沾化凹陷三合村洼陷油气多期成藏过程研究

利用钻井、测井以及分析化验等资料,基于沉积埋藏史和生烃史研究,结合油气来源,分析沾化凹陷三合村洼陷油气成藏过程。结果显示:三合村洼陷存在3种原油类型,油气主要来自于渤南洼陷,油气成藏经历了东营组成藏期、馆陶组成藏期和明化镇组成藏期3期成藏;东营组成藏期形成的油藏原油源于沙四上亚段成熟烃源岩,此时垦西低凸起还未成型,来自渤南洼陷的油气以断裂侧向-不整合型二元输导体系沿斜坡带运移至三合村洼陷沙三段及以下地层中成藏,并在后期由于硫化作用和生物降解作用发生稠化;馆陶组成藏期形成的油藏原油源于沙四上亚段和沙三段烃源岩,此时垦西低凸起已成型,来自渤南洼陷的油气主要以网毯模式运移至沙三段以上地层中,在后期发生生物降解作用而稠化;明化镇组成藏期形成的油藏原油源于沙三段成熟烃源岩,同样以网毯模式运移至三合村洼陷,主要在新近系成藏。     

基于化学动力学和包裹体分析技术研究川东石炭系成藏史

川东石炭系油气藏的源岩生烃史及运聚史研究的不够充分,缺少定量化的动态指标依据,影响了川东石炭系新的接替区域的勘探。利用化学动力学方法对其主力烃源岩下志留系泥岩进行生烃史模拟,同时结合包裹体分析技术进行流体注入史研究,分析二者的匹配关系,模拟石炭系油气藏的动态调整过程。研究认为石炭系油气藏为三期成藏,第一期晚二叠世~晚三叠世,下志留统烃源岩早成熟阶段,开始初步生气,形成早期的小规模天然气藏;第二期晚三叠~早侏罗世时期,为烃源岩大量生油阶段,形成古油藏;第三期燕山时期,古油藏遭遇高温裂解生气阶段,并经历后期的调整改造,最终形成现今的气藏分布。显示化学动力学和包裹体分析技术可有效提高油气藏成藏史的模拟精度。     

塔北隆起羊塔克构造带油气成藏分析

羊塔克构造带位于塔北隆起的西端 ,属于库车油气系统的前缘隆起带。邻区的油气勘探结果显示 ,早期属塔北隆起、后期属库车前陆盆地前缘张性隆起构造带的羊塔克、牙哈、玉东及英买 7等构造带具有陆相 (前渊凹陷的三叠侏罗系源岩 )和海相 (被动边缘的寒武奥陶系源岩 )双重油气来源 ,并具有上部碎屑岩 (构造 )和下部碳酸盐岩 (潜山 )含油气的特点。据推测 ,羊塔克构造带除已发现的白垩系下第三系构造油气藏外 ,尚有相应层系的地层油气藏和下部碳酸盐岩 (潜山 )油气聚集 ,具有一定的勘探前景。     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

油气分段捕获揭示震旦——寒武系天然气成藏过程

烃源岩生烃具有时间和空间上的序列性,构造活动和圈闭的形成也具有阶段性,加之富集型古油藏和分散型滞留原油产生的裂解气也会大量运移聚集,因此,油气成藏可能经历多个阶段。基于以上油气分段捕获原理"将今论古"地分析四川盆地南部威远、资阳、高石梯-磨溪3个典型构造的震旦系-寒武系天然气成藏过程与成藏规律,从而预测其他未知区块的成藏潜力。研究认为,高磨地区作为继承性古隆起,震旦系-寒武系圈闭几乎捕获了烃源岩从早期生油到晚期干酪根生气所有阶段的油气;威远、资阳震旦系-寒武系圈闭则仅捕获了部分阶段的油气,对于未知区块-泸州古隆起区来讲,其震旦系-寒武系能捕获生气高峰及其以后阶段所有的天然气,包括分散型滞留原油裂解气和晚期干酪根裂解气,如果落实好储层和圈闭,天然气勘探潜力很大。     

塔中奥陶系原油的运移方向研究

油气运移方向的确定对油气的进一步勘探具有重要意义。在分析前人资料的基础上,认为塔中隆起在加里东期至海西中期并非存在西北高、东南低的格局,而是总体上表现为东南高、西北低的特征;且塔中存在两个较高部位：一个位于塔中断垒带西段的中1井区附近;另一个为塔中的最高部位,位于塔中断垒带东段的塔中1井附近。油源对比表明,塔中奥陶系的原油大多来自中-上奥陶统的源岩。结合古构造背景的特征,对源自中-上奥陶统原油的充注方向研究表明,塔中北斜坡至少存在两个方向的油气运移：一为从塔中西北部向东南部的较高部位运移充注,二为从塔中西北部向中1井区附近的较高部位运移;塔中南斜坡塔中52井、中4井的油气来自塔中南侧的塘古巴斯凹陷,并经历了相对较短的运移距离,进一步证明了塘古巴斯凹陷中-上奥陶统的烃源岩具有较好的生油气潜力。     

