高收率苄基三乙基氯化铵合成工艺优化

该文研究了以氯苄和三乙胺为原料合成苄基三乙基氯化铵的工艺条件,考察了n(三乙胺)∶n(氯苄)、反应温度和反应时间等因素对反应的影响,通过正交实验优化了合成工艺条件.实验表明:n(三乙胺)∶n(氯苄)为1.0∶1.1,反应温度为84℃,反应时间为2h,苄基三乙基氯化铵收率99％以上.     

可膨胀石墨催化合成三乙酸甘油酯

以甘油和乙酸酐为原料、可膨胀石墨为催化剂合成了三乙酸甘油酯.研究了甘油和乙酸酐的摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间诸因素对产率的影响.实验结果表明可膨胀石墨是合成三乙酸甘油酯的良好催化剂.最佳反应条件:n(甘油):n(乙酸酐)=1:4.2,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.5%,反应时间2 h,此条件下产率可达98.3%.     

3,5-二氯-4-氟三氟甲苯的合成

目的研究3,5-二氯-4-氟三氟甲苯的合成工艺。方法以3,4,5-三氯-三氟甲苯和氟化钾为原料通过相转移催化合成目标产物。结果确定了反应的最佳条件为反应物物质的量比n(3,4,5-三氯-三氟甲苯)∶n(氟化钾)=1∶1.5,催化剂与原料质量比m(PEG-600)∶m(原料)=0.5～0.7∶100,原料与溶剂环丁砜(TMSO2)体积比为1∶3～3.5,190～195℃反应12 h,原料转化率大于87%,收率80%,产品纯度大于98%(质量分数)。结论为工业化生产3,5-二氯-4-氟三氟甲苯提供了依据。     

路易斯酸离子液体催化三异丙苯/苯的烷基转移反应

合成了一系列具有不同结构的路易斯酸离子液体,评价了其催化苯与三异丙苯烷基转移反应的性能.发现由无水AlCl3分别与盐酸三乙胺(Et3NHCl)、氯代1-丁基-4-甲基咪唑(BmimC1)按照物质的量比为2:1参与合成的离子液体(2AlCl3/Et3NHCl、2AlCl3/BmimCl)具有较好的催化性能.以AlCl3/Et3NHCl离子液体为催化剂,在反应温度60 ℃,剂油体积比1:10,苯基与异丙基的物质的量比为5:1的条件下,反应60 min后,三异丙苯的转化率达99%.     

以苄基三乙基氯化铵为相转移催化剂合成苄叉丙酮

利用苄基三乙基氯化铵为相转移催化剂合成苄叉丙酮,以苯甲醛和丙酮为原料,丙酮过量,在稀碱的催化作用下,合成了苄叉丙酮。考察了相转移催化剂的用量、醛酮摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间等因素对苄叉丙酮产率的影响。实验结果表明,以相转移催化剂苄基三乙基氯化铵催化合成苄叉丙酮的较优反应条件为:苯甲醛0.1mol,n(苯甲醛):n(丙酮)=1:2,催化剂用量为2 g,反应温度为30℃,电磁搅拌作用下反应40 min,苄叉丙酮产率可达94.9%。     

无水三氯化铁催化合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯

以对叔丁基苯甲酸和甲醇为原料 ,无水三氯化铁作催化剂 ,采用蒸馏分水工艺 ,回流温度下合成对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯。讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间、醇酸摩尔比等因素对反应转化率的影响。最佳反应条件为 :n(甲醇 )∶n(对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) =5∶1,催化剂用量 8.4 % (相对于对叔丁基苯甲酸 ) ,反应时间为 3小时 ,反应温度为回流温度 ,产品转化率为 92 .5 %。经沸点测定、折光率测定予以确证     

2-(4-三氟甲基苯氧基)对苯二甲酰氯的合成与表征

在KOH和K2CO3存在下,通过对氯三氟甲苯(PCTFB)和2,5-二甲基苯酚在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中的缩合反应制得了2-(4-三氟甲基苯氧基)对二甲苯(TFDMB),该步最佳的反应条件为:PCTFB与2,5-二甲基苯酚的摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应时间为8 h,反应温度为140~190℃,TFDMB的产率达93.7%.TFDMB继而用KMnO4作氧化剂分别在吡啶、NaOH的水溶液中经两步氧化制得关键中间体2-(4-三氟甲基苯氧基)对苯二甲酸(TFPA),产率为75%;再将TFPA和氯化亚砜反应以92%的产率合成了聚合单体2-(4-三氟甲基苯氧基)对苯二甲酰氯(TFTPC),三步总收率为64.6%.     

离子液体催化合成阻燃剂3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸

采用两步法合成3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸(CEPPA),即以三氯化磷与苯为原料,在离子液体三乙基苄基氯化铵氯化铝([BnEt3N]Cl-xAlCl3)催化下,合成苯膦二氯(DCPP),再用DCPP与丙烯酸合成3-羟基苯膦酰丙酸(CEPPA).确定第一步最佳反应条件为:n(三氯化磷)∶n(苯)∶n([BnEt3N]Cl-xAlCl3)=3∶1∶0.025,回流温度为72℃～76℃,反应时间为6 h,产率达81.1%;第二步通过改变反应物滴加顺序及调整反应温度,得到最佳反应条件为:n(丙烯酸)∶n(DCPP)=1.30∶1.00;滴加反应阶段,控制在70℃～80℃,反应1.5～2 h后,在90℃保温反应1 h;水解反应阶段,控制在92℃～95℃反应4 h,CEPPA的产率可达91%,并解决了反应中易结块问题.     

N-月桂酰基乙二胺三乙酸的合成

采用乙二胺和月桂酸为原料,合成N-月桂酰基乙二胺(中间体A),A与一氯乙酸反应得产物N-月桂酰基乙二胺三乙酸(终产物B),通过红外光谱(IR)对合成的中间体N-月桂酰基乙二胺(A)及产物N-月桂酰基乙二胺三乙酸(B)进行结构表征.讨论了反应条件对产率的影响,合成中间体最佳条件为温度110 ℃左右,反应时间约3 h,n乙二胺∶n月桂酸=4∶1.终产物的合成条件为温度80 ℃,反应时间约0.5 h,n氯乙酸∶n中间体=6∶1.     

N-氯化三甲氨基乙酰氯的合成研究

研究了以盐酸甜菜碱为原料,以亚硫酰氯为氯化剂合成N-氯化三甲氨基乙酰氯的方法.考察了反应中的物料配比、反应温度、反应时间以及产物处理等因素对产率的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件为:盐酸甜菜碱与亚硫酰氯的量比为n(C5H12ClNO2):n(SOCl2)=1:1.3～1:1.4,反应温度为68～70℃,反应时间为1.5～2 h.在此条件下反应的产率和产品的纯度均可达到99%以上.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to