Micro-friction of diazoresin/polyacrylic acid self-assembly films in water with atomic force microscopy

Ultrathin films composed of diazoresin（DR）and polyacrylic acid（PAA）were fabricated.The surface morphology of the films in water was measured using an atomic force microscopy（AFM）.The self-assembly technique makes the surface rather flat and uniform.The friction force and its dependence on the velocity differ from the surface charge of the thin films.The friction force of repulsive DR/PAA film increases linearly with velocity and has lower values than that of attractive DR film over the full range of velocity.As the velocity increases,the attractive friction of DR film first decreases to a minimum at a velocity of 2 line/s and then increases all the way.When the surface is repulsive to the friction substrate,the friction of thin films that is determined by hydrated lubrication of polymer chains that is ultralubricated;when it is adhesive to the friction substrate,the friction is mainly contributed from the elastic deformation of adsorbed polymer chains in the low velocity region and from viscous sliding in the presence of hydrated-layer lubrication of the polymer chains in the higher velocity region.     

Adsorption and reaction of CO and O2 on the Ag/Pt(110) surface studied by photoemission electron microscopy

The Ag/Pt(110) model catalyst was prepared by evaporating silver on Pt(110). Adsorption and reaction of CO and O₂ on Ag/Pt(110) surface were studied in situ by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) during the pressure range of 10^-5——10^-2 Pa at 480 K. The Ag/Pt(110) surface consisted of Pt(110), AgPt interface and Ag area after annealing at 500 K. The dosing pressure of CO and O₂ had a larger influence on their adsorption on the Ag area than on the Pt(110) and AgPt interface. Small Pt clusters formed on the Ag area and AgPt interface, which had a stronger ability to adsorb CO than Pt(110) terrace. The existence of Ag had an obvious influence on the kinetic of CO oxidation on Pt(110). No pattern was observed on the AgPt interface under the same condition when the formation of reaction-diffusion waves occurred on Pt(110).     

Stretching and imaging studies of single DNA molecules

DNA molecules were stretched on silanized mica surface with the molecular combing technique, and detected with fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Meantime, DNA molecules were stretched with a modified dynamic molecular combing technique and studied with atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that, compared with the dynamic molecular combing technique, the modified dynamic molecular combing technique has advantages of less-sample demand and less contamination to sample; as compared with the molecular combing technique, it has better aligning effect and reproducibility. Combination of this kind of DNA molecular manipulating technique with the single DNA molecule detecting technique by atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy will play an important role in the basic research of molecular dynamics and the application of gene research.     

Nanoscale structural and electronic evolution for increased efficiency in polymer solar cells monitored by electric scanning probe microscopy

Control of blend morphology at multi-scale is critical for optimizing the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of plastic solar cells. To better understand the physics of photoactive layer in the organic photovoltaic devices, it is necessary to gain understanding of morphol- ogy and the corresponding electronic property. Herein we report the correlation between nanoscale structural, electric properties of bulk heterojunction （BHJ） solar cells and the annealing-induced PCE change. We demonstrate that the PCE of BHJ solar cells are dramatically improved （from 1.3 % to 4.6 %） by thermal annealing, which results from P3HT crystalline stacking and the PCBM aggregation for interpenetrated network. The similar trend for annealing- induced photovoltage and PCE evolution present as an initial increase followed by a decrease with the annealing time and temperature. The surface roughness increase slowly and then abruptly after the same inflection points observed for photovoltage and PCE. The phase images in electric force microscopy indicate the optimized P3HT and PCBM crystallization for interpenetrating network formation considering the spectroscopic results as well. From the correlation between surface photovoltage, blend morphology, and PCE, we propose a model to illustrate the film structure and its evolution under different annealing conditions. This work would benefit the better design and optimization of the morphology and local electric proper- ties of solar cell active layers for improved PCE.     