塔中奥陶系原油的运移方向研究

油气运移方向的确定对油气的进一步勘探具有重要意义。在分析前人资料的基础上,认为塔中隆起在加里东期至海西中期并非存在西北高、东南低的格局,而是总体上表现为东南高、西北低的特征;且塔中存在两个较高部位：一个位于塔中断垒带西段的中1井区附近;另一个为塔中的最高部位,位于塔中断垒带东段的塔中1井附近。油源对比表明,塔中奥陶系的原油大多来自中-上奥陶统的源岩。结合古构造背景的特征,对源自中-上奥陶统原油的充注方向研究表明,塔中北斜坡至少存在两个方向的油气运移：一为从塔中西北部向东南部的较高部位运移充注,二为从塔中西北部向中1井区附近的较高部位运移;塔中南斜坡塔中52井、中4井的油气来自塔中南侧的塘古巴斯凹陷,并经历了相对较短的运移距离,进一步证明了塘古巴斯凹陷中-上奥陶统的烃源岩具有较好的生油气潜力。     

渤深6潜山天然气成因及成藏条件

孤西断裂带深层天然气来源多,成因复杂,混源现象普遍.针对这一问题,运用天然气组分、稳定碳同位素、轻烃组成、稀有气体同位素和伴生原油生物标志物等多种指标,与邻区天然气进行对比,认为该区带中渤深6潜山下古生界天然气主要为高成熟油型气,混有部分伴生气;天然气与原油同源,主要源自渤南洼陷Es4上烃源岩,也存在Es3下烃源岩的贡献.成藏条件分析表明:气源条件充足,储盖组合良好,沟通油气源的断层和不整合面发育,生烃期晚,天然气保存有利,是该区油气富集的关键.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系“三元”主控成藏规律

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系烃源岩、储集层及天然气展布规律的研究,探讨其天然气成藏规律。奥陶系烃源岩主要分布在上统乌拉力克组和拉什仲组,以海相泥岩为主;储层主要发育在中统克里摩里组和桌子山组,依据岩石类型、孔隙结构,可分为岩溶孔洞型储层和白云岩晶间溶孔型储层;天然气藏的形成受烃源岩、储层和圈闭的"三元"主控,具有有效烃源岩控制天然气区域分布、优质储层控制天然气聚集带展布、有效圈闭控制气藏分布特征。鄂尔多斯盆地西北部的西侧气藏主要为油型气,东侧主要为煤型气,均为上生下储的成藏模式。     

Dynamics for multistage pool formation of Lunnan low uplift in Tarim Basin

Lunnan area in the Tarim Basin has become animportant onshore oil production base in China. Formationof the oil and gas pools in the low uplift of Lunnan has ex-perienced a comparatively complex process of dynamics.Based on the hydrocarbon generation period of source rocks,the formation period of cap rocks and traps, the analysis oforganic inclusion and the analysis of bitumen in the reservoir,this paper draws the conclusion that the low uplift area ofLunnan has experienced three pool formation periods: thePermian period, the Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period andthe Late Tertiary-Quaternary period and two oil and gasreservoir adjustment periods: the Late Permian period andthe Late Tertiary-Quaternary period. The comprehensivestudy indicates that the large-scale Ordovician buried hill,formed in Early Hercynian, became the reservoir during thePermian period, because the Cambrian-Lower Ordovicianoil was discharged laterally into the reservoir along the topof the Ordovician weathering crust from south to north. Thereservoir experienced a complicated process—reconstruc-tion in the end of Permian, adjustment in Cretaceous-EarlyTertiary and re-discharging process in Late Tertiary-Qua-ternary, leading to the early original heavy oil reservoir ofmarine facies and the late original light oil reservoir and gaspool. Carboniferous, Triassic and Jurassic oil and gas reser-voirs result from upward adjustment and re-distribution ofOrdovician oil and gas reservoirs. Of those results, the for-mation of Triassic-Jurassic oil and gas pools came under theinfluence of the northward-tilting structure. The oil and gassourcing from the different hydrocarbon source rock inter-vals vertically migrated into the base unconformity of Trias-sic system. Then the oil and gas migrated laterally fromnorth to south and accumulated into the reservoir.     

