四种蝗虫脑一氧化氮合酶组织化学比较研究

运用NADPH黄递酶组织化学法对笨蝗、稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗脑一氧化氮合酶进行了比较研究．发现四种蝗虫视叶的神经板层、髓质和视小叶都里阳性反应，蕈形体球形细胞（Kenyon cells）都里阴性反应。蕈形体的蕈体冠和小叶部有外来阳性神经纤维支配．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗中央复合体的扇形体表现出阳性反应，只有黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗的椭圆体有阳性反应，笨蝗中央复合体未发现阳性反应．四种蝗虫的中脑触角叶都有强的阳性反应．稻蝗、黄胫小车蝗和云斑车蝗前脑前内侧神经分泌细胞部的部分细胞呈现阳性反应．     

不同生活时期冬眠动物（刺猬）肾脏与肾上腺超微结构观察

本文对冬眠前、冬眠和冬眠后期的刺猬（Ｈｅｄｇｅｈｏｇｓ）肾脏和肾上腺的超微结构进行了比较观察，发现冬眠期刺猬肾脏滤过膜的足细胞次级足突有融合趋势，裂孔少而狭小，毛细血管内皮细胞的窗孔较稀疏；肾上腺皮质束状带细胞的体积较小、胞浆中脂质含量较少而细小；肾上腺髓质细胞中所含的高电子密度分泌颗粒数量较少，为有关动物学研究提出了超微结构学依据。     

Ethylene-induced nitric oxide production and stomatal closure in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> depending on changes in cytosolic pH

We investigated changes in cytosolic pH and nitric oxide (NO) during ethylene-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana using pharmacological, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and spectrophotography techniques. Treatment with ethephon (a direct source of ethylene when applied to plants) and 1-aminocycloaminopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, an ethylene precursor) resulted in a rapid accumulation of NO and cytosolic alkalinization in guard cells. Acetic acid (a weak acid) and sodium orthovanadate (NaVO3; a plasmalemma H+-ATPase inhibitor) reduced stomatal closure induced by ethylene and blocked ethylene-induced activity of nitrate reductase. However, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO), a NO scavenger, had no effect. These results suggest that NO production is downstream of the rise in cytosolic pH in A. thaliana.     

一氧化氮参与附睾上皮细胞感染后的宿主防御

 以金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus感染附睾上皮细胞的体外感染模型,分别采用RT-PCR和western blot等 方法研究一氧化氮（NO）在附睾上皮细胞宿主防御中的作用。结果表明附睾上皮感染后上调iNOS RNA和蛋白水平的表达,并产生 大量的NO,采用iNOS的抑制剂L NMMA和AGE预处理后,NO水平显著降低,与空白处理组相比,抑制剂处理组的S aureus数量显著增加,这表明NO参与了附睾上皮细胞的宿主防御过程,在附睾上皮细胞的宿主防御中具有重要的作用。     

Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO), apparently identical to endothelium-derived relaxing factor in blood vessels, is also formed by cytotoxic macrophages, in adrenal gland and in brain tissue, where it mediates the stimulation by glutamate of cyclic GMP formation in the cerebellum. Stimulation of intestinal or anococcygeal nerves liberates NO, and the resultant muscle relaxation is blocked by arginine derivatives that inhibit NO synthesis. It is, however, unclear whether in brain or intestine, NO released following nerve stimulation is formed in neurons, glia, fibroblasts, muscle or blood cells, all of which occur in proximity to neurons and so could account for effects of nerve stimulation on cGMP and muscle tone. We have now localized NO synthase protein immunohistochemically in the rat using antisera to the purified enzyme. We demonstrate NO synthase in the brain to be exclusively associated with discrete neuronal populations. NO synthase is also concentrated in the neural innervation of the posterior pituitary, in autonomic nerve fibres in the retina, in cell bodies and nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of the intestine, in adrenal medulla, and in vascular endothelial cells. These prominent neural localizations provide the first conclusive evidence for a strong association of NO with neurons.     