Magnetic exchange force microscopy with atomic resolution

The ordering of neighbouring atomic magnetic moments (spins) leads to important collective phenomena such as ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. A full understanding of magnetism on the nanometre scale therefore calls for information on the arrangement of spins in real space and with atomic resolution. Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy accomplishes this but can probe only conducting materials. Force microscopy can be used on any sample independent of its conductivity. In particular, magnetic force microscopy is well suited to exploring ferromagnetic domain structures. However, atomic resolution cannot be achieved because data acquisition involves the sensing of long-range magnetostatic forces between tip and sample. Magnetic exchange force microscopy has been proposed for overcoming this limitation: by using an atomic force microscope with a magnetic tip, it should be possible to detect the short-range magnetic exchange force between tip and sample spins. Here we show for a prototypical antiferromagnetic insulator, the (001) surface of nickel oxide, that magnetic exchange force microscopy can indeed reveal the arrangement of both surface atoms and their spins simultaneously. In contrast with previous attempts to implement this method, we use an external magnetic field to align the magnetic polarization at the tip apex so as to optimize the interaction between tip and sample spins. This allows us to observe the direct magnetic exchange coupling between the spins of the tip atom and sample atom that are closest to each other, and thereby demonstrate the potential of magnetic exchange force microscopy for investigations of inter-spin interactions at the atomic level.     

红土镍矿焙烧过程中的矿相转变及其对气体还原的影响

研究了印度尼西亚红土镍矿焙烧过程中的矿相转变过程以及焙烧温度对混合气体 (V (CO) : V (O₂)=50 : 50)还原的影响. 采用差热/热重分析(differential scanning calorimeter/thermal gravimetric, DSC/TG)、比表面积分析法(Brunauer Emmett Teller, BET)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)等方法综合考察了各因素对红土镍矿焙烧过程及其对后续还原的影响. 结果表明: 在焙烧阶段, 红土镍矿中的针铁矿在 300°C 左右脱除结晶水形成赤铁矿, 600~700 °C时蛇纹石分解形成无定形态硅镁酸盐, 且当温度继续升高时无定形态硅镁酸盐会结晶形成橄榄石; 利用混合气体 (V (CO) : V (O2)=50 : 50)还原红土镍矿时, 随着焙烧温度的升高, 镍和铁的金属化率也逐渐升高, 经700°C焙烧后, 还原产物镍的金属化率最高可达86.81%, 但是当焙烧温度超过橄榄石结晶温度时则不利于红土镍矿的还原, 镍的金属化率降至66.73%.     

High resolution imaging using scanning ion conductance microscopy with improved distance feedback control

Microscopy is an essential technique for observation on living cells. There is currently great interest in apply scanning probe microscopy to image living biological cells in their natural environment at the nanometer scale. Scanning ion conductance microscopy is a new form of scanning probe microscopy, which enables non-contact high resolution imaging of living biological cells. Based on a scanned nanopipette in physiological buffer, the distance feedback control uses the ion current to control the distance between the pipette tip and the sample surface. However, this feedback control has difficulties over slopes on convoluted cell surfaces, which limits its resolution. In this study, we present an improved form of feedback control that removes the contribution of up to the third order slope from the ion current signal, hence providing a more accurate signal for controlling the distance. We show that this allows faster and lower noise topographic high resolution imaging.     

High resolution imaging using scanning ion conductance microscopy with improved distance feedback control

Microscopy is an essential technique for observation on living cells. There is currently great interest in applying scanning probe microscopy to image-living biological cells in their natural environment at the nanometer scale. Scanning ion conductance microscopy is a new form of scanning probe microscopy, which enables non-contact high-resolution imaging of living biological cells. Based on a scanned nanopipette in physiological buffer, the distance feedback control uses the ion current to control the distance between the pipette tip and the sample surface. However, this feedback control has difficulties over slopes on convoluted cell surfaces, which limits its resolution. In this study, we present an improved form of feedback control that removes the contribution of up to the third-order slope from the ion current signal, hence providing a more accurate signal for controlling the distance. We show that this allows faster and lower noise topographic high-resolution imaging.     

盐雾对喷锡和化金印制电路板腐蚀行为的影响

采用交流阻抗谱研究热风整平无铅喷锡处理印制电路板( PCB-HASL)和无电镀镍金电路板( PCB-ENIG)在盐雾环境下的电化学腐蚀行为,并结合体式学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线能谱等手段分析两种不同表面处理工艺电路板的腐蚀产物形貌、组成和镀层失效机制. 结果表明:盐雾环境下,PCB-HASL和PCB-ENIG均发生严重腐蚀;镀Sn层开始发生局部腐蚀,随后几乎整个表面都发生腐蚀,出现类似均匀腐蚀的现象,镀金板主要发生微孔腐蚀. 在PCB-HASL腐蚀过程中,Cl-的侵蚀作用促进Sn层的腐蚀,后来由于逐渐形成大量的覆盖在镀层表面的腐蚀产物,使得腐蚀速率降低;而在PCB-ENIG腐蚀过程中,微孔处形成含Cl-电解质薄液层,Ni与Au构成腐蚀电偶,从而加速Ni的腐蚀,最终使Cu基底裸露,造成电路板失效.     

Dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol by nickel nanoparticles under the acidic conditions

Metal nanoparticles are effective for remediation of contamination with a range of compounds including chlorinated organics.However,the sorption process of the passivation oxide layers on the metal nanoparticle surfaces may result in incomplete degradation of contaminants.This phenomenon can be prevented by an acidic washing procedure or reaction in an acidic medium.In this paper,nickel nanoparticles manufactured via the carbonyl powder process were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The sorption and degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by nickel nanoparticles under acidic conditions was then investigated.Transmission electron microscopy and XRD results showed that the nickel nanoparticles range in size from 10 to 20 nm,and a thin passivation layer of NiO is present on the surface.This oxide layer can be removed by pretreatment washing with acidic solutions.It was indicated that dechlorination was the key reaction pathway for degradation of 2,4-DCP by nickel nanoparticles under acidic conditions.The main degradation products were 4-Chlorophenol,2-Chlorophenol,and Phenol,and among these,Phenol was dominant.The acidic medium promoted degradation by providing an appropriate pH,and H+ may be involved in the reaction.Dechlorination of 2,4-DCP by nickel nanoparticles under the acidic condition follows the second order kinetic model,and the rate constants at 298,306,316 K are 0.02,0.2 and 0.3 (g L h)-1,respectively.     

电子显微镜时代与纳米地球科学

光学显微镜的广泛运用,扩展了观察认识地球固体物质组成、结构、构造的视野,促使地球科学从简单描述走向理论研究,催生了地球科学的第一次革命;21世纪地球科学研究全面向地球表层转移,迫切需要认识地球物质纪录的纳米尺度信息;现代电子显微镜在地球科学中的广泛运用,催生了纳米地球科学的诞生。纳米地球科学诞生推动地球科学家将从纳米尺度解读过去所未知的固体地球演代过程的信息;纳米地球科学的兴起将引起地球科学的一场新的革命。     

Self-assembly of 4-（amyloxy） cinnamic acid on HOPG and its photoinduced transformation： An STM study

With the development of the nanoscience and nanotechnology, scientists try to use single molecule to fabricate electronic device, and the so-called “bot- tom-up” technology was considered to be one of the effective methods, which constructs molecular el…     

Atomic force microscopic view of the fine topography on the tobacco stigma surface during its response to pollination

During compatible pollination in tobacco, an extracellular matrix （ECM） is secreted from the stigma surface; however, it is unknown whether the pattern of secretion across the stigma depends on the pollen source. In fact, technical limitations have prevented clear observation of ECM secretion. Here, we report the detailed topographic changes on the stigma surface that accompanies intraspecies and interspecies pollination in tobacco using contact mode atomic force microscopy （AFM）. Our results, which show the dynamics and time course of ECM secretion after pollination, indicate that a certain pattern of secretion already exists on the stigma prior to pollination. Intraspecies induced a two-step response, characterized by topographical changes on the stigma surface several hours after pollination, which was distinct from the pattern of ECM secretion induced by interspecies pollination. This difference was confirmed by root-mean-square analysis, which assessed the roughness of the stigma surface. Our findings indicate that compatible pollination not only induces ECM secretion from the stigma, but also results in a specific distribution of the ECM. Thus, this study demonstrates the powerful potential of AFM in studying the pollen-stigma interaction.     

Dynamic recrystallization of electroformed copper liners of shaped charges in high-strain-rate plastic deformation

The microstructures in the electroformed copper liners of shaped charges after high-strain-rate plastic deformation were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the orientation distribution of the grains in the recovered slug was examined by the electron backscattering Kikuchi pattern (EBSP) technique. EBSP analysis illustrated that unlike the as-formed electroformed copper linersof shaped charges the grain orientations in the recovered slug are distributed along randomly all the directions after undergoing heavily strain deformation at high-strain rate. Optical microscopy shows a typical recrystallization structure, and TEM examination reveals dislocation cells existed in the thin foil specimen. These results indicate that dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur during this plastic deformation process, and the associated deformation temperature is considered to be higher than 0.6 times the melting point of copper.     