塔中隆起志留系混源多期油气聚集特征与勘探对策

为了指导塔中隆起的勘探实践,研究了该区志留系混源多期油气聚集特征及其控制因素.结果表明,塔中隆起志留系中沥青及可动油气显示大面积分布.自晚加里东以来,曾经有寒武系和中上奥陶统两套烃源岩三次向志留系砂岩充注.大面积分布的沥青都是寒武系的烃源岩第一期充注后遭到破坏的产物,现今的可动油以中上奥陶统烃源岩晚期充注油气为主,有部分寒武系源岩的贡献.油气聚集在区域盖层之下的多种类型圈闭中.针对潮坪相沉积的薄砂层、大面积叠置分布、输导体系沟通砂体含油气的特点,认为提高勘探成效的基本对策是开展沉积相的精细研究,围绕断层和火山通道,依靠直井寻找油砂层,依靠水平井滚动勘探以获得更好的效果.     

Oil cracking： An important way for highly efficient generation of gas from marine source rock kitchen

The potentials of gas generation by kerogen in the late period and by crude oil cracking are closely related to the origin of natural gas in the high- to over mature marine area and their exploration perspectives. The carbon structure of kerogens, with different types and at different evolution stages, have been experimentally studied using the high magnetic field solid ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique in order to determine the oil and gas potential of kerogens. Results show that the contents of gas potential carbon（GPC） of types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ kerogens at the high- to over mature stage are very low, indicating their weak gas-generating capacity and limited gas production; however, the content of oil potential carbon（OPC） of the low mature type Ⅰ kerogen is much higher, implying that a large amount of crude oil generated during the oil-generating period will be the material for later gas generation by oil cracking. The kinetic experiment of gas generation by crude oil cracking shows that, when the temperature is about 160℃（R0=1.6%）, the crude oil will start to produce large amounts of gas; the temperature range for major gas generation of crude oil is higher than that of the kerogens, and the gas production is 2 to 4 times higher than that of kerogens. The natural gas derived from oil cracking （called oil-cracked gas） is much abundant in methyl hexamethylene, which is quite different from the natural gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogens （named kerogen degradation gas） at high- to over mature stage.     

川东北部飞仙关组鲕滩气藏的发现及气藏特征

阐述了川东北地区从1963年石油沟构造巴3井首次在飞一段钻获天然气开始,到福成寨、板东、黄草峡构造上相继发现飞仙关组气藏,渡口河构造的渡1井在飞仙关组钻遇孔隙型白云岩,获天然气流,罗家寨、铁山坡、金珠坪等一批飞仙关组鲕滩整装气藏的勘探历程。分析了川东北地区飞仙关组鲕滩气藏的烃源条件、储集条件、盖层条件,指出飞仙关组天然气主要为原油裂解气,上二叠统及飞仙关组自身为其主要烃源;其储集岩类型主要为鲕粒云岩和溶孔鲕粒灰岩两大类。评价预测了储层发育有利区带。分析了气藏的形成过程,认为可划分为古油藏阶段、大气藏阶段、古气藏调整定型阶段等三个阶段。从地质构造、沉积相分布、圈闭要素等角度剖析了罗家寨等构造飞仙关组鲕滩储层的形成机理和气藏特征。     

四川盆地页岩气藏和连续型-非连续型气藏基本特征

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,发育了两套海相优质烃源岩(下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩,下志留统龙马溪组页岩),其有机质成熟度高(R_o=1.5%～6%),绝大多数地区普遍不利于页岩气藏的形成;另发育两套海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组)优质烃源岩,其成熟度相对较低(R_o=0.7%～3%),在川西南-川南地区具有较有利的页岩气勘探前景.四川盆地页岩烃源岩排烃效率高, 为大规模油气藏提供了烃源;多存在晚期快速隆升调整过程, 为吸附气的解吸创造了条件.页岩气藏经历了早期地质条件优越、生物气高效成藏,中期深埋地腹、原油裂解气快速成藏,晚期快速隆升、脱溶气和解吸气调整成藏等过程.四川叠合盆地油气藏具有多样性特征, 发育了从非连续型到连续型完整序列的油气藏类型.典型的非连续型气藏主要是指构造圈闭(以及部分构造-岩性圈闭)气藏,其圈闭相对独立,非连续分布, 储集空间类型以孔隙型为主.震旦系威远气田、川东石炭系气田群及川东北下三叠统飞仙关组气藏群等具有相对典型的非连续型气藏特征.非连续型-连续型过渡气藏介于连续型气藏与非连续型气藏之间,呈分散状或连续状分布, 圈闭类型多以复合圈闭为主,可发育有裂缝圈闭(川东南二叠系阳新统气藏)及岩性圈闭(上三叠统须家河组气藏).储集空间以裂缝型或次生溶孔为主,非均质性强,普遍存在异常高压.四川盆地连续型气藏应以页岩气藏为主, 但现今未有成功勘探开发页岩气藏的实例.四川叠合盆地具有多旋回构造-沉积演化、优质烃源岩分布的区域性、储层的非均质性和天然气的活动性,及油气成藏经历了生物气、吸附气、裂解气、脱溶气和解吸气演替等多样性特征.因此,四川盆地的油气勘探和研究应形成常规与非常规、连续型与非连续型、原生与次生油气藏的立体勘探和研究局面, 尤其应加强非连续型-连续型过渡油气藏特征、形成机理和分布规律的研究.     