胎儿肾上腺的研究

本文观测了河南地区１９８例胎儿肾上腺。肾上腺重（ｙ）与体重、胎龄分别有很好的直线、指数曲线回归关系，回归方程为和；１５周胎肾上腺皮、髓质分明，皮质分化出球状、束状和网状三带，以后的发育中皮质所占比例变小，皮质中网状带渐薄，束状带渐厚。     

血管内皮生长因子在低氧运动中的效应及一氧化氮的介导作用

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是内皮细胞特异性的有丝分裂原,具有促进内皮细胞增生、迁移和增加血管通透性等多种重要生物学作用。研究表明,VEGF在发挥这些生物学作用的过程中一氧化氮(NO)起着必不可少的作用。随着高原训练理论研究的不断深入,低氧运动条件下VEGF对机体机能影响的研究倍受关注,其中VEGF和NO关系的探讨有助于低氧运动状况下对VEGF作用机制的进一步阐述。     

Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is a labile humoral agent which mediates the action of some vasodilators. Nitrovasodilators, which may act by releasing nitric oxide (NO), mimic the effect of EDRF and it has recently been suggested by Furchgott that EDRF may be NO. We have examined this suggestion by studying the release of EDRF and NO from endothelial cells in culture. No was determined as the chemiluminescent product of its reaction with ozone. The biological activity of EDRF and of NO was measured by bioassay. The relaxation of the bioassay tissues induced by EDRF was indistinguishable from that induced by NO. Both substances were equally unstable. Bradykinin caused concentration-dependent release of NO from the cells in amounts sufficient to account for the biological activity of EDRF. The relaxations induced by EDRF and NO were inhibited by haemoglobin and enhanced by superoxide dismutase to a similar degree. Thus NO released from endothelial cells is indistinguishable from EDRF in terms of biological activity, stability, and susceptibility to an inhibitor and to a potentiator. We suggest that EDRF and NO are identical.     

力竭运动对小鼠体内脂质过氧化作用及肾上腺超微结构的影响

观察了力竭运动对小鼠体内脂质过氧化作用及对肾上腺超微结构的影响．结果表明：连续７次力竭运动后，小鼠肝内丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显升高；肾上腺皮质及髓质细胞呈现了高度的可变性．提示力竭运动后，小鼠体内所产生的脂质过氧化代谢产物增加，进而可导致细胞膜系及超微结构的改变     

Involvement of NO in fungal elicitor-induced activation of PAL and stimulation of taxol synthesis in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis> suspension cells

Elicitor prepared from the cell walls of Peni-cillium citrinum induces multiple responses of Taxuschinensis cells, including nitric oxide (NO) generation, se-quentially followed by the activation of PAL and synthesis oftaxol. NO scavenger cPITO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)inhibitor PBITU prevent the latter two reactions, all of whichare triggered in the absence of elicitor by NO donor sodiumnitroprusside (SNP). The elicitor-induced NO release ofTaxus chinensis suspension cells is strongly inhibited byPBITU. These results demonstrate a causal relationship be-tween NO generation and the latter two reactions of Taxus chinensis cells to the elicitor, and also indicate that NO, pro-duced via NOS in Taxus chinensis cells treated with fungalelicitor, might act as an essential signaling molecule for trig-gering the activation of PAL and synthesis of taxol.     

Involvement of nitric oxide in the signal transduction of salicylic acid regulating stomatal movement

The effects and the relationship between sali-cylic acid(SA)and nitric oxide(NO) on Vicia faba L.stomatal movement were studied.The results here showed that exogenous SA and NO induced stomatal closure,100μmol/L SA induced a rapid and striking NO increase in the cytosol of guard cells.This phenomenon was largely prevented by 2000μmol/L 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide(PTIO),a specific NO scavenger,and 25μmol/L N^G-nitro-L-Arg-methyl eater (L-NAME),an inhibitor of NO synthase(NOS) in mammalian cells that also inhibits plant NOS.In addition,SA-induced stomatal closure was largely prevented by PTIO and L-NAME.These results provide evidence that guard cells generate NO in response to SA via NOS-like activity,and that such NO production is required for full stomatal closure in response to SA.H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazole-[4,3-α]quinoxalin-l-one(ODQ),an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase,and nicotinamide,an antagonist of cADPR production,inhibited the effects of SA-and NO-induced stomatal closure.It suggests that both cGMP and cADPR might mediate the signal transduction of SA and NO-induced stomatal closure.     

