阴阳离子表面活性剂复配自发形成囊泡的研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵分别与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠、 十二烷基磺酸钠及十二烷基硫酸钠复配, 3种体系的水溶液在适当条件下均可自发形成囊泡. 结果表明, 虽然3种阴离子表面活性剂的分子结构相似, 但在与同一种阳离子表面活性剂复配形成囊泡时的复配比例及囊泡的稳定性却有很大区别. 考察了3种体系囊泡自发形成时的复配比例, 并探讨了囊泡的形成机理及其时间稳定性,利用负染TEM技术观察了囊泡的形貌.     

烷基磺酸盐—烷基季铵盐混合溶液中囊泡的形成

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵与烷基磺酸盐的混合表面活性剂体系，能在水溶液中通过超声震荡形成具有分子有序组合体形式的单室囊泡。对混合表面活性剂的总浓度、两表面活性剂的混合比以及混合体系中烷基磺酸盐的碳链长度对囊泡形成的影响进行了研究。     

全氟代表面活性剂水溶液囊泡性质的研究

通过一种新型的全氟代表面活性剂（APFO）、水和氯化铵对形成囊泡影响的研究，表明APFO／H2O／NH4C1体系可在一定时间和较大温度范围内以及各组分含量变化较宽的范围内都能形成囊泡。而且当温度为40℃，NH4C1的质量分数为0．04－0．1，APFO的质量分数为0．02－0．42时，形成的囊泡尺寸无变化，且能稳定存在24h以上，为药物的包藏及缓释提供了必要条件。     

盐或尿素引发阴离子/阳离子表面活性剂复配体系中囊泡自发形成(英文)

在无盐时,阳离子表面活性剂磷酸酯(PTA)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)复配体系在某些比例得到自发形成的囊泡,而盐或尿素的加入可以扩大自发形成囊泡的比例范围,首次用尿素诱导了囊泡的自发形成,采用负染色透射电镜和动态光散射方法对囊泡进行了表征.并通过分子几何堆积因子f对盐和尿素诱导囊泡自发形成机理进行了理论上的探讨.     

蛋白质、胆固醇对卵磷脂囊泡稳定性的影响

用卵磷脂、胆固醇和蛋白质所形成的囊泡模拟细胞膜,利用Langmuir膜天平、Zeta电势研究卵磷脂、胆固醇和蛋白质分子之间的相互作用,以及通过停留法和TEM等方法从Gemini(双子)表面活性剂对细胞膜结构破坏方面来探讨不同组分对囊泡的稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,囊泡中的蛋白质、胆固醇和卵磷脂分子之间是相互吸引的.相对于卵磷脂囊泡,混合体系囊泡更加稳定.表面活性剂是通过静电吸引力和疏水效应嵌入囊泡的双分子层中,导致囊泡被破坏.通过动力学实验得到Gemini表面活性剂对囊泡破坏过程的活化能,进一步证明加入蛋白质、胆固醇能够使卵磷脂囊泡更加稳定.     

正负离子表面活性剂混合溶液中囊泡的稳定性

水环境中直链烷基羟酸盐与溴代烷基季铵盐１：１混合表面活性剂囊泡可在一定时间和较大温度范围内稳定存在。１－１价型无机盐对混合囊泡稳定性影响较小。但少量高价金属离子与离子、非离子表面活性剂的介入对混合体系形成的囊泡具有较为明显的破坏作用。     

PTA/AOT自发形成囊泡作为药物载体的缓释性研究

用无毒的阳离子表面活性剂PTA与阴离子表面活性剂AOT的溶液自发形成囊泡,并将之作为阿司匹林药物的载体开展在模拟肠液及模拟胃液中的缓释性研究。结果表明,用该体系的囊泡包封药物在模拟肠液或模拟胃液中均有一定的缓释作用。但随着体系组成配比、药物包封量以及环境的不同,其缓释效果有所不同。     

偶联表面活性剂与传统表面活性剂混合溶液的双水相

研究了偶联表面活性剂(Geminis，l2—3—l2，2Br)和传统表面活性剂(SDS)混合体系双水相的性质。结果表明：该系统在很低的总浓度下(0．03mol／L)能够形成双水相。双水相约区域非常狭窄，且分相溶液中正负离子表面活性剂的比值随着表面活性剂总浓度的变化而线性改变。双水相的表观现象也因表面活性剂总浓度的不同而异。采用冷冻蚀刻技术、负染色技术及透射电子显微镜观察得到的结果表明，双水相中两相的微观结构明显不同，胶团和囊泡可以共存。偏光显微照片显示该系统有独特的液晶结构。     