塔里木盆地构造活动枢纽部位碳酸盐岩油气聚集

为了更好地指导塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩的勘探实践 ,进一步认识叠合盆地油气富集规律 ,从塔里木盆地构造活动枢纽部位的形成、分布以及对油气聚集的控制入手 ,剖析了碳酸盐岩油气藏的宏观分布规律 .结果表明 ,构造活动枢纽部位寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩的圈闭类型主要为潜山及背斜 ;碳酸盐岩含油气层的储集层有不整合面以下的风化壳及碳酸盐岩内部的孔缝发育带 .相对凹陷而言 ,构造活动枢纽部位处在比较高的部位 ,正是油气运移的指向区 ;而相对于翘起的高部位来说 ,构造活动枢纽部位又处在相对较低的部位 ,极有利于油气藏的保存 .塔北隆起牙哈潜山油气藏、巴楚隆起和田河气藏以及塔中隆起西北倾没部位的塔中 45油藏都是很好的例证 .由此可见 ,塔里木盆地构造活动枢纽部位是碳酸盐岩聚集油气的有利地区 .目前所要解决的问题是采用各种方法识别出更多隐伏的构造活动枢纽部位 ,为发现更多的油气田提供靶区     

Kinetic study of hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnan area, Tabei uplift

The molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons produced in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnnan area were investigated by pyrolysis of asphaltene sealed in gold tube in a limited system. The experimental results indicated that oil asphaltene from Lunnan area had relatively high generation potential of methane. However, the molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene exhibited different characteristics from that of gas hydrocarbons by primary cracking of kerogen and secondary cracking of oil. Based on kinetic simulation with paleo-geothermal data of oil reservoir, the methane produced by cracking of oil asphatene was characterized by relatively light carbon isotopic compositions. This result could not explain relatively heavy carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from Lunnan area. Pyrolysis of kerogen from source rocks under very high temperature probably made remarkable contributions to natural gas from Lunnan area.     

Mass balance calculation of the pyrolysates generated from marine crude oil： A prediction model of oil cracking gas resources based on solid bitumen in reservoir

Oil cracking gas plays an important role in the resources of natural gas in the basins with high and over mature marine source rocks in China. The prediction of the oil cracking gas resources becomes nec-essary and urgent in the gas exploration in these basins. A marine crude oil sample was pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes system. The pyrolysates including gas,liquid and solid were quantitatively analyzed. Based on the pyrolysis data and kinetic calculation,the yield correlativity among gas,liquid and solid products was regressed with high correlative coefficients to establish a prediction model suitable for the resource estimation of oil cracking gas. The verification formula for this model was also established on the principle of mass conservation. The affecting factors and the application precondi-tions of this prediction model were discussed. This model would enlighten and provide some new ideas for the resource assessment of natural gas in the high and over mature marine carbonate source rock areas in China. It is expected to be valuable in gas exploration.     

沾化凹陷多元供烃成藏特征及成藏模式

综合构造单元划分,结合油气来源分析,对沾化凹陷多元供烃成藏单元进行划分,进而分析成藏要素,明确源-藏体系形成的动态过程。结果表明,沾化凹陷可划分为单洼单源、单洼多源和多洼多源3类7个多元供烃成藏单元。东营组沉积时期沙四上亚段烃源岩成熟,形成洼陷内部单源岩性油藏和缓坡带的单源油藏;明化镇组沉积时期各段烃源岩均进入大量排烃期,油气在陡坡-凸起带和中央低凸起上形成大规模的混源油藏。不同供烃成藏单元输导体系与储盖组合的耦合控制了油气的分布:在平面上油气呈发散式向构造高部位运移,在缓坡带、陡坡带、低凸起和潜山等有利的圈闭聚集成藏;在剖面上沙四段、沙三段形成自源型岩性油气藏,新近系的油气分布于馆陶组厚层河流相储层形成披覆构造油藏。     

塔中地区油气资源评价

系统评价了塔里木盆地塔中地区的烃源岩,采用盆地数值模拟方法定量计算了塔中地区的生、排烃数量。研究表明,塔中地区的油气运移聚集主要发生于早古生代和晚古生代的几次构造运动期间,聚集的油气曾遭受过严重的破坏,塔中地区的构造演化对塔中地区的油气聚集起着至关重要的作用。寒武系和下奥陶统烃源岩生排油时间较早,因此对现今已发现的油藏贡献不大,而晚排出的天然气有利于聚集;中上奥陶统烃源岩生排油延续时间较长,对塔中的油气聚集有实质性的贡献。