benefit China in participation of the international cooperation for CO₂ emission reduction.     

气候变化对森林生态系统的主要影响述评

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体,其对减少大气中的CO₂浓度从而减缓全球变暖有着决定性的作用。为了探究气候变化对森林生态系统的影响以及森林生态系统的反馈机制,发展合理的森林经营策略以应对气候变化,笔者综述了国内外有关气候变化对森林生态系统影响的相关研究方法与成果,重点讨论了气候变化对森林结构、组成和分布、森林生产力、森林碳库、森林生态系统生物多样性、生态系统生态服务功能等方面的影响,论述了森林生态系统对气候变化的反馈机制,并指出了现有研究的不足之处,提出了适应或者减缓气候变化对森林生态系统影响的森林经营策略,主要包括:①坚决贯彻实施退耕还林政策; ②加强保护天然林; ③制定科学的森林经营对策; ④加速我国碳汇林业的发展。