吐温-80与脂质体膜相互作用机理的研究

研究了表面活性剂吐温-80(聚氧乙烯山梨醇脂肪酸酯)与脂质膜间的相互作用机理,运用浊度测定、DSC1、H—NMR等分析手段验证了脂质膜的立体稳定结构.结果表明:吐温-80在水相与脂质相间分配达到饱和时的质量浓度为1.3%,与脂质膜开始增溶成混合胶团时的质量浓度为2.6%.当Re<0.5时,表面活性剂单体在溶液和脂质双层膜中分配,溶液中表面活性剂单体和囊泡并存,脂质双层囊泡膨胀,粒径逐渐增大,形成一个肿胀的脂质囊泡.当0.5相似文献   

表面活性剂缔合结构作为药物载体的研究进展--微乳液、囊泡体系

综合评述了表面活性剂缔合结构,特别是微乳液、囊泡作为药物载体的研究现状.提出了在这一领域进一步开展仿生磷脂囊泡,微乳液凝胶,微乳液/环糊精复合体系研究的设想.     

Re-routing of a secretory protein by fusion with human growth hormone sequences

Cells with electron-dense secretory vesicles use them to store only specialized secretory products such as peptide hormones; other types of secreted proteins are externalized by an alternative, constitutive route. One possible mechanism for such segregation is that proteins destined for dense secretory vesicles contain unique 'sorting domains' that allow for selective targeting. Here, we set out to determine whether a constitutively secreted protein could be diverted to the dense secretory vesicles by attachment to a peptide hormone sequence. We made use of the ability of the mouse pituitary tumour cell, AtT-20, to correctly sort exogenous secretory proteins introduced into them by DNA transfection. We constructed a plasmid encoding a hybrid protein in which a constitutively secreted viral protein was fused to the carboxy terminus of human growth hormone (hGH). Cells expressing the hybrid protein were found to target it to dense secretory vesicles with an efficiency close to that observed for the parental hGH. These results support the hypothesis that sorting domains on peptide hormones direct their packaging into dense secretory vesicles. The results also suggest that proteins secreted by the constitutive pathway either do not contain any sorting domain, or their sorting signals can be overridden by those which direct peptide hormones.     

The interaction between purple membrane and membrane lipid

Bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane was reconstituted into different lipid vesicles. The effect of three different lipids on the structure and function of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles was studied by the observation on freeze-fracture eletron microscopy, the rotational diffusion of bacteriorhodopsin in lipid vesicles, the measurement of absorption spectrum, and the absorbance change with time. For these prepared samples, the results showed that DMPC was the stable lipid environment of bacteriorhodopsin; egg-pc causeed the loss of retinal chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin and it was not reversible change, cholesterol could stabilize the bacteriorhodopsin in lipid environment,but it caused the aggregation of bacteriorhodopsin.     

氧化甾醇-磷脂脂质囊泡的制备及特性研究

 氧化甾醇3,19–二羟基-胆甾烷-24-酮（DHCO）和3β,5α,6β-胆甾烷三醇（Triol）替代胆甾醇与大豆磷脂形成脂质囊泡的性质研究。采用乙醇注入法制备脂质囊泡,通过测定脂溶性及水溶性荧光探针在脂质囊泡中的荧光强度变化,考察囊泡膜流动性及通透性;通过测定脂质囊泡中游离DHCO及结合DHCO的浓度考察DHCO与磷脂的结合率;考察DHCO/磷脂比例、超声条件对脂质囊泡粒径大小和分布的影响。结果表明,DHCO、Triol与磷脂形成的脂质囊泡与胆甾烷（CHOL）-磷脂脂质囊泡的膜流动性无明显差异,但膜通透性稍有增大。DHCO与磷脂的结合率为8258%。DHCO、Triol与大豆磷脂经简单工艺即可形成脂质囊泡。可通过调节DHCO/磷脂比例、超声条件获得具理想粒径和外观的脂质囊泡。氧化甾醇数量庞大,其作为脂质囊泡的新型“流动性缓冲剂”有巨大的发展潜力。     

改进法制备枯草杆菌膜囊及其电镜观察

使用改进膜囊制备法得到枯草杆菌膜囊.电镜观察表明,该膜囊是中空的,仅由质膜组成的囊状封闭结构,其中存在较大比例的内部膜囊,同时观察到多种膜囊形成的中间过程,据此提出了膜囊形成的两种机制.     

Single and multiple vesicle fusion induce different rates of endocytosis at a central synapse

During synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter-laden vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and discharge their contents into the synaptic cleft. After fusion, the vesicular membrane is retrieved by endocytosis for reuse. This recycling mechanism ensures a constant supply of releasable vesicles at the nerve terminal. The kinetics of endocytosis have been measured mostly after intense or non-physiological stimulation. Here we use capacitance measurements to resolve the fusion and retrieval of single and multiple vesicles following mild physiological stimulation at a mammalian central synapse. The time constant of endocytosis after single vesicle fusion was 56 ms; after a single action potential or trains at < or = 2 Hz it was about 115 ms, but increased gradually to tens of seconds as the frequency and the number of action potentials increased. These results indicate that an increase in the rate of exocytosis at the active zone induces a decrease in the rate of endocytosis. Existing models, including inhibition of endocytosis by Ca(2+), could not account for these results our results suggest that an accumulation of unretrieved vesicles at the plasma membrane slows endocytosis. These findings may resolve the debate about the dependence of endocytosis kinetics on the stimulation frequency, and suggest a potential role of regulation of endocytosis in short-term synaptic depression.     