Nitric oxide suppresses stomatal opening by inhibiting inward-rectifying K<Stack><Subscript>in</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript></Stack> channels in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis> guard cells

We explore nitric oxide （NO） effect on K^＋in, channels in Arabidopsis guard cells. We observed NO inhibited K^＋in, currents when Ca^2＋ chelator EGTA （Ethylene glycol-bis（2-aminoethylether）-N,N,N′,N;tetraacetic acid） was not added in the pipette solution; K^＋in currents were not sensitive to NO when cytosolic Ca^2＋ was chelated by EGTA. NO inhibited the Arabidopsis stomatal opening, but when EGTA was added in the bath solution, inhibition effect of NO on stomatal opening vanished. Thus, it implies that NO elevates cytosolic Ca^2＋ by activating plasma membrane Ca^2＋ channels firstly, then inactivates K^＋in, chartnels, resulting in stomatal opening suppressed subsequently.     

肉苁蓉水提液对猪早期体外发育胚胎中NO浓度含量的影响

目的探讨肉苁蓉水提液对猪早期体外发育胚胎中一氧化氮浓度的影响,以研究肉苁蓉促进猪胚胎发育的药理作用。方法将采集的猪卵母细胞随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组在胚胎培养时在基础液中加入50μg/mL肉苁蓉水提液。将培养至囊胚阶段的胚胎取出,用Griess试剂法测定囊胚细胞中NO含量。结果细胞中NO含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肉苁蓉水提液减少了胚胎细胞中NO含量,这可能是其促进细胞体外发育的作用机理之一。     

Interaction between endogenous nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, an important pathophysiological process in the development of a vari-ety of clinical cardiac and pulmonary diseases, has critical influence on the proceeding and prognosis of the dis- eases[1]. It is important to clarify the pathogenesis of the diseases. The discoveries of endogenous gas signal mole-cules, nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), have been moving the research of hypoxic pulmonary hyper-tension to a very new phase. Our foregoing experiments …     

Regulation of embryo implantation by nitric oxide in mouse

Intrauterine injection and zymography were used to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on embryo implantation in mice. On day 3, one uterine horn of female pregnant mice was injected intraluminally with various doses of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), while the contralateral horn served as control. Animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 7 of gestation, and the number of implanted embryos in each horn was calculated. The results showed that lower doses (0.05 mg L-NAME) did not inhibit implantation significantly (P > 0.05), but high doses (0.2 mg L- NAME) resulted in a significant reduction in the number of implanted embryos (P < 0.05). Co-administration of SNP, a generator of NO, with L-NAME would reverse the antiimplantation effect of L-NAME. To further understand the precise mechanism of NO in implantation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activities were detected by gelatin zymography. The reduction in the number of implanted embryos in 0.2 mg L-NAME treated group was associated with decreased MMP-9 activity but a stable MMP-2 activity. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were not changed in L-NAME and SNP treated group. These data suggest that NO acts as a mediator to regulate the activity of MMP-9, and facilitates embryo implantation.     

晚期糖基化终产物对大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中一氧化氮含量及其合成酶活性的影响

通过观察大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)含量的变化对一氧化氮(NO)含量及其合成酶(NOS)活性的影响,探讨AGEs在糖尿病性勃起功能障碍(DMED)发生发展中的作用.成年雄性SD大鼠60只,随机取40只用于制作糖尿病模型,造模成功的大鼠分为两组:糖尿病(DM)组和糖尿病 氨基胍给药(DM AG)组;另20只大鼠亦分为两组:正常对照(CONTROL)组和正常对照 氨基胍给药(CONTROL AG)组;氨基胍(AG)给药组大鼠造模后即在其饮水中按1 g/L剂量加入AG.饲养8周后取各组大鼠阴茎海绵体组织,匀浆后检测AGE-肽(AGE-P)含量、NO含量及各型NOS酶活性.DM组阴茎海绵体组织中AGE-P含量、NO含量及诱导型NOS(iNOS)活性明显高于CONTROL组(P＜0.05),而结构型NOS(cNOS)活性则明显低于后者(P＜0.05),而AG则明显减少了DM大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中AGE-P、NO的生成和减弱了iNOS活性,增强了cNOS活性;CONTROL组与CONTROL AG组间比较在各项指标上则无明显差异(P＞0.05).糖尿病状态下AGEs可以引起大鼠阴茎海绵体组织中cNOS活性减弱,iNOS活性增强,过量的NO生成,可能引起阴茎组织细胞的凋亡,导致阴茎勃起功能的损伤.     