高温后活性粉末混凝土微观结构分析

试验分析了高温后活性粉末混凝土（RPC）的外观、质量损失和抗压强度随温度的变化情况;利用扫描电镜（SEM）研究了经历不同高温后的RPC微观结构变化和物相组成.结果表明：经历温度低于400oС时,水泥水化反应和火山灰反应互相促进,RPC微观结构得到改善,抗压强度较常温时有所提高;经历温度为400～800oС时,C-S-H凝胶由连续块状变为尺寸较小的分散相,钢纤维与基体粘结界面处的裂纹逐渐形成并扩展,聚丙烯纤维融化后的孔道加剧了RPC的内部缺陷,RPC微观结构不断恶化,抗压强度逐渐降低.     

戊二醛对原子力显微镜观测大肠杆菌的影晌

戊二醛作为生物材料的固定剂,在原子力显微镜（AFM）制样中已广泛使用．虽然已有用戊二醛观测大肠杆菌的文献报道,但到目前为止,关于戊二醛在AFM观测大肠杆菌中的作用还缺乏系统研究．首先分析AFM扫描图像的假像,进而探讨戊二醛的浓度和固定时间对AFM图像质量和大肠杆菌表面形貌的影响．结果表明,戊二醛的浓度和固定时间对AFM图像的清晰度、大肠杆菌的微观结构以及细胞的三维尺寸都有着重要影响．在相同固定条件下所扫描的AFM图像与扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像对比发现,两者的形貌相似,而AFM图像比SEM图像分辨率更高,在定量分析上也更有优势．     

Corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys in Na2SO4 solution using the scanning electrochemical microscopy technique

The corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys 1060 and 2A12 in a 10 mM Na₂SO₄+5 mM KI solution was investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The potential topography and corrosion morphology results show that the potential of the sample surface over the same area changes with the increase of immersion time. The corrosion area becomes large, and the potential becomes more negative. The corrosion potential of the 2A12 alloy surface is lower than that of 1060 aluminum, and 2A12 alloy becomes easily corrosive. This is the reason that preferential dissolution in the boundary region of some intermetallic particles (IMPs) occurs and different dissolution behaviors are associated with different types of IMPs because of different potentials.     

光子扫描隧道显微技术

根据对内全反射(TIR)棱镜表面成指数衰减规律倏逝场的检测和分析,本文叙述了一种新型的光子扫描隧道显微技术(PSTM),被分析的样品置于棱镜表面,它空间调制了上述倏逝场。通过对被调制倏逝场的检测获得了远小于光波波长的空间分辩能力.PSTM实验系统中使用了633nm 的 He-Ne 激光,用直径约300nm 的光纤探针对不同薄膜样品进行检测,其结果与光隧道理论相符。     

隧道窑工艺处理不锈钢除尘灰的实验研究

利用隧道窑工艺对宝钢不锈钢除尘灰进行处理．该工艺过程是将焦粉（添加量为除尘灰质量的35％）外置在除尘灰周围,并添加三种不同比例的铁鳞,在碳化硅罐中还原42h,还原温度为1200℃．研究表明：该工艺条件能够实现不锈钢除尘灰的烧结,且通过加入铁鳞（添加量为除尘灰质量的20％）可以经济有效地提高烧结物的强度;铁鳞的加入提高了铁品位,但会降低镍、铬品位．针对金属化球团中镍、铬的金属化率难以检测出的情况,提出了一种金属还原率的估测方法,并将其应用到本实验中,得出在隧道窑工艺条件下铁和镍的金属化率分别为92．55％和97．83％,铬的金属化率最少可达到35．5％．     

透射电镜在气溶胶单颗粒分析中的应用

透射电镜（TEM）具有很高的分辨率和放大率,可以同时提供形貌、成分、结构信息,非常适宜于对气溶胶细颗粒和超细颗粒等的研究。简述了国内外用TEM对大气气溶胶单颗粒分析的研究及其现状,主要围绕TEM对城市大气气溶胶、海洋气溶胶、燃烧烟尘和机动车废气的研究等方面进行了论述。介绍了作者利用TEM对北京市大气气溶胶的初步研究,提出了今后开展大气可吸入颗粒物的TEM研究的几点建议。