Functional and spatial segregation of secretory vesicle pools according to vesicle age

Synaptic terminals and neuroendocrine cells are packed with secretory vesicles, only a few of which are docked at the plasma membrane and readily releasable. The remainder are thought to constitute a large cytoplasmic reserve pool awaiting recruitment into the readily releasable pool (RRP) for exocytosis. How vesicles are prioritized in recruitment is still unknown: the choice could be random, or else the oldest or the newest ones might be favoured. Here we show, using a fluorescent cargo protein that changes colour with time, that vesicles in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells segregate into distinct populations, based on age. Newly assembled vesicles are immobile (morphologically docked) at the plasma membrane shortly after biogenesis, whereas older vesicles are mobile and located deeper in the cell. Different secretagogues selectively release vesicles from the RRP or, surprisingly, selectively from the deeper cytoplasmic pool. Thus, far from being equal, vesicles are segregated functionally and spatially according to age.     

Presynaptic neurones may contribute a unique glycoprotein to the extracellular matrix at the synapse

As the extracellular matrix at the original site of a neuromuscular junction seems to play a major part in the specificity of synaptic regeneration, considerable attention has been paid to unique molecules localized to this region. Here we describe an extracellular matrix glycoprotein of the elasmobranch electric organ that is localized near the nerve endings. By immunological criteria, it is synthesized in the cell bodies, transported down the axons and is related to a glycoprotein in the synaptic vesicles of the neurones that innervate the electric organ. It is apparently specific for these neurones, as it cannot be detected elsewhere in the nervous system of the fish. Therefore, neurones seem to contribute unique extracellular matrix glycoproteins to the synaptic region. Synaptic vesicles could be involved in transporting these glycoproteins to or from the nerve terminal surface.     

Micromolar concentrations of Zn2+ antagonize NMDA and GABA responses of hippocampal neurons

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors serve as modulators of synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) with both short-term and long-lasting effects. Divalent cations are pivotal in determining this behaviour in that Mg2+ blocks the ion channel in a voltage-dependent manner, and Ca2+ permeates NMDA channels. Zn2+ could also modulate neuronal excitability because it is present at high concentrations in brain, especially the synaptic vesicles of mossy fibers in the hippocampus and is released with neuronal activity. Both proconvulsant and depressant actions of Zn2+ have been reported. We have found that zinc is a potent non-competitive antagonist of NMDA responses on cultured hippocampal neurons. Unlike Mg2+, the effect of Zn2+ is not voltage-sensitive between -40 and +60 mV, suggesting that Zn2+ and Mg2+ act at distinct sites. In addition, we have found that Zn2+ antagonizes responses to the inhibitory transmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Our results provide evidence for an additional metal-binding site on the NMDA receptor channel, and suggest that Zn2+ may regulate both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.     

A designed amphiphilic peptide containing the silk fibroin motif as a potential carrier of hydrophobic drugs

The amphiphilic peptide is becoming attractive as a potential drug carrier to improve the dissolvability of hydrophobic drugs in an aqueous system; thus, facilitating drug uptake by target cells. Here, we report a novel designed amphiphilic peptide, Ac-RADAGAGARADAGAGA-NH₂, which was able to stabilize pyrene, a hydrophobic model drug we chose to study in aqueous solution. This designed peptide formed a colloidal suspension by encapsulating pyrene inside the peptide-pyrene complex. Egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) vesicles were used to mimic cell bilayer membranes. We found that pyrene was released from the peptide coating into the EPC vesicles by mixing the colloidal suspension with EPC vesicles, which was followed by steady fluorescence spectra as a function of time. A calibration curve for the amount of pyrene released into the EPC vesicles at a given time was used to determine the final concentration of pyrene released into the lipid vesicles from the peptide-pyrene complex. The release rate of the peptide-pyrene complex was calculated to quantify the transfer of pyrene into EPC vesicles.     

Metal Ions Induced Vesicle Formation of Single-Chained Hydrocarbon Surfactants with Coordinated Headgroups

0IntroductionApmrpotheiipnhsil ceasn s augchgr eagsa tseurifnatcota an tvsa r,ileitpyid osf , stcroupcotluyrmeser (se a.ngd.micelles ,bilayers ,vesicles and biological membranes ,etc .)inaqueous solutions , which can transformfrom one to anotherwhen the solutionconditions are changed,such as the electro-lyte concentration or the value of pH[1]. The forces that holdamphiphilic molecules together in aggregates are not due tostrong covalent orionic bonds but arisingfromweaker van derWaals ,hydrop…