Somatostatin modulates effects of angiotensin II in adrenal glomerulosa zone

The octapeptide angiotensin II is a major regulator of the adrenal glomerulosa zone, acting both as an acute stimulus of aldosterone secretion and as a trophic hormone which increases steroidogenic enzymes and angiotensin II receptors in glomerulosa cells. Angiotensin II also mediates the adrenal effects of altered sodium balance, and is essential for the aldosterone response to sodium restriction. However, the adrenal effects of angiotensin II are attenuated during sodium loading, suggesting that other local or humoral factors modulate its actions on adrenal glomerulosa function. Somatostatin, the somatotropin release inhibiting factor of the hypothalamus, has been shown to inhibit the secretion and action of several pituitary and non-pituitary hormones. Because somatostatin has been found in several non-neural tissues, and seems to act as a local regulator of endocrine function, we have now examined the possibility that it may also modulate the effects of angiotensin II in the adrenal glomerulosa cell. Our studies have shown that low concentrations of somatostatin specificity inhibit the production of angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone, and that this action is mediated by specific, high-affinity receptors for somatostatin in the zona glomerulosa.     

Presence in brain of synenkephalin, a proenkephalin-immunoreactive protein which does not contain enkephalin

The primary sequence of adrenal proenkephalin has recently been reported by three groups who have isolated and sequenced the cDNA for this prohormone. Several intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin, containing from one to four copies of [Met] enkephalin, have been purified from the adrenal medulla. Although there is evidence that the proenkephalin is identical in the brain and the adrenal medulla, similar intermediates have not been isolated from brain. We report here the production of an antiserum directed against a purified enkephalin precursor derived from the amino terminus of adrenal proenkephalin which cross-reacts with an antigen in brain. The immunoreactive protein in brain does not contain the sequence of enkephalin, but shows a pattern of distribution in immunohistochemical studies parallel to that of the enkephalins. In extracts of bovine caudate-putamen, this antigen is present in a molar concentration approximately one-fifth of that of [Met] enkephalin. The results demonstrate that the antiserum recognizes antigenic determinants within the N-terminal 72 amino acid residues of adrenal proenkephalin and that the enkephalin precursor in brain is similar to that found in the adrenal medulla. Furthermore, the absence of the enkephalin sequence in the brain protein indicates that concentrations of the larger intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin are much lower in the brain than in the adrenal medulla.     

一氧化氮对莲雾果实采后生理及品质的影响

以台湾"黑珍珠"莲雾为材料,研究了不同浓度(10μL·L-1和20μL·L-1)NO熏蒸处理对莲雾采后生理及品质的影响,结果表明:10μL·L-1和20μL·L-1NO处理能显著抑制贮藏过程中莲雾果实的呼吸速率,延缓其硬度的下降和失重率的增加,保持果实较高的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸水平,同时能有效控制果实中丙二醛含量和果实膜相对透性的上升,说明NO处理能够延缓莲雾果实采后的成熟与衰老过程.     

一氧化氮的生理化学与炎症

目前,关于一氧化氮(NO)在炎症中的作用说法不一,甚至矛盾。有的认为NO具有强烈的抗炎症作用,而有的却认为NO可促进炎症引起的细胞和组织功能障碍。阐明NO的生理化学(physi-ologicalchemistry)将有利于弄清和区别NO各种生物学效应的机制。NO的生理化学包括直接和间接的二种反应。直接反应是NO与一个生物分子或有关靶的直接作用,它在NO呈低速率产生时发生,起着正常生理条件下的调节性和抗炎症效应。间接反应是由NO形成的中间调节物,如NO和氧或超氧起反应衍生的活性氧化氮引起的反应,它在NO产生加快时发生,起促炎症效应。